Ngu-Medea Benjamin noNicolas JS Davies, Disemba 24, 2019
I-trove yase-US “Izifundo Ezifundiwe” imibhalo emayelana ne-Afghanistan eshicilelwe yiWashington Post iveza, ngemininingwane ebabazekayo, i-anatomy yenqubomgomo ehlulekile, efihlwe ngokuyihlazo emphakathini iminyaka eyi-18. I “Izifundo Ezifundiwe” amaphepha, nokho, asekelwe esisekelweni sokuthi i-US kanye nabalingani bayo bazoqhubeka nokungenelela kwezempi kwamanye amazwe, nokuthi kufanele bafunde izifundo ze-Afghanistan ukugwema ukwenza amaphutha afanayo emisebenzini yezempi ezayo.
Lesi sisekelo sigeja isifundo esisobala abantu bangaphakathi baseWashington abanqabayo ukusifunda: iphutha eliyisisekelo alikho ekutheni i-US izama futhi yehluleke kanjani ukwakha kabusha imiphakathi ecekelwe phansi “izinguquko zayo zombuso,” kodwa ngenxa yokungabi namthetho okuyisisekelo kokushintsha kombuso. Njengomshushisi wangaphambili waseNuremberg uBen Ferencz utshele i-NPR ezinsukwini eziyisishiyagalombili nje ngemva kuka-9/11, “Akuyona neze impendulo esemthethweni ukujezisa abantu abangenacala ngokwenza okubi. Uma nje uphindisela ngobuningi ngokuqhumisa amabhomu e-Afghanistan, ake sithi, noma iTaliban, uzobulala abantu abaningi abangahambisani nokwenzekile.”
Imibhalo ethi “Izifundo Ezifundiwe” iveza imizamo eqhubekayo yeziphathimandla ezintathu zokufihla ukwehluleka kwazo okukhulu ngodonga lwenkulumo-ze ukuze zigweme ukuvuma ukuthi zehluliwe futhi zigcine “ukudonsa ndawonye,” njengoba uJenene McChrystal ekuchazile. E-Afghanistan, ukuxokozela kusho ukwehla phezu 80,000 amabhomu nemicibisholo, cishe bonke abantu ababengahlangene nobugebengu buka-September 11, njengoba nje uBen Ferencz ayebikezele.
Bangaki abantu asebebulewe e-Afghanistan iphikisiwe futhi empeleni akwaziwa. I-UN ishicilele inani elincane eliqinisekisiwe labantu ababulawa kusukela ngo-2007, kodwa njengoFiona Frazer, isikhulu samalungelo abantu e-UN eKabul, wavuma ku-BBC ngo-Agasti 2019, "izakhamuzi eziningi ziyabulawa noma zilimale e-Afghanistan ngenxa yezingxabano kunanoma iyiphi enye indawo eMhlabeni...(kodwa) ngenxa yezindlela eziqinile zokuqinisekisa, izibalo ezishicilelwe cishe azibonisi izinga langempela lokulimala." I-UN ibala ukufa kwezakhamuzi kuphela ezigamekweni lapho iphothule khona uphenyo lwamalungelo abantu, futhi inokufinyelela okuncane noma ayinakho ukufinyelela ezindaweni ezikude eziphethwe yiTaliban lapho iningi laseMelika lihlasela khona futhi "libulale noma lithwebule" lenzeka. Ngakho-ke, njengoba uFiona Frazer asikisela, izibalo ezishicilelwe yi-UN zingaba yingxenye nje yezibalo zangempela zabantu ababulewe.
