Yini Eyosinda Ekufeni?

NguDavid Swanson, Juni 18, 2019

Jeffrey Ostler's Ukusinda ku-Genocide: Izizwe Ezizwe Namazwe ase-United States kusukela eMelika Revolution kuya eBleeding Kansas, utshela indaba eyinkimbinkimbi, ethembekile, neyinkimbinkimbi yokuthi yiziphi izingxenye eziningi kanye nezici eziningi ezihambisana nencazelo ye-UN kanye nesimo esithandwayo sokuqothulwa kohlanga. Ngakho-ke, kunjalo, ikakhulukazi indaba yalokho hhayi ukusinda kohlanga, nakuba ngicabanga ukuthi bekuyobe kunomnqopho omkhulu we "Dog Bites Man" kunoma yimuphi umshicileli.

Kodwa izingxenye zendaba zisinda. Eminye yokusinda yesikhashana. Abantu bahlehlisa futhi banciphisa le nhlekelele. Kunezifundo lapho kuzo zonke iziqu zabantu njengoba ziqhubeka nokubhubhisa isimo sezulu saso. Kunezifundo ikakhulukazi kumaPalestina kanti abanye babhekene nokuhlaselwa okufanayo namuhla. Futhi abanye abasinda baye baqhubeka kuze kube manje. Kunciphise izinombolo, izizwe eziningi zisinda.

Eqinisweni, ngokusebenzisa inqubo yokushayela amazwe asezindaweni zasentshonalanga nokuwashaya, kwakukhona okuningi okuqhubekayo okusinda kunokuba ngokuvamile kuvunyelwe. Ku-akhawunti ka-Ostler, uhulumeni wase-US ube nenqubomgomo ecacile kusukela ekuqaleni, hhayi nje ku-1830, yokuthutha amaMelika aseMelika ngasentshonalanga ye-Mississippi, futhi wamisa leyo nqubomgomo. Noma kunjalo, phakathi kwama-1780 no-1830, inani labantu baseMelika baseMpumalanga ye-Mississippi landa. Inqubomgomo yokwamukelwa kanye neyasheshayo yokususwa eyenziwa ku-1830 yayiqhutshwa ukuhaha ngenzondo nokucwaswa ngokobuhlanga, hhayi ngeso lengqondo lokusiza abantu bomdabu ukuba basinde ngokubathuthela ezindaweni ezingcono lapho bekungacabangi ukuthi babhekene nokuqedwa okungenakugwemeka. Babengasinda kangcono uma beshiya bodwa, kunokuba baphoqelelwe ezinkambeni ezinzima emazweni nasemasimini asevele asele bengenayo indlela yokulondoloza.

Ukuhaha komhlaba kubonakala sengathi kwakuyisisusa esiyinhloko. Amaqembu amancane amaMelika aseMelika aseMpumalanga angabi nendawo efiselekayo kakhulu avunyelwe ukuba ahlale, futhi kwezinye izimo asele kuze kube yilolu suku. Abanye ababeke impi enkulu kakhulu bavunyelwe ukuba bahlale isikhathi. Abanye abamukela izindlela zezolimo zaseYurophu nazo zonke izinto ezibizwa ngokuthi "impucuko" (kuhlanganise nobugqila) bavunyelwe ukuba bahlale kuze kube yilapho izwe labo libaleka kakhulu. Ukuthi ukwehluleka kwezizwe zendabuko ukuba "ziphumelele" kubonakala kungenaso isisekelo empeleni njengesizathu sokuxoshwa kunokuba kudingeke ukuthi baphume. Futhi akudingeki ukuthi benze ukuthula phakathi kwabo. Izizwe zalwa omunye nomunye njengoba ziqhutshelwa emkhawulweni womunye nomunye ngabakholoni base-US.

Ngezinye izikhathi i-United States yenza ukuthula phakathi kwezizwe ezilwa, kodwa kuphela uma isebenza ngenjongo ethile, njengokusiza ukufuduka kwabantu abaningi ezweni labo. Umsebenzi wobukhosi wawungewona umsebenzi wobuqili obunamandla. Kwakudingeka "ukudibanisa" okuningi. Izivumelwano kwakufanele zenziwe ngasese ngamaqembu amancane ngaphakathi kwezizwe zakithi. Izivumelwano kwakufanele zibizwe ngasese ukuze zisho okuphambene nalokho okubonakalayo. Abaholi kwakudingeka bahotshwe noma bahlangane emhlanganweni, bese bathunjwa noma babulawe. Ama-karoti nezinduku kwakufanele zisetshenziswe kuze kube yilapho abantu "ngokuzithandela" bakhetha ukushiya amakhaya abo. Ama-propaganda kwakudingeka athuthukiswe ukuze agwetshwe ububi. Izimpi zombuso manje ezibizwa ngokuthi amaMelika aseMelika futhi zilwa nezikhali ezibizwa ngokuthi amaMelika aseMelika ziyingxenye yomlando wamakhosi owaqala ngaphambi kwe-1776. Uhulumeni wase-US umemezele ukuthi i-Iran yahlasela umkhumbi, noma okulinganayo, isikhathi eside kakhulu.

