NguDavid Swanson, September 28, 2020
Kucashunwe futhi kwalungiswa kusuka ku- Ukushiya iMpi Yezwe II Ngemuva
“Ngelinye ilanga uMongameli Roosevelt wangitshela ukuthi wayecela esidlangalaleni iziphakamiso mayelana nokuthi le mpi kumele ibizwe kanjani. Ngathi ngaso leso sikhathi, 'Impi Engadingekile.' Akukaze kube khona impi okulula ukuyimisa ukwedlula leyo esanda kuphazamisa okwakusele emhlabeni emzabalazweni wangaphambilini. ” —UWinston Churchill[i]
Impi Yezwe II yaphuma ngeMpi Yezwe I, futhi cishe akekho umuntu ozama ukuphikisa ukuthi iMpi Yezwe I yayilungile noma yayikhazimula. Ngokuziphatha ngokuhlakanipha, ohulumeni bebengakhetha ukungayethuli iMpi Yezwe I, noma bangaqedi iMpi Yezwe I ngendlela eyayinabantu ababikezela i-WWII khona lapho. Impi ebingagwemeka iyimpi evumayo kuphela uma ifiseleka ngempela, uma empeleni ikhetha ukuthula. Vele lokho obekusengagwemeka ngo-1939 kungahle kungafani nalokhu obekungagwemeka ngo-1919 - isihloko okuthi, njengamakhulu ezihloko ezihlobene, okumbozwe kuso Ukushiya iMpi Yezwe II Ngemuva.
Ngifuna ukuthinta lapha ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amabili yezenzo ezingenasidingo ngokuphelele, ngihlanganisa umcimbi othile ePhiladelphia ngo-1918. Uma sibuyela emuva eminye iminyaka engamashumi amabili ezincomweni zokuthula ezaxoxwa eHague ngo-2 kodwa singalokothi sithathe isinyathelo, icala lethu yiba namandla kangako.[Ii] Iphuzu akusilo ukwenza sengathi inkinga ka-1939 ayenzekanga, kepha ukwazi ukuthi ohulumeni bangaziphatha budedengu manje, njengoba nje bengaba khona lapho behola iWWII.
UJane Addams nozakwabo ababikezelanga kuphela ngonyaka we-1919 ukuthi kuzofika impi yezwe yesibili, kepha futhi wachaza kabanzi ngokuzodingeka kuguqulwe mayelana neSivumelwano SaseVersailles kanye ne-League of Nations ukuze basigweme - futhi baqala nenhlangano yokuthula emhlabeni khulumela maqondana naleyo njongo.[Iii] Amaphuzu ayi-14 adumile akhuthazwa nguMongameli uWoodrow Wilson alahleka kakhulu eSivumelwaneni saseVersailles, kwafakwa esikhundleni isijeziso nesihluku seJalimane. U-Addams uxwayise ngokuthi lokhu kuzoholela kwenye impi.[Iv]
Usomnotho waseBrithani uJohn Maynard Keynes wabhala ngo-1919 ngo Imiphumela Yezomnotho Yokuthula, "Uma sizimisele ngamabomu ukuhlupheka kwe-Central Europe, impindiselo, ngiyaqagela, ngeke ixege."[V]
UThorstein Veblen, ekubuyekezeni okubucayi kakhulu kwencwadi kaKeynes, waphinde wabikezela iSivumelwano SaseVersailles esiholela empini eyengeziwe, yize ayeqonda ukuthi isisekelo sesivumelwano singukuzonda iSoviet Union, okumele kuphawulwe ngayo, i-United Izizwe namazwe ahlangene ayelwa impi ngo-1919 engavamile ukuvela ezincwadini zomlando wase-US.[vi] UVeblen wayekholelwa ukuthi ukuhlawuliswa kwakungathathwa kalula kubanikazi bezindawo zaseJalimane abacebile ngaphandle kokubeka ukuhlupheka kuwo wonke umphakathi waseJalimane, kepha ukuthi inhloso eyinhloko yalabo abenza lesi sivumelwano bekuwukugcina amalungelo empahla nokusebenzisa iJalimane njengamandla aphikisana namaKhomanisi amaSoviet Inyunyana.