Akufanele kuthathe iminyaka eyi-18 ukuthi izikhulu zase-US zivume esidlangalaleni ukuthi asikho isisombululo sezempi empini ebulalayo nengenakunqotshwa lapho i-US inesibopho sayo ngokwezepolitiki nangokomthetho. Kepha ukungqubuzana e-Afghanistan kuyicala elilodwa kuphela kunqubomgomo yase-US enephutha nemiphumela yomhlaba wonke. Ohulumeni abasha abafakwe "izinguquko zombuso" wase-US emazweni ngamazwe babonise ukuthi banenkohlakalo, abavumelekile futhi abakwazi ukulawula indawo yezwe labo kunalabo ababhubhiswe yi-US, bashiye abantu babo becwile odlameni olungapheli kanye nesiphithiphithi esingekho nhlobo. wokuqhubeka komsebenzi wase-US ungalungisa.
"Ushintsho lombuso" luyinqubo yokuphoqelela eklanyelwe ukuphoqelela intando yezombusazwe kahulumeni wase-US emazweni emhlabeni jikelele, ephula ubukhosi bawo nokuzibusa kwawo ngezikhali zempi, ezomnotho nezombusazwe:
- Ukugunyazwa. Isinyathelo sokuqala sokukhomba izwe ekushintsheni kombuso ukunikeza uhulumeni okhona kakade emehlweni e-US kanye nomphakathi ohlangene, ngenkulumo-ze ehlosiwe noma "Impi yolwazi" ukuhlukumeza umongameli noma undunankulu. Ukudweba abaholi bakwamanye amazwe njengababi emdlalweni weshashalazi we-Manichean oqondene nawe kulungiselela ngokwengqondo umphakathi waseMelika ukuba uphoqwe yi-US ukuba ibasuse emandleni. Isifundo esisodwa kithi esimelene nokushintshwa kombuso wukuthi kumele siyiphonsele inselelo le mikhankaso kulesi sigaba sokuqala uma sifuna ukuvimba ukwanda kwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, Russia futhi China namuhla zombili zinezivikelo eziqinile, okuhlanganisa nezikhali zenuzi, okwenza impi yase-US enye yazo ibe yinhlekelele ngokubikezela, noma ngisho nokuzibulala. Ngakho-ke kungani i-US stoking a iMpi Yomshoshaphansi entsha ngokumelene nabo? Ingabe inkimbinkimbi yezempi-yezimboni isisongela ngokuqothulwa kuphela ukuze kulungiswe isabelomali sezempi esirekhodiwe? Kungani izingxoxo ezingathi sína zokuxoxisana ngokuhlalisana ngokuthula nokuncishiswa kwezikhali “zingaphandle kwetafula,” kuyilapho kufanele kube yinto ehamba phambili ekhona?
- Izijeziso. Ukusebenzisa unswinyo lwezomnotho njengethuluzi lokuphoqa uguquko lwezepolitiki kwamanye amazwe kuyabulala futhi akukho emthethweni. Izijeziso zibulala abantu ngokubancisha ukudla, imithi kanye nezinye izidingongqangi. Kubulawe unswinyo lwe-UN amakhulu ezinkulungwane ama-Iraqis ngawo-1990. Namuhla, unswinyo lwe-US oluhlangene luyabulala amashumi ezinkulungwane e-Iran naseVenezuela. Lokhu akukho emthethweni ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe omhlaba, futhi kugxekwe kakhulu ngababhali abakhethekile be-UN. Ucwaningo lukaSolwazi Robert Pape lukhombisa ukuthi unswinyo lwezomnotho lufeze izinguquko kwezepolitiki kuphela 4% wamacala. Ngakho-ke inhloso yabo enkulu kunqubomgomo yase-US iwukubhebhethekisa izinkinga ezibulalayo zezomnotho nezobuntu ezingase zibe izaba zezinye izinhlobo zokungenelela kwe-US.
