nguVictor Grossman – BERLIN BULLETIN No. 117
Umshado weMonsanto noBayer uphula amarekhodi hhayi nje ngenxa yobukhulu bayo kodwa ngenxa yephunga layo elibi, futhi hhayi nje ngenxa yedumela likaMonsanto lemizila ebulalayo yazo zonke izinto kusukela ekunyamaleni kwezimbali zasendle nezimvemvane kuya kubalimi bomndeni abampofu abaphoqeleka ukuthenga imbewu yayo. nezibulala-zinambuzane.
Ku-Bayer, mhlawumbe eyaziwa kakhulu ngama-aspirin ayo, awusizo kakhulu kusukela ngo-1897, noma eminye imithi ewusizo, inomzila ophawulwe ukufa ngamanani amakhulu kakhulu. Kwakuyi-Bayer, kanye nezinye iziqhwaga zamakhemikhali ezimbili, i-BASF kanye ne-Hoechst, eyakha igesi ye-chlorine esabekayo eyasetshenziswa ngeMpi Yezwe I. Ngo-1925 laba bobathathu bakha iqoqo elikhulu, i-IG Farben (Joint Interest Association Dyes), eyaba umholi womhlaba. kwezemithi, odayi namakhemikhali, ngokuvamile ngemva kwamadili neDuPont kanye ne-Standard Oil.
Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1930, u-IG Farben waba ngumnikezeli oyedwa omkhulu kumkhankaso wokhetho ka-Adolph Hitler. Nakuba ayemanqikanqika ekuqaleni ngenxa yokuthi abanye bososayensi bayo ababalulekile babengamaJuda, ngonyaka onqumayo ngaphambi kokuba uHitler anqobe amandla u-IG Farben wanikela ngamamaki angu-400,000 kuye neqembu lakhe lamaNazi. Lokhu kwavuzwa kakhulu; U-IG Farben, no-Bayer, waba ngumzuzi omkhulu oyedwa wokunqoba amaJalimane eMpini Yezwe Yesibili.
Encwadini ayibhalela umphathi we-IG Farben uFritz ter Meer ekuqaleni kuka-1941, uDkt. Otto Ambros wancoma ubungane buka-IG Farben nama-SS ekwakhiweni okusheshayo kwemboni yayo yase-Auschwitz-Buna futhi wabhala ngedili elanikezwa abaphathi bekamu lapho “kwasetshenzwa khona zonke izindlela. sisebenzela ukusebenzisa ukuphathwa okuvelele ngempela kwekamu lokuhlushwa ngendlela ezuzisa kakhulu ifektri yaseBuna.”
Nakuba i-Auschwitz yayiyindawo enkulu kunazo zonke, esabeka kakhulu emlandweni yokuqothula abantu, inhloso yayo eyisisekelo bekuyinkimbinkimbi ye-IG Farben enkulu ukukhiqiza uphethiloli wokwenziwa kanye nenjoloba njengengxenye yezinhlelo zayo zokunqoba iYurophu nomhlaba.
U-IG Farben wayengenasithakazelo kuphethiloli nerabha kuphela. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwabaphathi be-Bayer kanye nomkhuzi wase-Auschwitz kwakuhlanganisa nokuxoxisana okunjalo: "Ngombono wokuhlolwa okuhleliwe kwesidakamizwa esisha esibangela ukulala singajabula uma ungase ubeke inani leziboshwa ezandleni zethu (...)" - "Siyaqinisekisa impendulo yakho, kodwa cabangela intengo ye-200 RM ngowesifazane ngamunye njengephezulu kakhulu. Siphakamisa ukukhokha imali engaphezu kuka-170 RM ngowesifazane ngamunye. Uma lokhu kwamukeleka kinina, abesifazane bazobekwa phezu kwethu. Sidinga abesifazane abangaba ngu-150 (…)“ – „Siqinisekisa ukugunyaza kwakho isivumelwano. Sicela usilungiselele abesifazane abangu-150 abanempilo engcono kakhulu (…)“ – “Sithole i-oda labesifazane abayi-150. Naphezu kwesimo sabo esibucayi babebhekwa njengabagculisayo. Sizokwazisa ngentuthuko mayelana nezivivinyo (…)“ – “Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa. Bonke abantu ababehlolwa bafa. Sizoxhumana nawe maduze mayelana nokuthunyelwa okusha . "
U-IG Farben uphinde waba nenye intshisekelo e-Auschwitz. Kulezo ezindala kakhulu, ezincane kakhulu noma ezibuthakathaka kakhulu ukuthi zingasebenza, zine-Zyklon B, edizayinwe futhi yakhiqizwa inkampani ephethwe yi-IG Farben, i-Degesch.
Lapho izinhlelo zabo zokunqoba zibhidlika nokuqedwa kokubulawa kwabo kohlanga, umhlaba wawulindele ukuthi amadoda anjalo ajeziswe, kwathi ngo-August 1947 kwaqala iNkantolo Yobugebengu yaseNuremberg War eyayihlelwe e-US ngokumelene no-IG Farben, lapho umshushisi wase-US u-Telford Taylor ethi: “Lezi zigebengu ze-IG Farben. , hhayi izihlakaniphi zamaNazi, ziyizigebengu zempi eziyinhloko. Uma icala lalezi zigebengu lingavezwa obala futhi uma zingajeziswa, zizomelela usongo olukhulu ekuthuleni komhlaba okuzayo kunoHitler ukube usaphila.”
Kodwa isimo saseJalimane sase sishintshile, izitha ezindala zathathelwa indawo ezintsha. NgoJulayi 1948, cishe ngemva konyaka, abayishumi kwabamangalelwa abangu-24 bakhululwa kanti abangu-13, nakuba batholakala benecala kwamanye amacala okubulala abantu abaningi, ubugqila kanye nobugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini, bagwetshwa izigwebo ezilula zengxenye eyodwa nengxenye kuya kweziyisishiyagalombili. iminyaka, kuhlanganise nesikhathi esesivele senziwe.
