Tsiku la Armistice, Loya waku Chicago Yemwe Analetsa Nkhondo, ndi Chifukwa Chake Nkhondo Zikupitilira Kuchitika

Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, November 12, 2023

Ndemanga ku Chicago pa Novembara 12, 2023

 

 

Mufilimuyi M'mawa wabwino, Vietnam Mtsogoleri wamkulu, wosadziwa akuuza munthu wa Robin Williams:

"Ndidatsekereza anthu m'malo omwe sanaganizirepo momwe angachokere. Simukuganiza kuti ndingabwere ndi zabwino? Kodi mungaganizire njira zina zosasangalatsa?"

Ndipo Robin Williams, popanda kuphonya, akuti "Osati popanda zithunzi."

Chifukwa chake, ndiyesera kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi pano, monga momwe ndafunsidwa. Ndipepese ngati zina mwa izo sizikusangalatsa. Nkhondo ndi yoyipa komanso yoyipa ndipo ndi udindo wathu kuthetsa.

Posachedwapa ndauzidwa kuti anthu sangamvetse chomwe chiri cholakwika ndi nkhondo iliyonse yosiyana pokhapokha atapita kumeneko. Posachedwa ndidawona kuyankhulana kwakukulu kwa munthu wina waku US yemwe adati samamvetsetsa tsankho la Israeli mpaka atapita kumeneko. Posachedwapa ndidawerenga mlembi wina wa New York Times akudzitamandira kuti adakana kusintha kwanyengo mpaka munthu wina adamuwulutsira kumadzi oundana. Chaka chino wolemba nkhani wina wa ku Russia ananena kuti agwiritse ntchito chida chimodzi chaching'ono cha nyukiliya pophunzitsa anthu kuti asachigwiritse ntchito. Chifukwa chake, poyembekezera kuti sitiyenera kuwulukira munthu aliyense pamalo aliwonse pa Dziko Lapansi, kuti tipeze imfa yathunthu kudzera mumafuta a jet, kapena kuponya mabomba patokha ngati zida zophunzitsira, ndikupemphani kuti nonse muyesetse kupanga ndi slides.

Ndimakayikira mobisa kuti simungafunenso zithunzi ngati mulibe ma TV ndi manyuzipepala kuti mugonjetse. Ndikuwona zisankho zomwe achinyamata amadya zofalitsa zochepa komanso kuti achinyamata ndi anzeru, mwachitsanzo potsutsa nkhondo zina. Chifukwa chake, chiyembekezo changa nthawi zonse ndikulozera anthu momwe angapezere chidziwitso ndi kumvetsetsa komwe kuli bwino kuposa kalikonse, koma ngakhale palibe kanthu, kwa munthu wamba wamba, kumatha kukhala gawo lalikulu.

Gulu lamtendere la 1920s ku United States ndi Europe linali lalikulu, lamphamvu, komanso lodziwika bwino kuposa kale lonse kapena kuyambira pamenepo. Mu 1927-28 wa Republican wokwiya wochokera ku Minnesota wotchedwa Frank yemwe anatemberera mwachinsinsi omenyera nkhondo adakwanitsa kunyengerera mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi kuti aletse nkhondo. Analimbikitsidwa kuti achite izi, motsutsana ndi chifuniro chake, chifukwa chofuna mtendere padziko lonse lapansi komanso mgwirizano wa US ndi France wopangidwa ndi zokambirana zosaloledwa ndi omenyera mtendere. Mphamvu yomwe idapangitsa kuti izi zitheke bwino inali gulu lamtendere la US logwirizana modabwitsa, lokhazikika, komanso lokhazikika lomwe limathandizira kwambiri ku Midwest; atsogoleri ake amphamvu maprofesa, maloya, ndi pulezidenti wa mayunivesite; mawu ake ku Washington, DC, a maseneta a Republican ochokera ku Idaho ndi Kansas; malingaliro ake amalandiridwa ndi kulimbikitsidwa ndi manyuzipepala, matchalitchi, ndi magulu aakazi m’dziko lonselo; ndi kutsimikiza kwake sikunasinthidwe ndi zaka khumi zakugonjetsedwa ndi magawano.

Gululo linadalira kwambiri mphamvu zatsopano zandale za ovota achikazi. Khamalo likanalephereka ngati Charles Lindbergh sanayendetse ndege kudutsa nyanja, kapena Henry Cabot Lodge sanamwalire, kapena kuyesetsa kwina kuti pakhale mtendere ndi zida sikunalephereke. Koma kukakamizidwa ndi anthu kunapangitsa kuti sitepe iyi, kapena zina zotero, zikhale zosapeweka. Ndipo zitapambana - ngakhale kuletsa nkhondo sikunayambe kukwaniritsidwa molingana ndi mapulani a owonera - ambiri adziko lapansi amakhulupirira kuti nkhondo idapangidwa kukhala yosaloledwa. Frank Kellogg adapeza dzina lake pa Kellogg-Briand Pact ndi Nobel Peace Prize, zotsalira zake ku National Cathedral ku Washington, ndi msewu waukulu ku St. Paul, Minnesota, womwe umatchedwa dzina lake - msewu umene simungapeze ngakhale imodzi. munthu amene samalingalira msewu amatchulidwa ku kampani ya phala.

