Ukuqala kokuphela

NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Julayi 2, i-2020

Ukuqala noma ukuphela kungenzeka kube ukuqala kokuphela.

Uma ucabanga ubuntu obukhona ikhulu leminyaka kusuka manje emphakathini ohlanganisa amakilasi omlando, ungalindela, uvimba izinguquko ezinkulu, ukuthi izincwadi zemibhalo zase-US zizokuchaza lokhu njengesikhathi sokuthula, mhlawumbe siphawule ukwehluleka kukaTrump ukusiza amaVenezuelan ngamandla amakhulu okusiza abantu , futhi ngokuqinisekile banikela imisho embalwa ebugqilini bukaTrump kuVladimir Putin.

Kuzoba khona abacwaningi noprofesa, abazobe sebeqoqe konke ukusaphaza kolwazi, yonke imibhalo, ividyo kliphu, ukuvuma izono ngokufa, nokubhekwa kwemfihlo. Bazokwakha ngaphesheya kwesithunzi sokungabaza ukuthi uDonald J. Trump wayeyisidlakudla esihahayo esinecala lokweqa amacala obugebengu nokuhlukumeza angakaze akwenze ngokuningilizi ekusebenzeni kukaPutin, empeleni owayethukuthelela uPutin ngemihango, umncintiswano wezomnotho, ukwehlukaniswa kwezivumelwano nezivumelwano, ukuxoshwa kwabasebenzi, ukuqhuma kwamasosha aseRussia, kanye nempi engapheli enolaka kanye nokwanda kweNATO. Futhi lolo lwazi nje alunandaba.

Usebenza kanjena umlando wase-US. Uma kungekho ukunyakaza okuthandwayo okunamandla anele okudiliza izithixo zemabula futhi kudale ihlazo emphakathini, izifundo zomlando wase-US zishiya konke ezingakwenza futhi zibumbe ngokucophelela noma yini enkulu kangangoba ayinakugwenywa. Isibonelo sakudala salokhu kukhuliswa kwe-Hiroshima neNagasaki. Idolobha lakamuva ligwenywa kakhulu ngokugxila kowokuqala, ongenakugwenywa, ngakho-ke uqanjwa amanga ngawo.

Kungani othisha bezomlando base-US ezikoleni zamabanga aphansi zase-US namuhla - ngo-2020! - Tshela izingane ukuthi amabhomu enuzi ahlaselwa eJapan ukusindisa izimpilo - noma kunalokho "ibhomu" (elilodwa) ukugwema ukukhuluma ngeNagasaki? Kungekudala ngemuva kwalemicimbi, uhulumeni wase-US wasungula ikhomishini ngokusemthethweni yokufunda lo mbuzo owaphetha okuphambene nalokho, wavumelana nenxusa laseMelika eJapan ngaleso sikhathi, ososayensi abaningi ababengamabhomu ababezame ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwabo, futhi izikhulu eziningi ezazisembuthweni wezempi wase-US ngaleso sikhathi, ezazikholelwa ukuthi impi yayisiphelile, ukuthi iJapan ngabe selizinikele uma livunyelwe ukugcina umbusi wayo futhi maduze ngabe selizinikele ngisho nangaphandle kwemibandela ngaphandle kwezinduna, futhi nangaphandle Ukuhlasela kwe-US futhi akukho ukuhlasela kweSoviet. Ukuhlasela kweSoviet kuhlelwe ngaphambi kwamabhomu, kunganqunywa yibo. Izwe laseMelika belingenazo izinhlelo zokuhlasela izinyanga, futhi alikho icebo esikalini lokubeka engcupheni inani lempilo othisha abazokutshela ukuthi lisindisiwe. Ukuphila, ngasendleleni, akuyona impahla eyingqayizivele yamasosha ase-US. Abantu baseJapan nabo babenezimpilo.

Abaphenyi kanye noprofesa bathululele phezu kobufakazi iminyaka engama-75. Bayazi ukuthi iTruman yayazi ukuthi impi isiphelile, ukuthi iJapan yafuna ukunikezela, ukuthi iSoviet Union yayisizokuhlasela. Bayazi ukuthi ukuqhuma kweNagasaki kwasuswa kusuka ngo-Agasti 11^th kuya ku-Agasti 9^th ngokwesaba ukuthi iJapan ingahle inikele kungakenzeki. Babhale konke ukumelana nokuqhuma kwamabhomu ngaphakathi kwezempi zase-US kanye nohulumeni nomphakathi wesayensi, kanye nesisusa sokuhlola amabhomu ukuthi umsebenzi omningi nezindleko ungene kanjani, kanye nesisusa sokusabisa umhlaba futhi ikakhulukazi amaSoviet, kanye nokubekwa okuvulekile nokungenamahloni kwenani le-zero ezimpilweni zamaJapan.

