NgoMedea uBenjamini, World BEYOND War, November 4, 2022
Umhlangano wesimo sezulu womhlaba wonke obizwa ngokuthi i-COP27 (iNgqungquthela yama-27 Yamaqembu) uzobanjelwa endaweni eqhelile yaseGibhithe e-Sharm El-Sheik, e-Egypt kusukela ngoNovemba 6-18. Uma kubhekwa isimo sengcindezelo esidlulele sikahulumeni waseGibhithe, lo mbuthano cishe uzohluka kweminye, lapho kube nemibhikisho emikhulu, enonya eholwa yizinhlangano zomphakathi.
Ngakho-ke njengoba amashumi ezinkulungwane zezithunywa - kusukela kubaholi bomhlaba kuya kwizishoshovu zesimo sezulu nezintatheli - zehla eSharm el-Sheik ezivela kuwo wonke umhlaba, sicele Intatheli yaseGibhithe uSharif Abdel Kouddous ukuthi asinikeze imibono yakhe ngesimo saseGibhithe namuhla, okuhlanganisa isimo seziboshwa zezombangazwe, nokuthi ulindele kanjani ukuthi uhulumeni waseGibhithe athathe isinyathelo ngamehlo omhlaba ekuso.
MB: Kulabo abangazi noma asebekhohliwe, ngicela usihlaziyele ngokushesha isimo sikahulumeni okhona e-Egypt namuhla?
Ukuvukela umbuso ngo-2011 ngokumelene no-Hosni Mubarak, ukuvukela okwakuyingxenye yalokho okuye kwabizwa ngokuthi i-Arab Spring, kwakhuthaza kakhulu futhi kwaba nezimpendulo emhlabeni jikelele, kusukela ku-Occupy Movement e-United States kuya kuma-Indignados eSpain. Kodwa lokho kuvukela umbuso kwachotshozwa ngendlela enonya kakhulu ngo-2013 ngamasosha, eholwa uGeneral Abdel Fattah al Sisi–owaba ngumongameli kamuva.
Njengamanje, i-Egypt ibuswa iqembu eliqinile nelivaliwe lezikhulu zezempi nezobunhloli, umbuthano ongacacile ngokuphelele. Inqubo yayo yokuthatha izinqumo ayikuvumeli ukubamba iqhaza kwezombusazwe futhi ayiphazamisi noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuphikisa noma ukuphikiswa. Kubonakala sengathi impendulo kahulumeni kunoma yiziphi izinkinga ngezakhamuzi iwukuba ziboshwe.
Kukhona ngempela amashumi ezinkulungwane zeziboshwa zezombangazwe eGibhithe njengamanje. Asazi isibalo esiqondile ngoba azikho izibalo ezisemthethweni futhi lokhu kuphoqa abameli kanye nezinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu ukuthi zizame ukubhala ngokucophelela izinkulungwane zabantu abavaleleke ejele.
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, sibone i-Egypt yakha amajele amaningana amasha. Ngonyaka odlule nje uSisi wengamele ukuvulwa kwezakhiwo zejele laseWadi al-Natrun. Ayibizwa ngejele, ibizwa nge-“rehabilitation center”. Leli elinye lamajele ayisikhombisa noma ayisishiyagalombili uSisi ngokwakhe awabize ngokuthi “amajele aseMelika.”
Lezi zakhiwo zamajele zihlanganisa ngaphakathi kuzo izinkantolo nezakhiwo zokwahlulela, ngakho-ke lenza ibhande lokuthutha elisuka enkantolo liya ejele lisebenze kahle kakhulu.
MB: Sinjani isimo saleli qembu elikhulu leziboshwa zepolitiki?
Iningi leziboshwa zezombangazwe e-Egypt zigcinwe kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi “ukuvalelwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.” Ngaphansi kwekhodi yokujezisa yase-Egypt, ungagqunywa ejele iminyaka emibili ungakaze ulahlwe yicala. Cishe wonke umuntu ovalelwe ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala ubhekene namacala amabili afanayo: elilodwa lisakaza ulwazi olungamanga kanti elinye liyingxenye yenhlangano yamaphekula noma inhlangano engekho emthethweni.
Izimo zasejele zimbi kakhulu. Uma ugula, usenkingeni enkulu. Sekube nenqwaba yabantu abashona ngenxa yobudedengu bezempilo, iziboshwa zishonela ezitokisini. Ukuhlukunyezwa nezinye izinhlobo zokuhlukumeza ophikweni lwezokuvikela kusabalele.