- Ukuketula umbuso kanye nezimpi zama-proxy. Ukuketula umbuso kanye nezimpi zama-proxy sekuyisikhathi eside kuyizikhali zokukhetha lapho izikhulu zaseMelika zifuna ukuketula ohulumeni bangaphandle. Ukuketula umbuso kwakamuva okusekelwe yi-US eHonduras, e-Ukraine futhi manje e-Bolivia kususe ohulumeni abakhethiwe futhi kwafaka imibuso esekelwe kwesokudla e-US. I-US ithembele kakhulu ekuvukeleni umbuso nasezimpini zama-proxy ngemuva kwezinhlekelele zezempi eKorea, Vietnam, futhi manje i-Afghanistan ne-Iraq, ukuzama ukuguqula umbuso ngaphandle kwesibopho sezombusazwe sokulimala okukhulu kwezempi yase-US. Ngaphansi kwemfundiso ka-Obama yempi eyimfihlo kanye ne-proxy war, i-US yasebenza nayo Amasosha angaphansi kweQatari eLibya, Amaqembu axhumene ne-Al Qaeda eSiriya nase abaholi bezempi eHonduras. Kodwa ukushintshwa kombuso wokukhishwa kwemisebenzi kubaholi bendawo kanye namabutho abamba iqhaza kwengeza ukungaqiniseki okwengeziwe emphumeleni, okwenza izimpi zama-proxy njengalena yaseSyria zibikezele ukuthi zizochitheka igazi, zinesiphithiphithi futhi ezingenakunqandeka.
- Imikhankaso yokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu. Imikhankaso yokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu yase-US inciphisa abalimala base-US kodwa ibangele ukufa nokucekela phansi okungabaliwe kuzo zombili izitha nabangenacala. Njengokuthi "ushintsho lombuso", "izikhali ezinembile" iyinkulumo-nkulumo eyenzelwe ukufihla ukwesaba kwempi. URob Hewson, umhleli wephephabhuku lezohwebo lwezikhali iJane's Air-Launched Weapons, utshele i-AP ngesikhathi kuqhunyiswa amabhomu e-Iraq "Shock and Awe" ngo-2003 ukuthi ukunemba kwezikhali eziqondile zase-US kwakungama-75-80% kuphela, okusho ukuthi izinkulungwane zamabhomu. futhi imicibisholo yageja imigomo yayo futhi yabulala izakhamuzi ezingahleliwe. Njengoba uRob Hewson esho. “… awukwazi ukuwisa amabhomu futhi ungabulali abantu. Kukhona ukuhlukana kwangempela kukho konke lokhu.” Ngemuva kokucekelwa phansi kweMosul noRaqqa emkhankasweni wokulwa ne-IS oholwa yi-US owehlile phezu 100,000 amabhomu nemicibisholo e-Iraq naseSyria kusukela ngo-2014, intatheli uPatrick Cockburn uchaze uRaqqa ngokuthi "ibhomu yaze yakhohlwa," futhi yembula ukuthi imibiko yezobunhloli yase-Iraqi Kurdish ibalwe okungenani Izakhamizi ze-40,000 wabulawa eMosul.
- Ukuhlasela kanye nomsebenzi wezempi onenzondo. “Indlela yokugcina” edume kabi yempi egcwele ibikezelwa embonweni wokuthi, uma kungekho okunye okusebenzayo, amasosha aseMelika angama-trillion-dollar angakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wenziwe. Lokhu kucatshangelwa okuyingozi kwaholela i-US ezinkingeni zezempi e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan naphezu "kwezifundo ezifundwe" zangaphambili eVietnam, igcizelela isifundo esingafundiwe esiyinhloko sokuthi impi ngokwayo iyinhlekelele. E-Iraq, intatheli u-Nir Rosen uchaze amasosha ase-US ngokuthi “alahlekile e-Iraq… Namuhla, cishe amasosha ase-US ayi-6,000 asele e-Iraq, evalelwe ezisekelweni zawo, ngaphansi kokujwayelekile missile attack, ngenkathi isizukulwane esisha se Ama-Iraqis akhuphuka ukubuyisela izwe labo kulabo ababedingisiwe ababekhohlakele i-US yandizela namabutho ayo okuhlasela eminyakeni engu-17 edlule.