Kepha bekufanele bakubhale phansi konke lokhu? Ingabe wawukhona umsebenzi onjalo owawudingeka? Ngabe uTruman akazange atshele umphakathi ngokushesha ngemuva kobugebengu ukuthi isisusa sasiwukuziphindisela eJapan? Akashongo yini yona leyo nto waze wafa? Akazange yini avume obala ukuthi unenzondo enonya, enobandlululo ngamaJapane eyayiyimali ejwayelekile yamasiko? Ngabe abantu bebengazi ngokushesha okukhulu ukuthi isimangalo sakhe sokuqhumisa isizinda samasosha kunedolobha kwakungamanga abhekane nesibindi? Ngabe abantu abayifundanga i-akhawunti kaJohn Hersey yabasindile baseHiroshima futhi babona ukuthi kwakungekho lutho olubi ukwedlula ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu okungenzeka ukuthi kwakuvinjelwe ngamabhomu? Ngabe isiphetho esinembile besingatholakali ngokushesha, kunokuba kudinge amashumi eminyaka ocwaningo? Kepha bekungeyona yini into engamukeleki, engafuneki, engekho esiteji ne-groupthink - njengokukhomba ukuthi uDonald Trump onenzondo akasebenzi eRussia?

Kepha kwenziwa kanjani i-groupthink? Ubani osize abantu wangena ezinganekwaneni ezifiselekayo? Lapha, umbhali uGreg Mitchell ophawulile usenzele nje olukhulu olukhulu udaba lokuthi kwenziwa kanjani umkhiqizo omkhulu weHollywood. Ukuqala noma ukuphela ikhishwe yi-MGM ngo-1947 futhi yathuthukiswa kakhulu njenge-blockbuster enkulu elandelayo. Kwaqhuma ibhomu. Yalahlekelwa yimali. Isilungu selungu lomphakathi wase-US ngokusobala bekungafanele ukuthi sibuke isithombe esibi nesidangalisa kakhulu sabalingisi abadlala ososayensi nabashisi bezithombe abebekhiqize uhlobo olusha lokubulala abantu abaningi. Isenzo esihle kwakuwukugwema noma imuphi umcabango ngale ndaba. Kepha abangakwazanga ukukugwema banikezwa inganekwane enkulu yesikrini. Ungakwazi buke online mahhala, futhi njengoba uMark Twain ayengasho, kufanelekile yonke imali.

Ifilimu ivula ngalokho uMitchell akuchaza njengokunikeza udumo e-UK naseCanada ngezindima zabo ekukhiqizeni umshini wokufa - okucatshangwa ukuthi kuyimbudane uma kuyizindlela ezingamanga zokunxenxa imakethe enkulu ye-movie. Kepha kubonakala sengathi kusola ngaphezu kokufaka imali. Lo ngumzamo wokusabalalisa icala. Ifilimu yeqa ngokushesha isola iJalimane ngokusongela okuseduze kokuqothula umhlaba uma i-United States ingazange iqale ngayo. (Empeleni ungaba nobunzima namuhla ukwenza abantu abasha bakholelwe ukuthi iJalimane izinikele ngaphambi kukaHiroshima.) Bese kuthi umlingisi owenza umbono omubi ka-Einstein asole uhlu olude lososayensi abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba. Ngemuva kwalokho omunye umuntu uphakamisa ukuthi abafana abalungile bayahlulwa empini futhi kungcono basheshe basungule amabhomu amasha uma befuna ukuwunqoba.

Ngokuphindaphindiwe sitshelwa ukuthi amabhomu amakhulu azoletha ukuthula futhi aqede impi. Umuntu ozenza ongeyena we-FDR uze afake isenzo sikaWoodrow Wilson, ethi ibhomu le-athomu lingaqeda yonke impi (into abantu abaningi abamangazayo empeleni ikholelwa ukuthi yakwenza, noma ngabe babhekene nezimpi zeminyaka eyi-75 edlule. Sitshelwa futhi siboniswa umbhedo owakhiwe ngokuphelele, njengokuthi i-US ilahle amapheshana eHiroshima ukuxwayisa abantu (nangezinsuku eziyi-10 - "Lokho kuyizexwayiso zezinsuku eziyi-10 ukwedlula abasinikeze ePearl Harbor," isimemezelo somlingiswa) nokuthi AmaJapan adubule indiza njengoba isondela enhlosweni yayo. Eqinisweni, i-US ayikaze ilahle ipheshana elilodwa kuHiroshima kodwa - ngendlela enhle yeSNAFU - ilahle amathani amapheshana eNagasaki ngosuku olulandelayo ngemuva kokuqhunyiswa ngebhomu yiNagasaki. Futhi, iqhawe lebhayisikobho libulawa yingozi ngenkathi libambana nebhomu ukuze lilungele ukusetshenziswa - ukuzidela okunesibindi esenzela abantu egameni lezisulu zangempela zempi - amalungu amasosha aseMelika. Le filimu iphinde ithi abantu abaqhunyiswe ngamabhomu “ngeke bazi ukuthi babashayeleni,” yize abenzi bamafilimu bazi ngokuhlupheka okubuhlungu kwalabo abafa kancane.