UWoodrow Wilson wayethembise "ukuthula ngaphandle kokunqoba," kepha, ezingxoxweni zesivumelwano, wanikezwa impindiselo yaseFrance neyaseBrithani eJalimane. Ngemuva kwalokho, wabikezela iMpi Yezwe II ngaphandle kokuthi i-United States ijoyine i-League of Nations.
UVeblen ucabanga ukuthi uWilson akazange angene futhi ahlehle ezingxoxweni zesivumelwano, kepha wabeka phambili ubutha eSoviet Union. Ngicabanga ukuthi abaseBrithani bakwenza lokho, kodwa lokho okwakwaWilson yindaba abangayazi.
UWilson waqala ngokuqina ephikisana nesijeziso sokuziphindisela seJalimane, kepha washaywa yilokho okwakuthiwa umkhuhlane waseSpain, wenziwa buthakathaka kakhulu, wakhuluma ngokungathi uyinkohliso, futhi wavuma ngokushesha ukushiya okuningi kwalokho ayethembise umhlaba.[vii] Umkhuhlane waseSpain (obizwa kanjalo ngoba, yize kungenzeka ukuthi wawusuka ezikhungweni zamasosha aseMelika uye empini yaseYurophu, iSpain yavumela amaphephandaba ayo ukuthi abhale ngezindaba ezingemnandi, umkhuba owenqatshelwe ezizweni ezisempini) yayisulele i-White House.[viii]
Ukuwa kwangaphambilini, ngoSepthemba 28, 1918, iPhiladelphia ibibambe umbukiso omkhulu wokulwa nempi obandakanya amasosha atheleleke umkhuhlane emuva nje kwempi. Odokotela babexwayise ngakho, kepha osopolitiki babememezele ukuthi akukho okungahambi kahle uma wonke umuntu egwema ukukhwehlela, ukuthimula nokukhafula. Abazange. Umkhuhlane wasakazeka.[ix] UWilson wakuthola. Akenzanga okungenzeka ukuthi ukwenzile eParis. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi i-WWII ibingagwemeka ukube bekuvinjelwe umbukiso ePhiladelphia.
Lokho kungazwakala kungasile, kepha umbukiso wasePhiladelphia wawuyinto eyodwa ewubuwula olwandle lwezinto eziyiziphukuphuku okwakungafanele zenziwe. Akekho owayengabikezela iMpi Yezwe II ngenxa yalowo mbukiso, kepha ukubikezela okunjalo kungenzeka futhi empeleni kwenziwa ngezinye zezenzo eziningi ezingadingekile nezobuwula eminyakeni ephakathi kwezimpi.
UFerdinand Foch, umFulentshi, wayenguMkhuzi Ophakeme Wobumbano. Waphoxeka kakhulu ngeSivumelwano SaseVersailles. “Lokhu akukhona ukuthula,” kubabaza yena. "Kuyisikhathi sokuvikela izikhali iminyaka engu-20." Impi Yezwe II yaqala eminyakeni engama-20 nezinsuku ezingama-65 kamuva. Ukukhathazeka kukaFoch kwakungekhona ukuthi iJalimane ijeziswe kanzima. UFoch wayefuna ukuthi indawo yaseJalimane ilinganiselwe entshonalanga noMfula iRhine.[X]
Ngokuvumelana okubanzi ukuthi bonke ohulumeni bazohloma futhi balungiselele izimpi eziningi, ukubikezela ukuthi iJalimane izothukutheliswa isijeziso esiningi kakhulu noma ukuthi isijeziso esincane kakhulu singavumela iJalimane ukuthi ihlasele okusha zombili lezi zibikezelo ziphephile. Ngemibono yokuchuma ngaphandle kwezikhali, ukubusa komthetho ngaphandle kodlame, kanye nobuntu ngaphandle kobuhlanga kusalokhu kuncishisiwe, ukubikezela kukaFoch kwenza umqondo omkhulu njengoJane Addams '.