Nkhondo zinaimitsidwa ndi kuletsedwa. Ndipo pamene, ngakhale kuli tero, nkhondo zinapitirizabe ndipo nkhondo yapadziko lonse yachiŵiri inaloŵerera padziko lonse lapansi, tsoka limenelo linatsatiridwa ndi kuzenga mlandu kwa amuna amene anaimbidwa mlandu wa upandu watsopano woyambitsa nkhondo, limodzinso ndi kuvomereza kwapadziko lonse Chikalata cha United Nations Charter, chikalata cholimbidwa mlandu. zambiri kwa omwe adatsogolera nkhondo isanachitike pomwe akulephera kutsatira zomwe m'ma 1920s zimatchedwa gulu la Outlawry. Ndipotu Pangano la Kellogg-Briand linali litaletsa nkhondo zonse. Bungwe la UN Charter linavomereza nkhondo iliyonse yomwe imatchedwa chitetezo kapena kuvomerezedwa ndi UN - kupanga zochepa ngati nkhondo ziri zovomerezeka, koma kulola anthu ambiri kukhulupirira zabodza kuti nkhondo zambiri ndizovomerezeka.

Asanayambe Kellogg-Briand, nkhondo inali yovomerezeka, nkhondo zonse, mbali zonse za nkhondo zonse. Nkhanza zochitidwa pankhondo pafupifupi nthaŵi zonse zinali zololeka. Kulanda malo kunali kovomerezeka. Kuwotcha, kufunkha ndi kufunkha kunali kololedwa. Kulanda mitundu ina kukhala maiko kunali kovomerezeka. Chisonkhezero chofuna kuti atsamunda ayese kudzimasula chinali chofooka chifukwa akanatha kugwidwa ndi mtundu wina ngati atatuluka m’manja mwawo amene anali kuwapondereza. Zilango zazachuma zochitidwa ndi maiko osaloŵerera m’zandale sizinali zololeka, ngakhale kuti kuloŵerera m’nkhondo kungakhale. Ndipo kupanga mapangano a zamalonda pansi pa chiwopsezo cha nkhondo kunali kovomerezeka kotheratu ndi kovomerezeka, monga momwe kunaliri kuyambitsa nkhondo ina ngati mgwirizano woumirizidwa woterowo uphwanyidwa. Chaka cha 1928 chinakhala mzere wogawaniza wodziwira kuti ndi ziti zomwe zinali zovomerezeka ndi zomwe sizinali. Nkhondo inakhala mlandu, pamene zilango zachuma zinakhala zolimbikitsa malamulo. Kulandidwa kwa gawo kunatsitsidwa ndi 99 peresenti.

Frank Kellogg anakokedwa kukankha ndi kufuula ku maloto odabwitsa kwambiri, kuti agwirizane kuti athetse nkhondo m'chipinda champhamvu chodzaza ndi amuna momwe mapepala omwe amasaina adanena kuti sadzamenyananso. Anakokedwa kumeneko ndi gulu lalikulu komanso lamitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso lamtendere padziko lonse lapansi lopangidwa ndi mabungwe ndi migwirizano yosiyanasiyana, gulu lomwe lidagawika kwambiri kotero kuti lidakambirana zosagwirizana mkati mwake. Lingaliro lomwe lidatha kuletsa kuletsa nkhondo lidachokera ku American Committee for the Outlawry of War, yomwe idali kutsogolo kwa munthu m'modzi komanso ndalama zambiri kuchokera m'thumba mwake. American Committee for the Outlawry of War idapangidwa ndi Salmon Oliver Levinson. Cholinga chake poyambirira chidakopa olimbikitsa mtendere omwe amatsutsa kulowa kwa US mu League of Nations ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi. Koma ndondomeko yake yoletsa nkhondo pamapeto pake idakopa thandizo la gulu lonse lamtendere pomwe Kellogg-Briand Pact idakhala cholinga chogwirizanitsa chomwe chinali kusowa.

Chisonkhezero cha William James chikhoza kuwoneka m'malingaliro a Levinson. Levinson adagwirizananso kwambiri ndi wanthanthi John Dewey, yemwe James adamulimbikitsa kwambiri, komanso Charles Clayton Morrison, mkonzi wa The Christian Century, komanso Senator William Borah waku Idaho, yemwe adzakhale Wapampando wa Komiti Yowona Zazachuma Pamayiko Akunja. anafunika kumeneko. Dewey adathandizira Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse ndipo adatsutsidwa ndi Randolphe Bourne ndi Jane Addams, pakati pa ena. Addams angagwirenso ntchito ndi Levinson pa Outlawry; onse anali ku Chicago. Zinali zochitika za Nkhondo Yadziko I zomwe zinabweretsa Dewey. Nkhondo itatha, Dewey adalimbikitsa maphunziro amtendere m'masukulu ndikupempha anthu kuti apite ku Outlawry. Dewey analemba izi za Levinson:

Panali chilimbikitso - ndithudi, panali mtundu wina wa kudzoza - pokhudzana ndi mphamvu zake zambiri, zomwe zimaposa za munthu aliyense amene ndamudziwapo.