Ukuxhumana okukodwa okwenziwe kubenzi bama-movie kumxhumanisi wabo kanye nomhleli wabo, uGeneral Leslie Groves, kufakwe la magama: "Noma ngabe yikuphi ukuncoma ukwenza ibutho lezempi kubukeke kuwubuwula kuzosuswa." Hheyi, lokho kumele ngabe kwakunezinhlaka eziningi ezazigcwele phansi!

Isizathu esiyisisekelo sokuthi le movie iyisicefe ebulalayo, ngicabanga ukuthi, ukuthi ama-movie awakaze ukulandelana kwezenzo zawo njalo ngonyaka iminyaka engama-75, afaka umbala, futhi aqamba zonke izinhlobo zamadivayisi okushaqisa, kodwa ukuthi isizathu sokuthi noma ngubani kufanele acabange ibhomu lelo izinhlamvu okukhulunywa ngazo kubo bonke ubude befilimu kuyindaba enkulu esele. Asiboni ukuthi kwenziwani, hhayi emhlabeni, kuphela kuvela esibhakabhakeni.

Incwadi kaMitchell, ebizwa nangokuthi Ukuqala noma ukuphela, kufana nokubuka umvimba owenziwe, kepha futhi kufana nokufunda imibhalo evela ekomitini elihlanganise ingxenye ethile yeBhayibheli. Lokhu kunganekwane yokuqala yePhoyisa Lomhlaba wonke ekwenzeni. Futhi kubi. Kubuhlungu futhi. Wona kanye umbono wale filimu uqhamuka kososayensi abebefuna abantu baqonde ngengozi, hhayi ukukhazimulisa imbubhiso. Lo sosayensi wabhalela uDonna Reed, leyo ntokazi enhle eshada noJimmy Stewart kuyo Kuyinto Life Amazing, futhi waqhuma ibhola. Yabe isizungeza isilonda esinyantisayo izinyanga eziyi-15 ne-voila, kwaqhamuka i-cinematic turd.

Kwakungakaze kube khona umbuzo wokukhuluma iqiniso. Yi-movie. Uyazakha izinto. Futhi konke wakwenza ngendlela eyodwa. Umbhalo wale movie uqukethe ngezinye izikhathi zonke izinhlobo zombhedo ezingapheli, njengamaNazi anikeza amaJapane ibhomu le-athomu - kanye namaJapane akha ilabhorethri yososayensi bamaNazi, njengasemuva emhlabeni wangempela kulokhu isikhathi lapho amasosha ase-US ayesungula ama-laboratories ososayensi bamaNazi (ingasaphathwa eyokusebenzisa ososayensi baseJapan). Akukho kulokhu okuhlekisa ngaphezu kwe- Indoda Esigodlweni Esiphezulu, ukuthatha isibonelo sakamuva seminyaka engama-75 yale nto, kodwa lokhu kwakusekuseni, lokhu kwakuyisiga. Abenzi bama-movie banikeze amandla wokugcina wokuhlela embuthweni wamasosha aseMelika naseWhite House, hhayi kososayensi ababenezinkinga. Izingcezu eziningi ezinhle zazikhona okwesikhashana embhalweni, kodwa zatholwa ngenxa yenkulumo-ze efanele.

Uma kukhona induduzo, bekungahle kube kubi kakhulu. UParamount wayesemjahweni wamafilimu wezikhali zenuzi ne-MGM futhi waqasha u-Ayn Rand ukuba aqambe umbhalo wongxiwankulu onehaba eliphezulu. Umugqa wakhe wokuvala wawuthi "Umuntu angakwazi ukuhlanganisa indawo yonke - kodwa akekho ongakwazi ukubopha umuntu." Ngenhlanhla ngathi sonke, akuzange kuphumelele. Ngeshwa, naphezu kukaHersey I-Bell ka-Adano ukuba yi-movie engcono kune Ukuqala noma ukuphela, incwadi yakhe ethengiswa kakhulu kwiHiroshima ayikhanga kunoma yiziphi iziteshi njengendaba enhle yokukhiqizwa kwama-movie. Ngeshwa, UDkt. Strangelove bekungaveli kuze kube ngu-1964, lapho abaningi babekulungele ukungabaza ukusetshenziswa kwe “bhomu” ngokuzayo kepha hhayi ukusetshenziswa kwangaphambilini, okwenza yonke imibuzo yokusebenzisa ikusasa ibe buthakathaka. Lokhu kuhlobana kwezikhali zenuzi kufana nezimpi ezivamile. Umphakathi wase-US ungabaza zonke izimpi zesikhathi esizayo, futhi ngisho nalezo zimpi ezizwakala kusukela eminyakeni engama-75 edlule, kodwa hhayi iMpi Yezwe II, enikeza yonke imibuzo ngezimpi ezizayo ibe buthakathaka. Eqinisweni, ukuvota kwakamuva kuthola ukuzimisela okwesabekayo ukusekela impi yenuzi yesikhathi esizayo ngumphakathi wase-US.