U-IG Farben naye wahlukaniswa. Kepha izingxenye zayo ezintathu eziyinhloko, manje ezihlukene futhi, futhi ezidingeka ngokushesha eMpini Yomshoshaphansi esheshayo, zakhula kwaze kwaba yilapho ngayinye iba nkulu ngokuphindwe ka-20 kune-IG Farben iyonke yayisezingeni layo ngo-1944, unyaka wokugcina wempi. Ngo-1952 uhulumeni omusha waseNtshonalanga Jalimane ka-Konrad Adenauer wayesethethe ushwele futhi wakhulula owokugcina walabo ababeboshiwe, ababesheshe babuyela ezikhundleni eziholayo emhlabeni wamakhemikhali nemithi.
Mayelana namadoda amabili acashunwe encwadini engenhla, uFritz ter Meer, ilungu lebhodi eliphethe kwa-IG Farben kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekugcineni, futhi njengoMphathi weWartime obhekele i-IG Auschwitz, ngesikhathi sokuqulwa kwecala, ezivikela: “Ukusebenza ngenkani akuzange kubangele. noma yikuphi ukulimala okumangalisayo, ubuhlungu, noma ukuhlupheka kwababoshiwe, ikakhulukazi njengoba enye indlela yalezi zisebenzi bekuyoba ukufa noma kunjalo.” Eminyakeni embalwa ngemva kokukhululwa kwakhe ejele, uFritz ter Meer wabuyiselwa njengelungu lebhodi elilawulayo laseBayer. Womathathu amafemu ayizelamani i-BASF, i-Bayer kanye ne-Hoechst (eyathi kamuva yahlanganiswa nenkampani yaseFrance yakha i-Aventis) maduzane zagcwalisa izikhundla zazo eziphezulu kumaNazi angaphambili.
Indoda eyabhala le ncwadi engenhla, u-Otto Ambros, owayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhetha indawo, ukuhlela, ukwakha nokusebenza kwe-IG Auschwitz njengomphathi wokusebenza, wathola - ngokugqilaza - isigwebo "esinzima kunazo zonke", iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Ngemva kokukhululwa kwakhe ngo-1952 waba, omunye ngemva komunye, waba amaphini osihlalo, usihlalo noma ilungu lebhodi ezinkampanini zamakhemikhali eziyishumi nambili. Owayedume kakhulu kwakunguChemie Grünenthal, owayenecala lokuthengisa isidakamizwa i-thalidomide (noma i-Contergan) isikhathi eside ngemva kokuba kubonakala kusobala ukuthi, uma siphuzwa abesifazane abakhulelwe, izingane zabo zingase zihlupheke ngenxa yokulahlekelwa izitho zomzimba noma okunye ukukhubazeka. Kwaze kwaba ngu-1959 yayithengiswa emazweni angu-46 inelebula “elinganikezwa ngokuphepha okuphelele kwabesifazane abakhulelwe nomama abancelisayo.” Kuthinteke izingane ezifika ku-10,000.
Ngo-2008, abacwaningi baseNgilandi bathola ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-thalidomide nezidakamizwa ezacwaningwa phakathi nempi, cishe enye yalezo ezathuthukiswa ngaphansi kobuholi buka-Otto Ambros ngesikhathi socwaningo lwegesi yezinzwa. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi inkampani ibilokhu ithi idatha yocwaningo lwangaphambilini ibilahlekile, mhlawumbe ngesikhathi sempi.
Ngokungakhathazwa ukungabaza, uMnyango Wezamandla wase-US (owayeyiKhomishana Yamandla E-Atomic), waqasha u-Ambros njengomeluleki we-coal hydrogenation esekelwe ocwaningweni lwe-IG Farben. Ebuzwa ngokuqasha isigebengu sempi esilahlwe yicala, uMnyango ukugcizelele ukuthi wonke amaphepha abalulekile alahlekile.
Lapho intatheli yeSan Francisco Chronicle ibuza u-Ambros engxoxweni yocingo mayelana nokugwetshwa kwakhe ngo-1948 eNuremberg ngokubulala abantu abaningi nobugqila, waphendula:
“Lokho kwenzeka kudala kakhulu. Yayihilela amaJuda. Asisacabangi ngakho.”
Lawo madoda empi ka-IG Farben wonke afile. Izinkampani zabo ziyachuma. Futhi uBayer uye wasolwa eminyakeni yamuva nje ngokuhlolwa kwezokwelapha okuphambene nezimiso zokuziphatha, ukuthengisa izidakamizwa ezibonakala ziyingozi, ukuvimbela amazwe asathuthuka ekukhiqizeni imithi ebalulekile, nokusebenzisa izinto ezivela kwamanye amazwe ezikhiqizwa ukugqilazwa kwezingane. Icala elibi kakhulu, mhlawumbe, elokuthi inkampani engaphansi kwe-Bayer, i-HC STARCK, yayinembangela yempi yombango ende, eyachitha igazi e-Congo Democratic Republic, kanye nokubandakanya ukuwina kwamaminerali ahlukahlukene kodwa ngaphezu kwawo wonke ama-coltran ayigugu, okuyingxenye yawo. umkhiqizi omkhulu.
Kuze kube manje i-BASF yakubo yayiyinkampani yamakhemikhali enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Uma isivumelwano sisekhona, manje sesizodlulwa yiBayer-Monsanto. Noma yimaphi amathemba okuthi iBayer ngandlela thize izothuthukiswa ezindleleni zayo ngaphansi kwethonya leMonsanto ibonakala ingenangqondo okungenani.