John Chalmers Vinson, m’buku lake la 1957, William E. Borah and the Outlawry of War, amatchula Levinson mobwerezabwereza kuti “Levinson wopezeka paliponse. Cholinga cha Levinson chinali kupanga nkhondo kukhala yosaloledwa. Ndipo mothandizidwa ndi Borah ndi ena adakhulupirira kuti kuletsa koyenera kwa nkhondo kungafunike kuletsa nkhondo zonse, osati popanda kusiyanitsa pakati pa nkhondo yolimbana ndi chitetezo, komanso popanda kusiyanitsa pakati pa nkhondo yolimbana ndi nkhondo yovomerezedwa ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi ngati chilango. kwa mtundu waukali. Levinson analemba kuti,

Tiyerekeze kuti kusiyana komweku kudalimbikitsidwa pomwe kukhazikitsa kwa dueling [sic] kudaletsedwa. . . . Tiyerekeze kuti panthawiyo adalimbikitsidwa kuti 'kumenyana mwaukali' kokha kuyenera kuletsedwa komanso kuti 'kumenyana kodzitchinjiriza' kusiyidwe. . . . Lingaliro lotere lokhudzana ndi kumenyana likanakhala lopusa, koma fanizolo ndi lomveka bwino. Zomwe tidachita ndikuletsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa duelling, njira yomwe idavomerezedwa ndi lamulo pakuthetsa mikangano yomwe imatchedwa ulemu.

Levinson ankafuna kuti aliyense azindikire nkhondo ngati chida, ngati chida chomwe chinapatsidwa kuvomerezeka ndi kulemekezeka ngati njira yothetsera mikangano. Iye ankafuna kuti mikangano ya mayiko ithetsedwe m’khoti, ndipo kukhazikitsidwa kwa nkhondo kukanidwa monga mmene anachitira ukapolo.

Levinson adamvetsetsa izi ngati kusiya ufulu wodzitchinjiriza koma kuchotsa kufunikira kwa lingaliro lomwe lankhondo. Kudziteteza kwa dziko kungakhale kofanana ndi kupha wachiwembu podziteteza. Kudziteteza koteroko, iye anati, sikunalinso kutchedwa “kumenyana.” Koma Levinson sanaganize zopha dziko loyambitsa nkhondo. M'malo mwake adapereka mayankho asanu pakuyambitsa chiwembucho: kupempha anthu kukhala ndi chikhulupiriro chabwino, kukakamizidwa kwa anthu, kusazindikira phindu, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kulanga omwe akuwotcha, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira iliyonse kuphatikiza mphamvu kuti aletse kuukirako. .

Zoonadi tsopano tikudziwa zambiri za mphamvu ya chitetezo cha anthu opanda zida, kuphatikizapo kuti imagwira ntchito, kuphatikizapo kuti maboma akuwopa kuphunzitsa anthu awo momwemo chifukwa cha zifukwa zomveka, osati chifukwa sizigwira ntchito.

World BEYOND WarMsonkhano wapachaka wa chaka chino #NoWar2023 umayang'ana kwambiri pamutuwu, ndipo ndikupangira kuti muwonere makanema.

Levinson adatuluka m'kalasi ya Yale ya 1888, ndipo adagwira ntchito ngati loya ku Chicago. Anakhulupirira kuti maloya oganiza bwino atha kuletsa milandu. Kenako anakhulupirira kuti mayiko oganiza bwino atha kuletsa nkhondo. Levinson adakhala wodziwa kukambirana, munthu wolemera, komanso kudziwana ndi anthu ambiri olemera komanso amphamvu. Iye anapereka ku mitundu yonse ya zachifundo, kuphatikizapo gulu la mtendere.

Nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse itayamba, Levinson anakonza zoti anthu otchuka apereke dongosolo la mtendere ku boma la Germany. Pambuyo pa kumira kwa Lusitania, Levinson - mwina sadziwa zomwe Lusitania ili mkati - adapempha Germany kuti "asiye" "nkhondo yokha." Levinson, ndithudi, sanachite bwino m’zoyesayesa zake zothetsa Nkhondo Yadziko I. Komabe zimenezi sizinam’khumudwitse ngakhale pang’ono. Ndizokayikitsa kuti Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse kapena Korea kapena Vietnam kapena Nkhondo Yapadziko Lonse pa (kapena ndi ya?) Zowopsa kapena nkhondo zilizonse zomwe zachitikapo zikanamukhumudwitsa. Kukhumudwitsidwa ndichinthu chomwe timadzikakamiza tokha, ndipo Levinson sanafune kuchita zimenezo.

Levinson adayamba kuwona vuto lalikulu ngati kuvomerezeka kwankhondo. Iye analemba pa August 25, 1917 kuti: “Nkhondo monga njira yothetsa mikangano ndi kukhazikitsa ‘chilungamo pakati pa mayiko’ ndi chinthu chankhanza kwambiri ndiponso chosaneneka m’chitukuko. . . . Matenda enieni a dziko lapansi ndi kuvomerezeka ndi kupezeka kwa nkhondo . . . . [Ife] tiyenera kukhala, osati monga tsopano, malamulo ankhondo, koma malamulo oletsa nkhondo; palibe malamulo akupha, kapena akupha, koma malamulo otsutsana nawo. Ena anali ndi lingaliro lofanana kale, kuphatikizapo wothetsa ukapolo Charles Sumner, yemwe adatcha ukapolo ndi nkhondo "mabungwe," koma palibe amene adanenapo kuti lingaliroli lidziwike kwambiri kapena kupanga kampeni kuti akwaniritse zolinga zake. Zoonadi, tsopano zakhala zikudziwitsidwa mochepa kwambiri kotero kuti anthu amitundu yonse ali ndi lingaliro loletsa nkhondo ndikundifunsa ngati lingaliro latsopano, ndipo ndikawauza kuti laletsedwa ndipo tili ndi ntchito yophweka kwambiri. kufuna kutsatiridwa ndi chiletso chomwe chilipo m'malo mongopanga chimodzi kuchokera pachiwopsezo ndikupangitsa maboma omwe amakonda nkhondo kuti alowe nawo, amataya chidwi chawo.