Ngaleso sikhathi Ukuqala noma ukuphela bekubhalwa futhi kufakwa isithombe, uhulumeni wase-US uthatha futhi ecasha yonke indawo okwakungatholakala kuyo imibhalo uqobo yezithombe noma yefilimu yezindawo zamabhomu. UHenry Stimson wayenomzuzu wakhe weColin Powell, eqhutshelwa phambili ukuthi enze leli cala ngokubhala phansi ngokuthi wehlise amabhomu. Amabhomu amaningi ayakhiwa ngokushesha futhi athuthukiswa, futhi bonke abantu baxoshwa emizini yabo yeziqhingi, baqamba amanga, futhi basebenza njengezimpawu zezindaba lapho bekhonjiswa khona njengababambiqhaza abajabule ekubhujisweni kwabo.

UMitchell ubhala ukuthi esinye sezizathu esenza iHollywood ihlehliselwe umbutho wezempi kwakuwukusebenzisa izindiza zayo, njll., Ekukhiqizeni, kanye nokusebenzisa amagama angempela abalingiswa abasendabeni. Ngikuthola kunzima kakhulu ukukholelwa ukuthi lezi zinto zazibaluleke kabi. Ngesabelomali esingenamkhawulo ibilahla le nto - kufaka phakathi ukukhokhela abantu ebibanika amandla okuvota - i-MGM ibingazenzela izixhumanisi zayo ezingathandeki neze ifu layo lamakhowe. Kumnandi ukucabanga ukuthi ngelinye ilanga labo abaphikisana nokubulawa kwabantu abaningi bangathatha into efana nesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele se-US Institute of “Peace” futhi badinge ukuthi iHollywood ihlangabezane nezindinganiso zokunyakaza ukuze iqophe lapho. Kepha-ke inhlangano yokuthula ayinayo imali, iHollywood ayinayo inzalo, futhi noma yisiphi isakhiwo singalingiswa kwenye indawo. IHiroshima ibingalingiswa kwenye indawo, futhi ku-movie ayiboniswanga nhlobo. Inkinga enkulu lapha kwakuyimibono nemikhuba yokuzithoba.

Kwakunezizathu zokwesaba uhulumeni. I-FBI ibilandela abantu abathintekayo, kufaka phakathi ososayensi abafisa ukugeza njenge-Oppenheimer abaqhubeke nokubonisana kule filimu, bekhala ngokubi kwayo, kodwa bangalokothi baphikisane nayo. I-Red Scare entsha ibisanda kukhahlela. Abenamandla babesebenzisa amandla abo ngezindlela ezejwayelekile.

Njengoba kukhiqizwa Ukuqala noma ukuphela imimoya ebheke ekuqedeni, yakha umfutho ofanayo nalowo bhomu owenzile. Ngemuva kwezikripthi eziningi nezikweletu kanye nokubuyekezwa kanye nomsebenzi nokuqabula izimbokodo, bekungekho ndlela yokuthi isitudiyo singavumi ukusikhipha. Lapho ekugcineni kuphuma, izithameli zazincane futhi nezibuyekezo zixubekile. INew York nsuku zonke PM ngithole ifilimu ukuthi “iyangivuselela,” engicabanga ukuthi yiphuzu eliyisisekelo. Inhloso ifeziwe.

Isiphetho sikaMitchell sithi ibhomu "kwakuyisiteleka sokuqala," nokuthi iMelika kumele ichithe inqubomgomo yayo yeziteleka zokuqala. Kepha empeleni kwakungeyona into enjalo. Kwakuyisiteleka kuphela, isiteleka sokuqala nesokugcina. Awekho amanye amabhomu enuzi abuya ngokundiza “njengesiteleka sesibili.” Manje, namuhla, ingozi iba ngephutha njengokusebenzisa ngenhloso, kungaba kuqala, okwesibili, noma okwesithathu, futhi isidingo sokuthi ekugcineni ujoyine inqwaba yohulumeni bomhlaba abafuna ukuqeda izikhali zenuzi ndawonye.