Ngo-1940, i-United States Yanquma Ukubusa Umhlaba

NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, November 3, 2020

UStephen Wertheim Kusasa, Umhlaba ihlola ushintsho ekucabangeni kwenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US eyenzeka maphakathi no-1940. Kungani ngalowo mzuzu, unyaka nohhafu ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa kweJapan ePhilippines, eHawaii, nakwezinye izindawo, kwaduma kakhulu emibuthanweni yezinqubomgomo zakwamanye amazwe ukukhuthaza ukubuswa kwamasosha omhlaba e-US?

Ezinganekwaneni zezincwadi zemibhalo yesikole, i-United States yayigcwele izidalwa eziya emuva ezihlubuka ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-isolationists ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe I kuze kufike kuDisemba 1941, ngemuva kwalokho abezizwe abanobuhlakani bamazwe bathatha umyalo (noma sonke besizokhuluma isiJalimane nokuhlupheka ngokhetho olunzima lwama-fascistic yahoos, ngokungafani nalokhu kusihlwa).

Eqinisweni, igama elithi "isolationist" alizange liphekwe kuze kube maphakathi nawo-1930 futhi lapho kuphela njengenhlamba edukisayo okufanele isetshenziswe kubantu abafisa ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US azibandakanye nezwe nganoma yiziphi izindlela eziningi ezivela ezivumelwaneni kuya kwezohwebo lokho akubandakanyi impi. I-anti-isolationism yayiyindlela yokuhlekisa sengathi "ukwenza okuthile" kusho ukulwa, ukuxhasa i-NATO, nokukhuthaza "umthwalo wokuvikela," kanti noma yini enye isho ukuthi "ungenzi lutho."

Kwakukhona ukwahlukana ngawo-1920 phakathi kwalabo ababethanda i-League of Nations neNkantolo Yomhlaba nalabo ababengayithandi. Kepha alikho iqembu elithandile ukumboza iplanethi ngezisekelo zamasosha ase-US, noma ukunweba ngisho nomqondo ononya kakhulu weMonroe Doctrine uye kolunye uhlangothi, noma esikhundleni seNhlangano Yezizwe ngesikhungo esingavela ngokungeyikho sisungule ukubusa komhlaba wonke ngenkathi empeleni senza ukubuswa kwe-US . Amazwe angaphambi kuka-1940 ayengabashisekeli bobuzwe baseMelika abangaphelele. Njengoba uWertheim abhala, “babenamandla okubona i-United States njengomuntu ohlaselayo odinga ukuzibamba.” Abanye, impela, babengalidingi igama elithi “amandla” lapho.

Yini eyashintsha? Kwakukhona ukuphakama kobuFascism nobukhomanisi. Kwakunombono wokuthi iNhlangano Yezizwe yehlulekile. Kube nokuhluleka okukhulu kwemizamo yokulwa nezikhali. Kwakukhona inkolelo yokuthi noma yini ephuma kwiWWII izohluka kakhulu. NgoSepthemba 1939, uMkhandlu Wezobudlelwano Namanye Amazwe waqala ukwenza amasu wokubumba umhlaba wangemva kwempi (okwamanje oyisiphithiphithi). I-Roosevelt White House ngo-1940 yayihlelela umhlaba wangemva kwempi owawuphethe ibhalansi yamandla namaNazi. Imibono yokuncishiswa kwezikhali, okungenani kwabanye, yayiseyingxenye enkulu yokucabanga. "Umthengisi wezikhali emhlabeni" kwakungeyona isihloko okwake kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi i-United States ilwele.

UWertheim ubona ushintsho ekunqotshweni kweFrance ngamaJalimane. Izinguquko zafika ngokushesha ngoMeyi-Juni, 1940. ICongress yaxhasa ngezimali ukusungulwa kwamabutho amakhulu asolwandle emhlabeni futhi yasungula uhlaka. Ngokuphikisana nezinganekwane ezithandwayo, kanye nenkulumo-ze eqhutshwa nguMongameli Roosevelt, akekho owesaba ukuhlasela kwamaNazi emazweni aseMelika. Futhi i-United States ayizange ihudule ukukhahlela nokuklabalasa emthwalweni wayo wokuziphatha ukukhokhela i-permawar yomhlaba wonke ngezinqubomgomo ezinonya zasekhaya zamaNazi noma yimuphi umsebenzi wokuhlenga labo ababengaba izisulu ekuqothulweni kohlanga lwamaNazi. Esikhundleni salokho, abaphezulu bezinqubomgomo zezangaphandle zase-US besaba umthelela ekuhwebeni komhlaba jikelele kanye nobudlelwano bezwe eliqukethe amandla amaNazi. URoosevelt waqala ukukhuluma ngomhlaba lapho i-United States yayibusa izwe elilodwa kuphela njengokuvalelwa ejele.