 

Kumayambiriro kwa dzinja la 1917 Levinson anasonyeza dongosolo lokonzekera kuletsa nkhondo kwa John Dewey, amene anavomereza kwambiri. Levinson adasindikiza nkhani mu The New Republic pa Marichi 9, 1918, momwe adalemba zoletsa nkhondo. Levinson, m’zolemba zake zoyambirira, anagwira mawu nkhani ya William James ya 1906 yakuti “The Moral Equivalent of War” yomwe inali ndi mawu akuti “Ndikuyembekezera mtsogolo pamene nkhondo zidzaletsedwa mwalamulo pakati pa anthu otukuka.” Poyamba Levinson anakomera bungwe la League of Nations ndi khoti lapadziko lonse logwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuti lipereke zigamulo zake, koma anakhulupirira kuti “mphamvu” yoteroyo inali mawu ongonena za nkhondo, ndipo kuti nkhondoyo sinathe chifukwa cha nkhondo.

Mu June 1918 Levinson anasangalala kuona Nduna Yaikulu ya United Kingdom David Lloyd George akulankhula za “kutsimikizira kuti nkhondo kuyambira tsopano idzawonedwa ngati mlandu wolangidwa ndi lamulo la mayiko.” Levinson panthawiyo adathandizira League of Nations yolimba. Adayika zonse za Outlawry ndi League kumagulu amtendere kuphatikiza League of Free Nations Association ndi League to Enforce Peace. Anakonza misonkhano yambiri ndi zoyesayesa zina, akugwira ntchito ndi Jane Addams pakati pa ena.

Lingaliro la Levinson, komanso zolinga zake zandale, zidasintha pazaka khumi zakufunafuna mtendere. Buku la Charles Clayton Morrison, The Outlawry of War, lofalitsidwa ndi chitsogozo chapafupi cha Levinson, lidawonetsera malingaliro a Outlawrists mu 1927. Dewey analemba Mau Oyamba, momwe adanena kuti Kuphwanya malamulo kungalole mayiko onse popanda kulowerera ndale ndi Ulaya, kuthetsa kugawikana pakati pa chikumbumtima cha munthu ndi malamulo (kugawanika kopangidwa ndi malamulo a bizinesi yopha anthu ambiri), ndikumaliza ndondomeko yochokera ku khalidwe lankhanza kupita ku chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe zinali zitathetsa kale mikangano yamagazi ndi kumenyana. Dewey adanenanso kuti malamulo omenyera nkhondo amalola kuwopseza kwankhondo kuti athandizire kulimbikitsa chuma chamayiko ofooka. Dewey, yemwe anali woyambirira kuzindikira momwe zinthu zilili padziko lonse lapansi pakuphatikiza "checkbook and cruise missile" (mutu wa buku la 2004 lolembedwa ndi Arundhati Roy), adawona dziko latsopano lomwe lingapangidwe poletsa nkhondo ndikuchotsa. kuwopseza kwake.

Gulu lamtendere lomwe linakula m'zaka za m'ma 1920 linakula mu dziko losiyana ndi United States la zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi limodzi m'njira zambiri. Chimodzi mwa izo chinali mkhalidwe wa zipani zandale. Ma Republican ndi Democrats sanali masewera okha mtawuniyi. Iwo adakankhidwira ku njira yamtendere ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi Socialist and Progressive Parties. Pofika m’chaka cha 1912, chipani cha Socialist Party chinali chitasankha mameya 34 ndi makhansala ambiri a mizinda, mamembala a makomiti a sukulu, ndi akuluakulu ena akuluakulu m’mizinda 169 m’dziko lonselo. M’maboma ena, chipani cha Socialist Party chinali ndi mipando yachiwiri yapamwamba kwambiri m’nyumba yamalamulo. Socialist woyamba anasankhidwa kukhala Congress mu 1911. Podzafika 1927, padzakhala mamembala a Socialist mmodzi ndi atatu a Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party mu Congress, pamodzi ndi ochepa a Republican ochuluka mu Senate ndi ambiri a Republican mu Nyumba.

Maphwando onse anayi anabweretsedwa kuti athandize kuthetsa nkhondo. Gulu lililonse lachitukuko ku United States lomwe lakhalapo kwa zaka 100, chipembedzo chilichonse, League of Women Voters, American Legion, onse ali pa mbiri yotsimikizira kuletsa nkhondo zonse. Mwa kudziwa kwanga palibe mmodzi wa iwo anaukana; iwo angopulumuka kumene mpaka mu nyengo imene palibe amene angaiganizire nkomwe. Pulatifomu ya Progressive Party inati, "Timakonda ndondomeko yachilendo yakunja kuti ibweretse kukonzanso kwa Pangano la Versailles motsatira ndondomeko ya asilikali, ndikulimbikitsa mapangano olimba ndi mayiko onse kuti athetse nkhondo, kuthetsa kulembetsa usilikali, kwambiri. kuchepetsa zida zapamtunda, mpweya, ndi zankhondo zapamadzi, ndikutsimikizira kuti pali referendum yamtendere ndi nkhondo."