Noma yimuphi uhulumeni onomthwalo wemfanelo amaMelika akhethwa ngo-2020 kufanele afunde ekwehlulekeni okubhalwe phansi kanye nezindleko zomuntu eziyinhlekelele zemizamo yokushintsha umbuso wase-US e-Afghanistan, Iraq, Haiti, Somalia, Honduras, Libya, Syria, Ukraine, Yemen, Venezuela, Iran futhi manje eseBolivia.
Lezi "zifundo ezifundiwe" kufanele ziholele ekuhoxisweni kwe-US emazweni esiwabhidlizile, okuvula indlela yokuthi i-UN nabanye abalamuli abasemthethweni bangene futhi basize abantu babo ukuthi bakhe ohulumeni abazimele, abazimele futhi baxazulule izingxabano zesibili ezinganqamuki ezilwa nezimpi zase-US. futhi imisebenzi ecashile iyekile.
Okwesibili, i-US kumele yenze ukuxhumana kwezizwe ngezizwe ukuze yenze ukuthula nezitha zethu, iqede unswinyo nezinsongo zethu ezingekho emthethweni, futhi iqinisekise abantu bomhlaba ukuthi abasadingi ukwesaba futhi bazihlomise ngokumelene nosongo lonya lwase-US. Izimpawu ezinamandla kakhulu zokuthi ngempela siphendule iqabunga elisha kungaba ukusikeka okubi kakhulu kwisabelomali sezempi yase-US - okwamanje sikhipha amasosha ayisikhombisa noma ayisishiyagalombili alandelayo ehlangene, naphezu kokwehluleka kwethu okungapheli kwezempi; ukuncishiswa kwamabutho avamile ase-US kanye nezikhali ezingeni elidingekayo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokuvikela ezisemthethweni zezwe lethu; kanye nokuvalwa kwamakhulukhulu ezizinda zamasosha ase-US ezindaweni zezinye izizwe, okuwumsebenzi wezempi womhlaba wonke.
Mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu, i-US kufanele yehlise usongo lwenhlekelele enkulu kunazo zonke ezimpini zenuzi, ekugcineni ihambisane nezibopho zayo ngaphansi kweSivumelwano Sokungavikeleki Kwe-1970, esidinga ukuthi i-US namanye amazwe ahlome ngezikhali zenuzi aqhubekele “ngokugcwele. nokuqedwa ngokuphelele kwezikhali zenuzi.”
Ngo-2019, i-Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists yagcina izandla zewashi layo le-Doomsday ngemizuzu emibili kuya phakathi kwamabili, okufanekisela ukuthi siseduze nokuzibhubhisa njengoba sasike saba khona. Yakho 2019 isitatimende yacaphuna ingozi ekabili yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu nempi yenuzi: “Isintu manje sibhekene nezinsongo ezimbili ezikhona ngasikhathi sinye, ezingaba imbangela yokukhathazeka okukhulu nokunakwa ngokushesha.” Ngakho-ke kuyindaba yokusinda ukuthi i-US isebenzisane nomhlaba wonke ukuze izuze impumelelo enkulu kuyo yomibili le mikhakha.
Uma lokhu kubonakala kukude noma kuwukufuna ukuvelela ngokweqile, lokho kuyisilinganiso sokuthi sesiphambuke kangakanani ebuqothweni, ebuntwini nasekubambisaneni okunokuthula esiyokudinga ukuze sisinde kuleli khulu leminyaka. Izwe elinezimpi ezivamile nokuthula okungafinyeleleki kulo aliyona into ekwazi ukusinda noma elizime njengezwe lapho umkhathi ushisa khona unyaka nonyaka. Ngakho-ke ukuqeda unomphela yonke le nqubomgomo yase-US yoshintsho lombuso ngempoqo kuyimpoqo yezombangazwe, yokuziphatha kanye nekhona.