Lapho ngifunda Ukuphunyuka kwaKwaZulu-Natali ukuthi ithuluzi eliyinhloko uhulumeni wesifundazwe owasetshenziswa ukwenza amaCreeks ahlupheke kakhulu kangangokuthi ayezohamba ngasentshonalanga kwakungumbuso wase-Alabama, okubonakala kubonakala kunengqondo kimi. Ngicabanga ukuthi isimo sase-Alabama sinamandla kakhulu ekwenzeni abantu badabuke. Kodwa-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi kwakhulume lawo makghono njengoba ayisebenzisayo ngokumelene namaCreeks, futhi noma ubani owenza u-Alabama ahlukumezeke ngoba kungenzeka abe ngabazuzi balo mlando.

Kwakukhona inqwaba yamandla amakhulu. Ostler ubonisa ukuthi izikhulu zase-US zakha inqubomgomo ethi "izimpi zokuqothulwa" "akudingeki nje kuphela, kodwa ezifanelekile nezomthetho." Izimbangela zokuncipha phakathi kwabantu bezizwe zazibandakanya ukubulala okuqondile, olunye udlame olubulalayo olubandakanya ukudlwengula, ukushiswa kwamadolobha nezitshalo, ukuxoshwa kwamanye amazwe, kanye nokusabalalisa izifo kanye nokuphuza ngokweqile kwezidakamizwa kubantu ababuthakathaka. U-Ostler ubhala ukuthi i-scholarship yakamuva yathola ukuthi ukubhujiswa okubangelwa izifo zaseYurophu kubangelwa ukuntuleka kokuzivikela komdabu waseMelika, futhi okunye okuvela ebuthakathakeni nasezintweni ezibangelwa ukubhujiswa kwamakhaya abo.

Impi YaseMelika Yokuzimela (inkulukazi eyodwa komunye ngezinkokhelo zabantu bomdabu kanye nezigqila) yahilela ukuhlaselwa okulimazayo kwabaseMelika baseMelika kunokuba bekukhona izimpi ezandulele uGeorge Washington ayezitholile igama elithi Destroyer Town. Umphumela wempi wawuyizindaba ezimbi nakakhulu.

Ukuhlasela kwabantu bomdabu kuzovela ohulumeni base-US, ohulumeni basezizwe, nabantu abavamile. Abahlali bezizwe babezophoqa izingxabano phambili, futhi ezindaweni ezihlelekile zaseMpumalanga lapho kuhlala khona amaMelika aseMelika, abantu bazoba izwe labo, babulale futhi bahlukumeze. Kwakukhona amaqembu afana namaQuaker asebenzelana kabi nabomdabu. Kwakukhona ama-ebbs nokugeleza, futhi zonke izizwe zinendaba ehlukile. Kodwa ngokuyisisekelo, i-United States ihlose ukuqeda amaMelika aseMelika futhi ilahle abaningi babo futhi ithatha iningi lezwe abahlala kulo.

Yiqiniso, into eqhubekayo ekuqothulweni kobuhlanga yilwazi, amaqiniso avumela inkumbulo enembile kanye efanele nemizamo eqotho yokwenza kangcono okwamanje.

Ngiphefumulelwe ukudala isikhalazo kuMongameli waseYunivesithi yaseVirginia James Ryan okuthiwa "Susa i-Monument ku-Genocide eyamukela abantu ku-UVA. "

Umbhalo Wokuncenga

Susa umfanekiso kaGeorge Rogers Clark owahlanganyela ekuqothulweni kobuhlanga emnyuziyamu lapho kungenziwa khona inkumbulo ehlazolayo.

Kungani lokhu kubalulekile?

"UGeorge Rogers Clark, uMnqobi weNyakatho-ntshonalanga" yisithombe esikhulu esakhiwe kuma-1920s, njengezithombe zaseCharlottesville zikaLee noJackson (kanye noMeriwether Lewis noWilliam Clark). Ikhokhwa yi-gazillionaire efana nobuhlanga obukhokhela izifanekiso zikaLee noJackson (kanye noLee noClark). Kwabandakanya izinga elifanayo lokuthatha izinqumo zentando yeningi ngabantu baseCharlottesville, okungekho. Ibuye, ibonisa umuntu omhlophe ehhashi, egqoke impi. Futhi, kungase kube yikhumbuzo sezempi, ngakho-ke kuvikelwe umthetho wezwe, ukuzimela ngokuphelele ukuthi kufanele sikhethe ukuthi asiyithandi. Nokho, izimpi zikaClark azikho ohlwini lwezimpi ukuthi umbuso waseVirginia uthi kumele zivikeleke izikhumbuzo zabo. Ngokuvamile izimpi kumaMelika aseMelika azibalwa njengezimpi zangempela, futhi lokho kungase kube nzuzo lapha. I-UVA, kubonakala sengathi inamandla okususa lesi simiso futhi asikwenzi.