Kodi kuletsa nkhondo kunathandizapo? Poyamba zinali zovomerezeka. Tsopano ndizoletsedwa koma aliyense akuganiza kuti ndizovomerezeka. Mulimonsemo ndi kupha anthu ambiri ndi chiwonongeko chachikulu. Aliyense amene adamvapo za Pangano la Kellogg-Briand konse adamva zomwezo: sizinagwire ntchito chifukwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse idachitika. Ndili ndi mayankho angapo kwa izo.

1) Kuletsa lamulo kumayenera kukhala sitepe yopita ku chikhalidwe chomwe chimapewa nkhondo. Mabungwe ambiri a anthu akhala opanda nkhondo ndipo apeza lingalirolo kukhala loipa. Kupanga nkhondo kukhala mlandu ndi gawo lothandiza m'njira imeneyo.

2) Ngati upanga chinthu kukhala cholakwa, uyenera kuchiimba mlandu. Payenera kukhala dongosolo lina la chilango kapena kubwezera, kubwezera, kapena kuyanjanitsa. Nkhondo zochepa kwambiri zalangidwa nkomwe. Iwo angolangidwa ndi opambana pa otayika. Sanalangidwe ngati nkhondo koma monga nkhanza zina mkati mwa nkhondo. Mayesero a anthu a International Criminal Court samakhudza opanga nkhondo akuluakulu omwe ali ndi mphamvu za UN veto. Ngakhale kuti Panganoli linali maziko a Nuremberg ndi Tokyo, chilungamo cha mbali imodzi si chilungamo. Ngakhale kuti ICC pamapeto pake imanena kuti idzaimba mlandu nkhondo, imatcha "chiwawa," kutanthauza kuti idzakhala mbali imodzi, ndipo sichiyenera kutero.

3) Kupha ndi kugwiririra ndi kuba ndi milandu ina yakhala m'mabuku kwa zaka masauzande ambiri ndipo ikupitirirabe, ndipo palibe amene anganene kuti malamulo otsutsana nawo sanagwire ntchito choncho yankho ndilo kutaya malamulo ndikupitiriza kugwiririra. -ndi-kuba. Ena amaloza kulephera kwa malamulo, koma nthawi zonse kuwongolera, osati kungowataya pakugwiritsa ntchito kwawo koyamba. Ngati chochitika choyamba choyendetsa galimoto ataledzera pambuyo pa kuletsedwa kwa kuyendetsa galimoto ataledzera chinachititsa kuti lamulo likhale lolephera, anthu akanati ndi openga. Ngati mlandu woyamba ukanachititsa kuti anthu asayendetse galimoto ataledzera, anthu akanati zimenezi n’zozizwitsa. Komabe pambuyo pakugwiritsa ntchito kolakwika komanso kolakwika kwa Pangano la Kellogg-Briand pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, asitikali akuluakulu sanachitenso nkhondo yolimbana wina ndi mnzake. Amenya nkhondo m'mayiko ang'onoang'ono m'malo mwake - zomwe zikufanana ndi kuyenda panjinga ataledzera. Kodi ndi chifukwa chakuti ali ndi zida za nyukiliya? Mwina ndi chifukwa cha zinthu zambiri. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi lingaliro lomwe limasangalatsabe anthu amisala ndikuwopseza opindula pankhondo, lingaliro losiya nkhondo kumbuyo kwathu.

N’zoona kuti kuletsa nkhondo n’kumapanga zida ndi kukonza chiwembu chankhondo ndiponso kubweretsa mavuto amene angachititse munthu kufuna kubwezera, sikungathetse nkhondo. Koma bwanji ngati tingasunthire chikhalidwe chathu kumalo kumene maboma amayesa ulemu ndi kuona mtima, kumene otchedwa oimira amayesa kuimira zofuna za anthu, kumene mabungwe apadziko lonse anali ademokalase, ndipo lamulo lachilamulo likugwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana, osati monga kalabu. zomwe Rules Based Order zitha kulamulira mwa nkhanza.

Njira imodzi yopita ku chikhalidwe chotere ndikulemekeza njira zomwe zatifikitsa pano. Mu 2015, ku Chicago, David Karcher ndi Frank Goetz ndi ogwira ntchito ku Oak Woods Cemetery adatha kupeza manda a Salmon Oliver Levinson. Mwana aliyense ku Chicago ayenera kudziwa.

N’chifukwa chiyani nkhondo ikupitirirabe?