Ngemuva kweWWII, uWinston Churchill wathi, “Ngigcine ukuyibona yonke iza futhi ngakhala kakhulu kubantu bakithi nasezweni lonke, kepha akekho owanaka. . . . ”[xi] UChurchill wayesho ukuthi izikhali eziningi, ukukhombisa amandla, ukusongelwa nokuhlukunyezwa okuningi bekungayivimba i-WWII, nokuthi lokho kungavimbela impi neSoviet Union. UChurchill uphinde wakubeka ngale ndlela:
“UMongameli Roosevelt ngelinye ilanga wabuza ukuthi le Mpi kumele ibizwe ngani. Impendulo yami yathi, 'Impi Engadingekile.' Ukube i-United States ibibambe iqhaza kwi-League of Nations, futhi uma i-League of Nations ibikulungele ukusebenzisa amandla ahlanganisiwe, noma bekungamandla e-Europe kuphela, ukuvimbela ukubuyiswa kwezikhali kwe-Germany, besingekho isidingo ngokuqhubeka nokuchithwa kwegazi okungathi sína. ”[xii]
UChurchill uqhubeka nokuchaza hhayi izwe elizinzile elinokuthula, njengebhalansi ebuthakathaka futhi eba yingozi yombuso. Ayikho indlela yokwazi ukuthi wenze iphutha. Kwakukhona ukuphikisana okukhulu nobuNazism eJalimane, futhi okunye ukuguquka emlandweni - noma ngabe ukuqonda okukhulu kwamathuluzi esenzo esingenalo udlame, noma ukuzimisela okwengeziwe kwezempi kwaseChurchillian, noma ukubulawa noma ukukhishwa kombuso (kwakukhona amacebo amaningi ahlulekile) - kungenzeka yehlule.
Kepha iphuzu lapha akukhona ukuthi umhlaba kungenzeka uthole inhlanhla. Esikhundleni salokho, umhlaba wenze ngobuwula, ngezindinganiso zesikhathi, futhi nangaphezulu namuhla. Uhlelo lukaMarshall olulandela i-WWII, ngazo zonke amaphutha alo ajulile, bekungumzamo wokungaphindi indlela yobuwula i-WWI eqedwe ngayo. Abantu babazi kakhulu ngemuva kweWWII ukuthi bayidale kanjani ngemuva kweWWI.
Isivumelwano SaseVersailles sasiyinto eyodwa kuphela phakathi kokuningi okwakungafanele kwenzeke. Abantu baseJalimane kwakungadingeki bavumele ukwanda kobuNazi. Izizwe namabhizinisi emhlabeni jikelele bekungadingeki ukuthi zixhase futhi zikhuthaze ukwanda kobuNazi. Ososayensi nohulumeni kwakungadingeki ukuthi bagqugquzele imibono yamaNazi. Ohulumeni kwakungadingeki ukuthi bakhethe izikhali kunokubusa komthetho, futhi kwakungadingeki banciphise ukucasuka kwamaJalimane ngenkathi bekhuthaza ukuhlaselwa kwamaJalimane eSoviet Union. Ukuguqulwa okukhulu kunoma iyiphi yalezi zinto bekuyovimbela i-WWII eYurophu.
Ngesonto elilodwa inkambo eku-inthanethi iqala ngalesi sihloko.