Siphinde sabona inani lezigwebo zentambo nokubulawa kwabantu likhuphuka ngamandla. Ngaphansi kowayenguMengameli u-Mubarak, eminyakeni eyishumi yokugcina ephethe, kwaba nokunqunywa kwesinqumo sokubulawa kwabantu. Kwakhishwa izigwebo zentambo kodwa abantu babengabulawa. Manje i-Egypt ikleliswe endaweni yesithathu emhlabeni ngenani lababulawa.
MB: Kuthiwani ngezinye inkululeko, njengenkululeko yokuhlangana nenkululeko yabezindaba?
Ngokuyisisekelo, umbuso ubona izakhamuzi zawo njengenkathazo noma usongo. Zonke izinhlobo zokubhikisha noma ukuhlangana komphakathi zivinjelwe.
Izinsolo zokwephula umthetho zithwala izigwebo zasejele ezinzima kakhulu. Sibone ukushanela kokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi kwenzeka noma nini lapho kukhona noma yiluphi uhlobo lokubhikisha emphakathini futhi siphinde sabona ukuhlukunyezwa okungakaze kubonwe emphakathini, lapho izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu kanye nezinhlangano zobulungisa kwezomnotho ziphoqeleka ukuthi zihlehlise ukusebenza kwazo noma zisebenze ngomshoshaphansi. ababasebenzelayo bangaphansi kokusatshiswa nokuhlukunyezwa nokuvinjelwa ukuhamba nokuboshwa.
Siphinde sabona ukwehliswa okukhulu kwenkululeko yabezindaba, cishe ukuthathwa okuphelele kwendawo yabezindaba. Ngaphansi kukahulumeni kaMubarak, kwakukhona okungenani amaphephandaba aphikisayo, okuhlanganisa namaphephandaba aphikisayo neziteshi zikamabonakude. Kepha manje uhulumeni ulawula ngokuqinile abezindaba ngokusebenzisa ukucwaninga nangokuthenga. IGeneral Intelligence Services, okuyisikhungo sezobunhloli sezempi, isiphenduke umnikazi wezindaba omkhulu wezwe. Bangabanikazi bamaphephandaba neziteshi ze-TV. Imithombo yezindaba ezimele, njengalena engiyisebenzelayo ebizwa ngokuthi i-Mada Masr, isebenza emaphethelweni endaweni enobutha kakhulu.
I-Egypt ingeyesithathu ngobukhulu bezintatheli emhlabeni futhi ibopha izintatheli eziningi ngamacala okusakaza izindaba ezingamanga ukwedlula noma yiliphi elinye izwe emhlabeni.
MB: Ungakhuluma ngodaba luka-Alaa Abd El-Fattah, okungenzeka ukuthi uyisiboshwa sepolitiki esidume kakhulu e-Egypt?
U-Alaa ubelokhu evalelwe isikhathi eside kule minyaka eyishumi edlule. Uboshiwe ngecala “lokusakaza izindaba ezingamanga,” kodwa usejele ngempela ngenxa yale mibono, ngokuba isithonjana nophawu lwenguquko ka-2011. Embusweni, ukumbopha kwakuyindlela yokubeka isibonelo kuwo wonke umuntu. Yingakho kube nemikhankaso eminingi yokumkhipha.
Uke waba sejele ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kakhulu. Kwaphela iminyaka emibili engavunyelwe ukuphuma esitokisini sakhe futhi engenawo ngisho nomatilasi wokulala. Wayephucwa yonke into, kuhlanganise nezincwadi noma izinto zokufunda zanoma yiluphi uhlobo. Ngokokuqala ngqá, waqala ukuveza imicabango yokuzibulala.
Kodwa ngo-April 2 wanquma ukuya esitelekeni sokulamba njengesenzo sokumelana nokuboshwa kwakhe. Usenezinyanga eziyisikhombisa etelekeni lokulamba. Waqala ngamanzi nosawoti nje, okuwuhlobo lwesiteleka sendlala abantu baseGibhithe abasifunde kwabasePalestine. Kwathi ngoMeyi, wanquma ukuya esitelekeni sesitayela sika-Gandhi futhi adle ama-calories ayi-100 ngosuku–okuyisipuni soju etiyeni. Umuntu omdala ojwayelekile udinga ama-calories angu-2,000 ngosuku, ngakho-ke mancane kakhulu.