Zakhala zodziwika bwino kudzera mu kampeni yayikulu kwambiri komanso yayitali kwambiri yomwe idachitikapo. Anthu amakhulupirira, mopanda nzeru, kuti nkhondo ikhoza kubweretsa mtendere, kuti nkhondo ikhoza kubweretsa chilungamo, kuti nkhondo ingalepheretse chinthu choipa kuposa nkhondo, nkhondoyo ndi yosapeŵeka kotero kuti mutha kupambana nayo, kuti kuyika ndalama pankhondo monga 4% yokha ya anthu. ndi khalidwe losapeŵeka la anthu onse, kuti 96% ina ya umunthu ndi yoipa kwambiri komanso yosatha kulingalira zanzeru kotero kuti imatha kumvetsa nkhondo yokha, kuti nkhondo zikhoza kupambana, kuti nkhondo zikhoza kumenyedwa moyenera komanso mwaukhondo komanso mwaumunthu, nkhondoyo. ndi ntchito yapagulu yomwe nzika zabwino zapadziko lonse lapansi ziyenera kupereka zochuluka zomwe angakwanitse ngakhale zitatanthauza kufa ndi njala anthu awo, komanso kuti nthawi zonse tizitha nthawi yochulukirapo pozindikira kuti nkhondo yatsopano iliyonse ndi yopanda chilungamo komanso yachinyengo koma khalani okonzeka. kugwa pankhondo zina, osati zina, kutengera mtundu ndi tsatanetsatane.

Popeza ndikuganiza kuti anthu amasamala za zomwe amawona, komanso popeza tawona zomwe gulu la Black Lives Matter lachita ndi makanema ndi zithunzi, ndikufuna kuwonetsa yankho langa ku funso lakuti “Tichite chiyani?” pokuwonetsani zithunzi zina.

Awa ndi aku Ukraine.

Awa ndi aku Russia.

Awa ndi Aisrayeli.

Awa ndi ma Palestine.

Onsewa ndi anthu omwe sibwino kupha.

Ndikosavuta kukhumudwitsidwa monga omenyera nkhondo akale omwe mumaganiza kuti adamwalira mudakali mwana amatulutsidwa kuti apereke ndemanga ndikupindula nawo pankhondo iliyonse, ndipo ndale zachidziwitso zimakhazikikanso pothandizidwa ndinkhondo komanso kutsutsidwa chimodzimodzi.

Ndipo komabe

Ndipo komabe, anthu, anthu ochuluka, omwe ali oyenerera tangotuluka kumene mu Israeli, ndipo mwinamwake - unyinji wa anthu - anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo chomangidwa, anthu akutuluka m'misewu monga momwe anthu amachitira m'mayiko abwino, anthu. kuzungulira White House ndi Capitol, makamu a anthu osiyanasiyana komanso osangalatsa akhala akulankhula ndikuchita zonse molondola.

Zosakwanira monga momwe kuyankha kwakhalira kukupha anthu ku Gaza, sikunakhaleko, ku United States, koyipa ngati kuyankha kwa kuukira kwa Russia ku Ukraine. Kotero, m'mawu a malemu - ndikutanthauza, o mulungu akadali ndi ife - George W. Bush, ana athu akuphunzira?

Mwina. Mwina. Funso lomwe ndikufuna kuyankha ndiloti ngati alipo amene akutsata mfundo zotsutsana ndi mbali zonse ziwiri kumene akulowera. Ngati mwamvetsetsa kuti kutsutsa kuphedwa kwakukulu kwa anthu wamba ndi mbali ziwiri zankhondo sikuli koyenera kunena koma moona mtima chinthu choyenera kukhulupirira, ndipo ngati mwafuula kuti "Si nkhondo, ndizovuta kwambiri. ” koma tawonanso kuti takhala tikudandaula kuti pafupifupi nkhondo iliyonse kuyambira Nkhondo Yadziko I, ndiye kodi mumatsatira mfundo zomveka? Ngati mbali zonse ziwiri zikuchita zachiwerewere, ngati vuto siliri mbali iliyonse yomwe mwaphunzitsidwa kudana nayo, koma nkhondo yokha. Ndipo ngati nkhondo yokha ndiyo kukhetsa kwakukulu pazinthu zomwe zimafunikira kwambiri potero kupha anthu ambiri mosalunjika kuposa mwachindunji, ndipo ngati nkhondo yokhayo ndiyo chifukwa chomwe tili pachiwopsezo cha Armagedo ya nyukiliya, ndipo ngati nkhondoyo ndiyomwe imayambitsa tsankho, ndi chifukwa chokhacho. chifukwa chachinsinsi cha boma, ndi chifukwa chachikulu cha kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, ndi cholepheretsa chachikulu cha mgwirizano wapadziko lonse, ndipo ngati mwamvetsetsa kuti maboma saphunzitsa anthu awo chitetezo cha anthu opanda zida osati chifukwa sichigwira ntchito komanso zankhondo koma chifukwa akuwopa anthu awo, ndiye tsopano ndinu wothetsa nkhondo, ndipo ndi nthawi yoti tiyambe kugwira ntchito, osapulumutsa zida zathu pankhondo yoyenera, osati kumenyana ndi dziko kuti atiteteze ku gulu limodzi la oligarchs lolemera kuposa lina. gulu la oligarchs, koma kuchotsa dziko lankhondo, mapulani ankhondo, zida zankhondo, ndi malingaliro ankhondo.

Zabwino, nkhondo. Kuwerenga bwino.

Tiyeni tiyese mtendere.

Tiyenera kuyesa kuyankha anthu mlandu ngakhale ali ndi udindo. Kuyesetsa kumodzi kuchita izi kukuyamba madzulo ano nthawi ya 7pm Central Time pa MerchantsOfDeath.org Chonde onani.

Ndikufuna kusunga nthawi yambiri ya mafunso. Koma ine ndikufuna kunena chinachake cha dzulo, chimene anthu ambiri mu United States amachitcha Tsiku la Ankhondo Ankhondo.