I-United States kwakudingeka iphathe umhlaba wonke ukuze ibe khona ngokohlobo lomhlaba wonke eyayilufuna. Futhi ukuphela kwe-oda lomhlaba wonke ebelikufuna yilolo ebelibusa. Ngabe abahleli baseMelika basazi lesi sidingo njengoba babebukela imicimbi eYurophu? Noma bazi ukuthi kungenzeka yini njengoba babuka uhulumeni wase-US akha izikhali futhi umongameli wase-US ethola izisekelo ezintsha zombuso? Mhlawumbe ezinye zazo. UWertheim ulungile ukusibhekisa eqinisweni lokuthi izikhulu zase-US azange zikhulume ngokubusa kwezempi emhlabeni wonke ngaphambi kowe-1940, kepha ngabe sikhona isikhathi lapho bake bakhuluma ngokulawula noma yini engaphansi kwalokho ababenezikhali namasosha ababezokuphatha? Impela amazwi ayengewona wonke ayengama-monolithic, futhi kwakuhlale kunesiko elimelene ne-impiriyali, kepha ngabe kunikeza okuningi kulabo ababaphuce kwaze kwaba ngemuva kwe-WWII lapho izindiza nemisakazo kwakhiwa uhlobo olusha lombuso (futhi amanye amakoloni enziwa ithi kepha abanye bakhululwe kancane kancane)?

Uhulumeni wase-US nabeluleki bawo abagcinanga nje ngokuthola ukuthi bangabusa umhlaba nokuthi badinga ukuphatha umhlaba, kodwa futhi nokuthi - ngokusho kukaGeneral George V. Strong, umphathi we-Army's War Plans Division - iJalimane ukhombise "inzuzo enkulu kakhulu yecala ngaphezu kokuzivikela." Impi efanele yokuzivikela kwakuyimpi enolaka, futhi inhloso eyamukelekayo yalokho yilokho uHenry Luce akubiza ngendawo yokuhlala noHitler ayibiza Lebensraum. Izikhulu zase-US zakholwa ukuthi kuphela ngempi kuphela lapho zingakwazi ukuhweba kanye nobudlelwano obufanele. Umuntu angakuthatha lokhu njengokubheka okunengqondo okususelwa ekukhuleni kwe-fascism, yize abanye babantu abafanayo abenza lo mbono babethambekele ekuthatheni izinto, inkinga ngeJalimane kubonakala sengathi yayikhona kuphela lapho ihlasele ezinye izizwe ezazingeyona iRussia, futhi akukho kungabaza okuncane ukuthi i-United States ibiphila ngokunethezeka, endaweni, ngokulingana, ngokwaneliseka, nangokuhlonipha sonke isintu, bekungeke kusibone isidingo se-permawar emhlabeni oyizungezile - ingasaphathwa eyokuyibuka iminyaka engu-75 .

Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1941, usosayensi wezepolitiki wase-United States ogama lakhe linguHarold Vinacke wabuza, “Lapho i-United States inezinkulungwane zezindiza zayo, ibutho layo elinabantu abaningi, imishini efanele, kanye nemikhumbi yempi yayo yasolwandle olwandle, izosetshenziselwa ini?” Izikhulu bezilokhu zibuza okufanayo kuMadeline Albright noDonald Trump, ngempendulo etholakala ngokusobala ukuthi iyazicacela njengamanye “amaqiniso” okushisekela izwe. Ngesikhathi sasehlobo u-1941, uRoosevelt noChurchill babememezele inhlangano yomhlaba yesikhathi esizayo ku-Atlantic Charter.

Uma ukuzenzisa kungukuncoma ukuthi ububi bukhokha ubuhle, kusasele ubuhle emphakathini wase-US kanye nomqondo wayo wenqubomgomo yezangaphandle ngesikhathi se-WWII, ngoba ukugxila okukhulu kwabahleli basemva kwempi bekungukuthi kuthengiswa kanjani ukubuswa komhlaba wonke emphakathini wase-US ( futhi ngeshwa umhlaba, futhi mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu bona ngokwabo) njengokuthile okuhlukile kunalokho obekuyikho. Impendulo, empeleni, kwakuyiZizwe Ezihlangene (kanye neBhange Lomhlaba, njll.). U-Undersecretary kaHulumeni uSumner Welles uchaze ukwakheka kweZizwe Ezihlangene ngale ndlela: “lokho ebesikudinga kwakuyisisekelo samazwe amancane: inhlangano ethile ababengamelwa kuyo futhi bazenze bazizwe behlanganyela.” Emazwini kaRoosevelt ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwe-UN, zonke izizwe kodwa ezine, enhlanganweni yomhlaba wonke yesikhathi esizayo, zizovele "ziqhume amandla."

URoosevelt uphinde waphakamisa ukuthi ukuba khona kwenhlangano yamanga enjalo kuzoyivumela ukuthi imemezele impi esikhundleni se-US Congress, okusho ukuthi umongameli wase-US uzokwazi ukuqala izimpi ngokuthanda - okufana nalokhu esikubonile eminyakeni engama-75 edlule I-NATO ngezikhathi ezithile igcwalise i-United Nations engasebenzi kahle.

URoosevelt wayekholelwa ukuthi i-United States yabhalisela iphoyisa lomhlaba wonke ngesikhathi ihlula uHitler. Akekho uRoosevelt noma uWertheim abathi iSoviet Union yenza ama-80% okwehlula uHitler, ngemuva kokwenza cishe i-0% yokumdala.

Kepha impela umsebenzi wephoyisa lomhlaba ungasulwa, noma ngabe umuntu ungene kanjani kuwo. Umbuzo manje uthi kanjani. Izintshisekelo zezimali nezokuphatha nezokukhwabanisa kanye nemikhankaso yenkohlakalo konke kusebenza ekuqedeni ukucekelwa phansi kwezempi, njengoba kunjalo nangemibono yokulwa “nokuzihlukanisa.” Kepha ngeke kulimaze ukwazi ukungathembeki emcabangweni weqiniso nokuthi bekungekho kithi ngaso sonke isikhathi.