Kodwa usanda kuthumela umndeni wakhe incwadi ethi ubuyela esitelekeni sokulamba futhi ngoNovemba 6, ngosuku olwandulela umhlangano we-COP, uzoyeka ukuphuza amanzi. Lokhu kubi kakhulu ngoba umzimba awukwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle kwamanzi izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezimbalwa.
Ngakho ubiza thina sonke esingaphandle ukuba sihlele, ngoba uzofela ejele noma akhululwe. Le nto ayenzayo inesibindi esiyisimanga. Usebenzisa umzimba wakhe, okuwukuphela kwento anegunya phezu kwayo, ukuhlela nokusiphusha ngaphandle ukuze senze okwengeziwe.
Laba baholi bezinhlangano zomphakathi ababecindezelwe bakubheka kanjani ukuthi i-Egypt izoba ngokusingatha i-COP27?
Kwadumaza kakhulu kubantu abaningi e-Egypt abasebenzela amalungelo abantu nobulungiswa kanye nentando yeningi ngesikhathi i-Egypt inikezwa ilungelo lokusingatha ingqungquthela. Kodwa izinhlangano zomphakathi zase-Egypt azizange zibize umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe ukuthi udube umhlangano we-COP; banxuse ukuthi usizi olubhekene neziboshwa zepolitiki kanye nokuswelakala kwamalungelo abantu kuxhunyaniswe nezingxoxo zomumo womkhathi hhayi ukushaywa indiva.
Bafuna ukuthi kubekwe obala ezinkulungwaneni zeziboshwa zezepolitiki ezifana no-Alaa, njengo-Abdel Moneim Aboul Foitouh, owake waba ngumongameli, njengo-Mohamed Oxygen, umbhali we-blogger, njengo-Marwa Arafa, oyisishoshovu sase-Alexandria.
Ngeshwa, ukusingatha lo mhlangano kunikeze uhulumeni ithuba elihle lokuphinda enze isithunzi sakhe. Kuvumele uhulumeni ukuthi azame ukuzibeka njengezwi le-Global South kanye nomxhumanisi ozama ukuvula izigidigidi zamadola ngonyaka ekuxhaseni ngezimali isimo sezulu ezivela eGlobal North.
Impela udaba lokulungiswa kwesimo sezulu kuGlobal South lubaluleke kakhulu. Kudingeka kuxoxwe futhi kuthathwe ngokungathi sína. Kodwa ungakunikeza kanjani ukunxeshezelwa kwesimo sezulu ezweni elifana ne-Egypt ekubeni wazi ukuthi imali izosetshenziswa kakhulu ekuqiniseni lesi simo esicindezelayo nesingcolisayo? Njengoba uNaomi Klein eshilo esihlokweni sakhe esikhulu esithi Greenwashing a Police State, le ngqungquthela idlulela ngalé kokuhlaza isimo esingcolisayo ukuze ihlanze izwe lamaphoyisa.
Ngakho-ke ucabanga ukuthi yini esingalindela ukuyibona eSharm el-Sheikh? Ingabe imibhikisho evamile eyenzekayo kuwo wonke ama-COP, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwamahholo asemthethweni, izovunyelwa?
Ngicabanga ukuthi esizokubona eSharm el-Sheik yitiyetha ephethwe ngokucophelela. Sonke siyazazi izinkinga nge-UN Climate Summits. Kukhona izingxoxo eziningi kanye nediplomacy yesimo sezulu, kodwa kuyaqabukela zifinyelela kunoma yini ephathekayo nebophayo. Kepha basebenza njengendawo ebalulekile yokuxhumana kanye nokuhlangana kwamaqembu ahlukene enhlanganweni yobulungiswa besimo sezulu, ithuba lokuthi bahlangane ukuze bahlele. Sekuyisikhathi sokuthi la maqembu akhombise ukungahambisani nokungenzi lutho kwalabo abaphethe, ngemibhikisho enobuhlakani, eshubile ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwengqungquthela.
Lokhu ngeke kube njalo kulo nyaka. I-Sharm El-Sheikh iyindawo yokuvakasha eSinayi enodonga oluyizungezile. Ingakwazi futhi izolawulwa ngokuqinile kakhulu. Ngokwalokho esikuqondayo, kunesikhala esikhethekile esiklanyelwe imibhikisho esakhiwe eduze komgwaqo omkhulu, kude nesikhungo somhlangano kanye nanoma yiziphi izimpawu zokuphila. Pho kuzosebenza kangakanani ukubamba imibhikisho lapho?