Kurt Vonnegut nthawi ina analemba kuti: "Tsiku la Armistice linali lopatulika. Tsiku la Ankhondo akale sili. Chifukwa chake ndidzaponya Tsiku la Ankhondo Paphewa langa. Tsiku la Armistice ndidzalisunga. Sindikufuna kutaya zinthu zopatulika zilizonse.” Vonnegut amatanthauza "wopatulika" wodabwitsa, wamtengo wapatali, wofunika kukhala wamtengo wapatali. Anatchula Romeo ndi Juliet ndi nyimbo monga "zopatulika" zinthu.

Nthawi yeniyeni ya 11th ya 11th tsiku la mwezi wa 11th, mu 1918, zaka za 100 zapitazo November uyu akubwera 11th, anthu a ku Ulaya mwadzidzidzi anasiya kuwombera mfuti wina ndi mnzake. Mpakana nthawi imeneyo, iwo anali kupha ndi kutenga zipolopolo, kugwa ndi kufuula, kudandaula ndi kufa, kuchokera ku zipolopolo ndi mpweya wa poizoni. Kenaka anasiya, pa 11: 00 m'mawa, zaka zana zapitazo. Iwo anaima, panthawi yake. Sizinali kuti iwo adatopa kapena kubwera ku malingaliro awo. Zina ndi pambuyo pa 11 koloko iwo amangotsatira malamulo. Chipangano cha Armytice chomwe chinathetsa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lapansi chinakhazikitsa 11 koloko ngati kusiya nthawi, chisankho chomwe chinapangitsa amuna ena a 11,000 kuti aphedwe m'maola a 6 pakati pa mgwirizano ndi nthawi yoikika.

Koma ora lomwelo m'zaka zapitazi, mphindi imeneyo ya mapeto a nkhondo yomwe imayenera kuthetsa nkhondo yonse, mphindi imeneyo yomwe inachititsa kuti pakhale phwando lachimwemwe padziko lonse lapansi ndi kubwezeretsanso zina ngati zonyansa, anakhala nthawi ya chete, wa belu ukulira, kukumbukira, ndi kudzipatulira nokha kuthetsa nkhondo zonse. Icho chinali chomwe Tsiku la Armistice linali. Sikunali chikondwerero cha nkhondo kapena cha iwo amene amatha nawo nawo nkhondo, koma panthawi yomwe nkhondo inali itatha.

Congress inadutsa chisankho cha Tsiku la Armistice mu 1926 kufuna "zochitika zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mtendere ukhale ndi mtendere ndi chidziwitso ... kuitana anthu a ku United States kusunga tsiku kumasukulu ndi mipingo ndi machitidwe abwino a ubale ndi anthu ena onse." Pambuyo pake, Congress inanenanso kuti November 11th iyenera kukhala "tsiku loperekedwa chifukwa cha mtendere wa padziko lonse."

Tilibe maholide ambiri odzipatulira mtendere kuti tikhoza kusunga imodzi. Ngati dziko la United States linakakamizidwa kuti lizitha kupha nsomba, zikanakhala ndi ambirimbiri osankha, koma maholide amtendere samangokula pamtengo. Tsiku la Amayi lakhala lokutanthauzira tanthauzo lake loyambirira. Martin Luther King Tsiku wapangidwa mozungulira caricature yomwe imasiya kulimbikitsa mtendere. Tsiku la Armistice, komabe, likubwereranso.

Tsiku la Armistice, ngati tsiku lolimbana ndi nkhondo, linakhala ku United States kudutsa mu 1950s komanso ngakhale patali m'mayiko ena pansi pa dzina la Remembrance Day. Pambuyo pa dziko la United States, dziko la United States litangoyamba kuwononga dziko la Japan, linapha Korea, linayambitsa Cold War, linakhazikitsa CIA, ndipo inakhazikitsanso malo ogwira ntchito zogwira ntchito zankhondo ndi mabungwe akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi, kuti boma la US linatchedwanso Armistice Day monga Tsiku la Veterans pa June 1, 1954.

Tsiku la Veterans sichilinso, chifukwa cha anthu ambiri, tsiku loti adzasangalale kutha kwa nkhondo kapena ngakhale kuti akukhutira kuthetsa kwake. Tsiku la Veterans sali tsiku limene liyenera kulira akufa kapena kukayikira chifukwa kudzipha ndikumenyana ndi asilikali a US kapena chifukwa chake adani ambiri alibe nyumba. Tsiku la Veterans silitchulidwa kuti ndi phwando la nkhondo. Koma machaputala a Otsutsa a Mtendere amaletsedwa m'mizinda ing'onoing'ono ndi yaikulu, chaka ndi chaka, kuchokera kumalo otetezera tsiku la Veterans, chifukwa chakuti amatsutsa nkhondo. Tsiku la Veterans ndi zochitika m'mizinda yambiri ikuyamika nkhondo, komanso pafupifupi kutamanda nawo nkhondo. Pafupifupi zochitika za Tsiku la Veterans Day ndizokonda dziko. Ambiri amalimbikitsa "maubwenzi abwino ndi anthu ena onse" kapena amagwira ntchito kukhazikitsa "mtendere padziko lonse."