[i] UWinston Churchill, Impi Yezwe Yesibili: Isivunguvungu Sokubutha (IBoston: Inkampani yaseHoughton Mifflin, 1948), iphe. iv. Icashunwe nguScott Manning, “Wayesho ukuthini uChurchill ngokuthi 'Impi Engadingekile'?” NgoJulayi 17, 2008, https://scottmanning.com/content/what-did-churchill-mean-by-ungenentialment- war
[Ii] Ngenkathi uCzar waseRussia ngo-1898 emema bonke ohulumeni bomhlaba engqungqutheleni yokuthula, eyayizoba seHague ngo-1899, omunye wabameli abaphambili bezokuthula wabhalela omunye ukuthi manje, ekugcineni, “izwe ngeke likhale i-Utopia!” okusho ukuthi ekugcineni ukuthula kuzothathwa ngokungathí sina. Ngokudabukisayo, kwakungeyona. Ohulumeni abakhulu abenza impi bamemeza i- "Utopia" phezulu emaphashini abo. Futhi izishoshovu ezazinezinhloso ezinhle zahlukaniswa phakathi kwemizamo yokuvimba impi nemizamo yokunqanda izenzo ezithile zonya, ngaleyo ndlela “zenza impi” ibe ngeyabantu. Yize kunjalo, kwenziwa isivumelwano esidinga ukuthi izizwe okungenani zizame ukuxazulula izingxabano ngokusombulula, futhi inkantolo yadalelwa ukulamula. Izithako ezibalulekile zokugwema zombili izimpi zomhlaba zabekwa emashalofini omhlaba futhi zavunyelwa ukuba ziqoqe uthuli. Bona uJames Crossland, Impi, Umthetho, Nobuntu: Umkhankaso Wokulawula Impi, 1853-1914 (IBloomsbury Academic, 2019). Bheka futhi i- "Convention (I) Yezokuhlaliswa KwePacific Kwempikiswano Yomhlaba Wonke (IHague I) (29 Julayi 1899)" https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/hague01.asp
[Iii] I-Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, "ISivumelwano SaseVersailles: Ukwakha Kabanzi Izinzalamizi Ngemuva KweWWI," ngoJuni 28, 2019, https://www.wilpf.org/versaillestreaty
[Iv] Abenzi Bokuthula Abakhulu, "uJane Addams Biography," https://www.thegreatpeacemaker.com/jane-addams.html
[V] Icashunwe nguJeffrey Sparks, "Yebo, uWoodrow Wilson wabikezela ngeMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba - kodwa noJM Keynes wenza kanjalo," ngoDisemba 28, 2014, https://sparkscommentary.blogspot.com/2014/12/keynes-wilson-and-wwii.html
[vi] Thorstein Veblen, “Review of John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace,” Political Science Quarterly, 35, amakhasi 467-472, http://www.adelinotorres.info/economia/THORSTEIN%20VEBLEN-Review%20of% 20John% 20Maynard% 20Keynes.pdf Icashunwe nguGuido Giacomo Preparata, Eqinisekisa uHitler: Indlela iBrithani neMelika Eyenza Ngayo Umbuso Wesithathu (Pluto Press, 2005), Isahluko 2 “The Veblenian Prophecy. Kusuka eMkhandlwini kuye eVersailles by Way of Russian Fratricide, 1919-20. ”
[vii] USteve Coll, INew Yorker, "Icala LikaMkhuhlane KaWoodrow Wilson, nokuthi Umkhuhlane Uwuguqula Kanjani Umlando," ngo-Ephreli 17, 2020, https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/woodrow-wilsons-case-of-the-flu-and- kanjani-ubhadane-shintsha-umlando
[viii] UMichael S. Rosenwald, The Washington Post, “Ngo-1918, umkhuhlane waseSpain wahlasela iWhite House. Ngisho noMongameli Wilson wagula, ”Mashi 14, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/03/14/flu-woodrow-wilson-coronavirus-trump/
[ix] UBob McGovern noJohn Kopp, uPhilly Voice, “Ngo-1918, iPhiladelphia yayisengcupheni yosizi nokuhlupheka,” Septhemba 28, 2018, https://www.phillyvoice.com/1918-philadelphia-was-grippe-misery-and-suffering
[X] Lesi sicaphuno seFoch sicashunwe kabanzi, kufaka phakathi uWinston Churchill, noma kunezizathu zokungabaza ukuthi wakusho ngosuku olukhonjisiwe, uma esho. Kodwa-ke, kunesivumelwano esinamandla sokuthi ifaka imizwa yakhe ngesikhathi seSivumelwano SaseVersailles. Bheka uDkt. Beachcombing, “Foch and the Twenty Year Armistice: A Myth?” Julayi 11, 2016, http://www.strangehistory.net/2016/07/11/foch-twenty-year-armistice-myth
[xi] Winston S. Churchill, "Iron Curtain Speech," Mashi 5, 1946, https://weknowourhistory.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/iron-curtain-speech.pdf
[xii] UScott Manning, “Wayesho Ukuthini UChurchill 'Ngempi Engadingekile'? NgoJulayi 17, 2008, https://scottmanning.com/content/what-did-churchill-mean-by-ungenentialment- war