Kungakho abantu abafana noGreta Thunberg bengahambi. Izishoshovu eziningi zinezinkinga ngesakhiwo se-COP ngokwayo kodwa kubi kakhulu e-Egypt lapho amandla okuyisebenzisa njengendawo yokuhlangana yabaphikisayo ezovalwa ngempumelelo.
Kodwa okubaluleke nakakhulu, amalungu ezinhlangano zomphakathi zaseGibhithe, kuhlanganise nabalingani kanye nezinhlangano zezemvelo ezigxeka uhulumeni, ngeke bavunyelwe ukuya. Ekushiyeni emithethweni ye-UN, lawo maqembu akwaziyo ukubamba iqhaza azobe ehloliwe futhi agunyazwe uhulumeni futhi kuzodingeka aqaphele kakhulu ukuthi asebenza kanjani. Abanye abantu baseGibhithe okufanele babe lapho ngeshwa basejele noma bangaphansi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zengcindezelo nokuhlukunyezwa.
Ngabe abantu bakwamanye amazwe kufanele bakhathazeke ngohulumeni waseGibhithe obagadile?
Yonke ingqungquthela izobhekwa kakhulu. Uhulumeni udale lolu hlelo lokusebenza ongalulanda ukuze ulusebenzise njengomhlahlandlela wengqungquthela. Kodwa ukwenza lokho, kufanele ufake igama lakho eliphelele, inombolo yocingo, ikheli le-imeyili, inombolo yepasipoti nobuzwe, futhi kufanele unike amandla ukulandelela indawo. Ochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe be-Amnesty International babuyekeze uhlelo lokusebenza futhi bahlaba umkhosi konke lokhu okukhathazayo mayelana nokugadwa nokuthi uhlelo lokusebenza lungasebenzisa kanjani ikhamera nemakrofoni nedatha yendawo kanye ne-bluetooth.
Yiziphi izindaba zezemvelo ezihlobene ne-Egypt uhulumeni azovumela ukuba kuxoxwe ngazo, futhi yini eyobe ivinjelwe?
Izinkinga zemvelo ezizovunyelwa yizindaba ezinjengokuqoqwa kukadoti, ukugaywa kabusha, amandla avuselelekayo kanye nezezimali zesimo sezulu, okuyinkinga enkulu e-Egypt kanye ne-Global South.
Izinkinga zemvelo ezithinta uhulumeni namasosha ngeke zibekezelelwe. Thatha udaba lwamalahle-into umphakathi wezemvelo oyigxeka kakhulu. Lokho kuzobe sekuvaliwe ngenxa yokuthi ukuthengwa kwamalahle kwamanye amazwe, iningi lawo livela e-United States, linyukile eminyakeni embalwa edlule, liqhutshwa isidingo esinamandla emkhakheni kasimende. Umthengisi omkhulu wamalahle e-Egypt naye ungumkhiqizi omkhulu usimende, futhi leyo yi-El-Arish Cement Company eyakhiwa ngo-2016 yibutho lezempi laseGibhithe.
Sibone isamba esikhulu sikasimende sithululelwa endaweni yemvelo yase-Egypt eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Uhulumeni wakhe amabhuloho nemihubhe ecishe ibe yi-1,000, ecekela phansi amahektare namahektha endawo eluhlaza futhi egawula izinkulungwane zezihlahla. Bangene emgwaqeni wokwakha ohlanyayo, bakha inqwaba yezindawo ezingomakhelwane namadolobha amasha, okuhlanganisa nenhloko-dolobha entsha yokuphatha ogwadule ngaphandle kwaseCairo. Kodwa akukho ukugxekwa kwala maphrojekthi okuke kwabekezelelwa noma okuzobekezelelwa.
Bese kuba khona ukukhiqizwa kwamandla angcolile. I-Egypt, okuyisizinda sesibili esikhulu segesi e-Afrika, inyusa ukukhiqizwa kwayo kukawoyela negesi kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, okuzosho enye inzuzo embonini yezempi neyezobunhloli ebandakanyeka kulokhu. Lawa maphrojekthi ayingozi emvelweni kodwa azuzisa amasosha ngeke abe ku-ajenda.