M'malo mwake, Purezidenti wapanthawiyo a Donald Trump adayesa mosalephera kukhala ndi zida zazikulu m'misewu ya Washington, DC, pa tsiku lotchedwa Veterans Day - pempholi lidathetsedwa mokondwa atakumana ndi otsutsa komanso pafupifupi chidwi chochokera kwa anthu, media. , kapena asilikali.

Veterans For Peace, omwe ndikuyang'anira uphungu wa ndondomeko, ndi World BEYOND War, omwe ndine wotsogolera, ndi mabungwe awiri omwe amalimbikitsa kubwezeretsedwa kwa Tsiku la Armistice.

Mu chikhalidwe chimene aphungu ndi ma TV omwe alibe chinyengo cha kuwonetserako ndi kuwuza ku sukulu, ndibwino kuti titsimikize kuti kukana tsiku la chikondwerero cha ankhondo si chinthu chofanana ndi kukhazikitsa tsiku la kudana ndi adani. Ndipotu, monga momwe tafotokozera pano, njira yobwezeretsa tsiku lachikondwerero cha mtendere. Amzanga a ine mu Veterans For Peace akhala akutsutsa kwa zaka makumi ambiri kuti njira yabwino yotumikira akakhondo ndi kusiya kusiya zambiri.

Chifukwa chake, polekezera kupanga zida zankhondo zambiri, zimatsutsidwa ndi mabodza a nkhondo, ndi kutsutsana kuti munthu angathe ndipo ayenera "kuthandizira asilikali" - zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatanthauza kuthandizira nkhondo, koma zomwe sizikhoza kutanthawuza mosavuta kanthu amakulira ku tanthauzo lake labwino.

Chofunikira, ndithudi, ndiko kulemekeza ndi kukonda aliyense, asilikali kapena ayi, koma kusiya kulemba nawo mbali pakupha anthu ambiri - zomwe zimatipweteka, zimatipweteka, zimawononga zachilengedwe, zimathetsa ufulu wathu, zimayambitsa kukana nkhanza komanso tsankho, tsankho chiwonongeko cha nyukiliya, ndi kufooketsa lamulo la malamulo - monga mtundu wina wa "utumiki." Nkhondoyo iyenera kulira kapena kudandaula, osati kuyamikiridwa.

Chiwerengero chachikulu cha iwo omwe "amapereka miyoyo yawo chifukwa cha dziko lawo" lerolino ku United States amachita zimenezi mwa kudzipha. Boma la Veterans Administration lakhala litanena kwa zaka zambiri kuti njira yabwino kwambiri yodzipha ndikumenyera kumlandu. Simudzawona zomwe zalengezedwa m'mabwalo ambiri a tsiku la Veterans Day. Koma ndi chinthu chomwe chimamvetsetsedwa ndi kayendedwe kowonjezereka kuti athetseratu bungwe lonse la nkhondo.

Nkhondo Yadziko Yonse, Nkhondo Yaikulu (yomwe ndimatenga kuti ikhale yabwino kwambiri kufupi ndi kupanga America Great Again Again), inali nkhondo yomaliza imene njira zina zomwe anthu amalankhulana ndi kuganizira za nkhondo zinali zoona. Kuphedwa kumeneku kunachitika makamaka m'nkhondo. Akufa anaposa ovulalawo. Asilikali omwe anaphedwa anali oposa ambiri. Mbali ziwirizi sizinali, chifukwa cha mbali zambiri, zankhondo ndi makampani omwewo a zida. Nkhondo inali yovomerezeka. Ndipo anthu ambiri anzeru adakhulupirira kuti nkhondoyo ili modzipereka ndikusintha maganizo awo. Zonsezi zapita ndi mphepo, kaya tikufuna kuvomereza kapena ayi.

Nkhondo tsopano iphedwa pambali, makamaka kuchokera mlengalenga, moletsedwa mosavomerezeka, palibe mabwalo amkhondo m'maso - nyumba zokha. Ovulalawa amaposa akufa, koma palibe mankhwala omwe apangidwa chifukwa cha mabala a m'maganizo. Malo omwe zida zimapangidwira ndipo malo omwe nkhondo zimayendetsedwa sizikhalapo pang'ono. Nkhondo zambiri zimakhala ndi zida za US - ndipo ena ali ndi omenyera nkhondo a US - pambali zambiri. Ambiri mwa akufa ndi ovulala ndi azisankho, monga momwe amachitira zowawa komanso omwe alibe pokhala. Ndipo mauthenga omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kulimbikitsa nkhondo iliyonse ali ochepa kwambiri pamene 100 wazaka zapitazo amanena kuti nkhondo ikhoza kuthetsa nkhondo. Mtendere ukhoza kuthetsa nkhondo, koma pokhapokha ngati timayamikira ndikuikumbukira.

Pa December 2, 1920, Al Jolson analembera kalata Purezidenti-Elect Warren Harding. Anawerenga kuti:

 

Chotsani mfutiyo

Kuchokera kwa mwana wa mayi ev-ry.

Ife timaphunzitsidwa ndi Mulungu kumwamba

Kukhululukira, kuiwala ndi kukonda,

 

Dziko lotopa likuyembekezera,

Mtendere, kwamuyaya,

Choncho chotsani mfutiyo

Kuchokera kwa mwana wa mayi aliyense,

 

ndi kuthetsa nkhondo.