Kukhona umehluko kusuka ezithombeni zikaLee noJackson. Kulesi simo, u-Clark unamanye amadoda athile abanezibhamu ngemuva kwakhe, futhi ubuyela emuva ngesibhamu. Kukhona abathathu baseMelika baseMelika phambi kwakhe. Iphephandaba labafundi be-UVA ligubha isithombe ngenkathi kuqala sidalwa ngokuthi "ukuchaza ukungabi nalutho kokumelana." Isisekelo sokudweba ubiza u-Clark "uMnqobi weNyakatho-ntshonalanga." I-Northwest isho indawo ejwayelekile ye-Illinois yanamuhla. Ukunqoba kusho ukususwa kobuhlanga. Omunye walaba baseMelika baseMelika ubonakala sengathi uthwele usana.

Angifuni ukunciphisa ukwesaba okukhulu okuboshwe izikhumbuzo zeMpi Yombango noma iMpi YeVietnam noma iMpi Yezwe I noma i-Charlottesville kanye ne-UVA yama-peeans amakhulu kakhulu ekubulaweni kwabantu abaningi, kodwa lokhu kuphela ukuphikisana kwezobuciko kubonisa ngokucacile ubudlova obubulalayo kubantu abasizwe ngokuziqhenya okungavunyelwe nokudabuka. URobert E. Lee wayengase agibele embukisweni wokuthi wonke umuntu angasitshela esitokisini sakhe. Not Clark. Ukhonjisiwe wenza lokho ayekusho ngokucacile ukuze enze lokhu: ukubulala ngokungakhethi kwabaseMelika baseMelika ngokuphishekela ukuqedwa kwabo.

UGeorge Rogers Clark ngokwakhe uthe ubezothanda “ukubona lonke uhlanga lwamaNdiya luphela amandla” nokuthi “akasoze asindisa umuntu wesifazane noma ingane kubo angabeka izandla zakhe phezu kwayo.” UClark ubhale isitatimende ebhekisa emazweni ahlukahlukene e-India lapho asabise khona ngokuthi "Abesifazane Bakho Nezingane ezinikezwe Izinja ukuba zidle." Ngenkathi abanye bengaphikisana nesikhumbuzo esingavezi kangako kulo mbulali, eyodwa lapho ayemi noma ehamba yedwa, iCharlottesville ayinayo enye yalezo. Inesikhumbuzo sokuqothulwa kohlanga, ngokungenamahloni okukhombisa ukuqothulwa kohlanga.

I-Charlottesville / UVA nayo inezikhumbuzo zikaTomas Jefferson, owathi, njengoMbusi waseVirginia, wathumela uClark entshonalanga ukuba ahlasele amaMelika aseMelika, ebhala ukuthi umgomo "kufanele ube ukuqothulwa kwabo, noma ukususwa kwabo ngaphesheya kwamachibi noma emfuleni wase-Illinois." futhi wabhubhisa izitshalo zalabo abathunywe yiJefferson ukuba baqothule noma basuse. Ngokushesha uClark akazange aphakamise ngokuqhubekayo ukuhambela amabutho empi kuVirginia Governor Benjamin Harrison ukuze abonise "ukuthi sihlale sikwazi ukuwaqeda injabulo."

UClark wayebhekwa njengeqhawe ngoba izinkolelo zakhe nezenzo zakhe zamukelwe kabanzi noma zisekelwe. Ingxenye yakhe yayidlale ekuhlaselweni okubanzi nokuhlala njalo kwabalimi bomhlaba kuleli zwekazi. Yonke imibono mayelana nokucaphuna kukaClark ngenhla ibhalwe encwadini entsha evela eYale University Press ebizwa ngokuthi "Ukusinda Ekufeni" nguJeffrey Ostler. Ostler ubonisa ukuthi izikhulu zase-US zakha inqubomgomo ethi "izimpi zokuqothulwa" "akudingeki nje kuphela, kodwa ezifanelekile nezomthetho." Izimbangela zokuncipha phakathi kwabantu bezizwe zazibandakanya ukubulala okuqondile, olunye udlame olubulalayo olubandakanya ukudlwengula, ukushiswa kwamadolobha nezitshalo, ukuxoshwa kwamanye amazwe, kanye nokusabalalisa izifo kanye nokuphuza ngokweqile kwezidakamizwa kubantu ababuthakathaka. U-Ostler ubhala ukuthi i-scholarship yakamuva yathola ukuthi ukubhujiswa okubangelwa izifo zaseYurophu kubangelwa ukuntuleka kokuzivikela komdabu waseMelika, futhi okunye okuvela ebuthakathakeni nasezintweni ezibangelwa ukubhujiswa kwamakhaya abo.

Esikhathini sikaGeorge Rogers Clark, uJohn Heckewelder (isithunywa sevangeli kanye nomlobi wezincwadi emasikweni aseMelika aseMelika) waphawula ukuthi abomdabu babemukela "imfundiso. . . ukuthi amaNdiya ayengamaKhanani, okwathi ngomyalo kaNkulunkulu kwakuzobhujiswa. "Esikhathini sethu, senza isikhumbuzo sikaClark esiyinhloko empilweni yethu yomphakathi eCharlottesville, lapho kubingelela khona labo abafika besuka edolobheni baya esikoleni saseYunivesithi yaseVirginia.