Amasosha aseGibhithe agxilile kuzo zonke izingxenye zombuso waseGibhithe. Amabhizinisi angaphansi kwezempi akhiqiza yonke into kusukela kumanyolo kuya ekudleni kwezingane kuya kusimende. Basebenzisa amahhotela; bangabanikazi bomhlaba abakhulu kunabo bonke eGibhithe. Ngakho-ke noma yiluphi uhlobo lokungcoliswa kwezimboni noma ukulimala kwemvelo okuvela ezindaweni ezifana nezokwakha, ezokuvakasha, intuthuko kanye nebhizinisi lezolimo ngeke kubekezelelwe e-COP.
Sesizwile ukuthi ukugawulwa kwabantu base-Egypt belindele lo mbuthano womhlaba wonke sekuqalile. Ingabe kuyiqiniso lokho?
Yebo, sesivele sabona ukuhlaselwa okuqinile kanye nokuboshwa okukhulu kushanela ngaphambi kwengqungquthela yesimo sezulu. Kukhona ukuma nokusesha okungahleliwe, nezindawo zokuhlola ukuphepha ezingahleliwe. Bakuvulela ufacebook nowhatsapp bakho babheke ngakhona. Uma bethola okuqukethwe abakuthola kuyinkinga, bayakubopha.
Amakhulu abantu aboshiwe, abanye babalelwa ku-500-600. Baboshwe bephuma ezindlini zabo, bengekho emigwaqweni, ezindaweni zabo zokusebenza.
Futhi lokhu kusesha nokuboshwa akugcini kwabaseGibhithe kuphela. Ngolunye usuku kwakukhona isishoshovu sezulu saseNdiya, u-Ajit Rajagopal, waboshwa ngemuva nje kokuthatha uhambo lwezinsuku eziyi-8 ukusuka eCairo ukuya eSharm el-Sheikh njengengxenye yomkhankaso womhlaba wonke wokuqwashisa ngezinkinga zesimo sezulu.
Wavalelwa eCairo, waphekwa ngemibuzo amahora amaningi wagcinwa ubusuku bonke. Wabiza umngane wommeli waseGibhithe, owafika esiteshini samaphoyisa ukuze amsize. Bamvalele nommeli, bambamba ubusuku bonke.
Kube nezikhalazo zokubhikisha ngoNovemba 11, noma 11/11. Ucabanga ukuthi abantu baseGibhithe bazophumela emigwaqweni?
Akucaci ukuthi lezi zingcingo zokubhikisha ziqale kuphi kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi zaqalwa abantu abangaphandle kwaseGibhithe. Ngingamangala uma abantu bephumela emigwaqweni ngenxa yengcindezelo esiyibona kulezi zinsuku kodwa awukwazi.
Izinsiza zezokuphepha zamangala kakhulu ngoSepthemba 2019 lapho owayengusonkontileka wamasosha ephenduka umsholozi edalula amavidiyo abonisa inkohlakalo yamasosha. Lawa mavidiyo asabalale. Umsholozi ucele imibhikisho kodwa ubengaphandle kwase-Egypt lapho edingiselwe khona eSpain.
Kube khona imibhikisho, engemikhulu kakhulu kodwa ebalulekile. Futhi yaba yini impendulo kahulumeni? Ukuboshwa okukhulu, ukushanela okukhulu kusukela uSisi athatha izintambo kunabantu abangaphezu kuka-4,000 ababoshiwe. Babophe zonke izinhlobo zabantu–bonke abake baboshwa kanye nenqwaba yabanye abantu. Ngalolo hlobo lwengcindezelo, kunzima ukusho ukuthi ukugqugquzela abantu ukuthi baye emigwaqeni kuyinto efanele yini.
Uhulumeni naye udidekile ikakhulukazi ngoba isimo somnotho sibi kakhulu. Imali yaseGibhithe isilahlekelwe ngamaphesenti angu-30 yenani layo kusukela ekuqaleni konyaka, ibangelwa izici ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nempi yase-Ukraine, njengoba iGibhithe lalithola ukolweni walo omningi e-Ukraine. Ukwehla kwamandla emali akusalawuleki. Abantu baya ngokuya behlupheka. Ngakho-ke lokho, kuhlangene nalezi zingcingo zokubhikisha, kubangele ukubhidliza okubalulekile.
Ngakho angazi noma abantu bazodelela yini uhulumeni baphumele emgwaqweni. Kodwa kudala ngayeka ukuzama ukubikezela noma yini eGibhithe. Ngeke wazi ukuthi kuzokwenzekani.
