NguMarc Eliot Stein, ngoFebhuwari 10, 2020

Ngisanda kumenyelwa ukuzokhuluma emhlanganweni obizwa ngokuthi yi-Extinction Rebellion eNew York City World BEYOND War. Lo mcimbi wenzelwe ukuhlanganisa amaqembu amathathu ezenzo: izishoshovu zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izisebenzi zobuchwepheshe, kanye nezishoshovu zempi. Saqala ngokulandisa komuntu siqu okuvusa isishoshovu sokushintsha kwesimo sezulu uHa Vu, owatshela isixuku saseNew Yorkers ngesipiliyoni esesabekayo esake saba naso: ukubuyela ekhaya lomndeni wakhe eHanoi, eVietnam, lapho ukushisa okuthe xaxa seyikwenzile kwacaca ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuhamba ngaphandle ngesikhathi sokukhanya kwelanga. Bambalwa abantu baseMelika abakwaziyo nge Ngo-2016 inhlekelele yokungcoliswa kwamanzi eHa Tinh enkabeni yeVietnam. Imvamisa sikhuluma ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu njengengozi engaba khona e-USA, uHa wagcizelela, kepha eVietnam angayibona isivele iphazamisa izimpilo kanye nezindlela zokuziphilisa, futhi iba yimbi ngokushesha.

Nick Mottern ka YaziDrones.org ukhulume ngokuphuthuma okufanayo ngokutshalwa kwezimali kwamasosha aseMelika muva nje kwezobunhloli bokuzenzela kanye ne-computing yamafu - futhi wagcizelela isiphetho samasosha sokuthi ukufakwa kwezinhlelo ze-AI ekuphathweni kwezikhali zenuzi kanye nempi ye-drone nakanjani kuzoholela emaphutheni wobukhulu obungalindelekile. UWilliam Beckler we-Extinction Rebellion NYC ulandelwe ngokuchaza imigomo yokuhlela le nhlangano ebaluleke futhi ekhula ngokushesha esebenza, kubandakanya nezenzo eziphazamisayo ezenzelwe ukuqwashisa ngokubaluleka okubalulekile kokuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Sizwe ngomuntu omele iNew York City I-Tech Workers Coalition, futhi ngazama ukuphokophela ukubuthana emcabangweni wokukunika amandla okusebenzayo ngokukhuluma ngesenzo sokuvukela kwabasebenzi be-tech abaphumelele ngokungazelelwe.

Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-Ephreli 2018, lapho imboni ebizwa ngokuthi “imboni yezokuvikela” ibizaza ngeProjekti Maven, okuyisinyathelo esisha esaziwa kabanzi samasosha aseMelika ukuthuthukisa amakhono obuhlakani be-drones nezinye izinhlelo zezikhali. I-Google, i-Amazon ne-Microsoft zonke zinikezela ngamapulatifomu we-intelligence asetshenziselwa ukukhokhela abathengi, futhi i-Google yabonwa njengomnqobi wenkontileka yamasosha yeProjekthi Maven.

Ekuqaleni kuka-2018, abasebenzi bakwaGoogle baqala ukukhuluma. Abazange baqonde ukuthi kungani inkampani eyayibathathe njengabasebenzi ngesibambiso esithi “Ungabi Yisibi” manje yayikhokha kumaphrojekthi wamasosha angafana nesiqephu esinyantisayo se "Black Mirror" lapho izinja zemishini ezisebenzisa amandla e-AI zihlangana nabantu. izidalwa eziya ekufeni. Babekhuluma emithonjeni yezokuxhumana kanye nasezitolo zezindaba zendabuko. Bahlela ukwenza futhi basakaza izicelo futhi bazenza ukuba bezwe.

Lokhu kuhlubuka kwabasebenzi kwakuyilungu lomnyakazo we-Google Workers Rebellion, futhi kwasiza ukuqopha ezinye izisebenzi zobuchwepheshe. Kepha into emangazayo kakhulu mayelana nombhikisho wangaphakathi weGoogle ngokumelene neProjekt Maven kwakungekhona ukuthi abasebenzi bezobuchwepheshe bebekhuluma. Into emangazayo kakhulu ukuthi Abaphathi be-Google banikezela ngezidingo zabasebenzi.

Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, leli qiniso lisangikhathaza. Ngibone izinkinga eziningi zokuziphatha kumashumi eminyaka ngisebenza njengesisebenzi sezobuchwepheshe, kodwa angikaze ngibone inkampani enkulu ivuma ngokomthetho ukulungisa izinkinga zokuziphatha ngendlela ebalulekile. Umphumela wokuhlubuka kwe-Google ngokumelene ne-Project Maven kwaba ukushicilelwa kweqoqo lezimiso ze-AI okufanele ziphinde ziphrinte lapha ngokugcwele:

I-Artificial Intelligence kwaGoogle: Imigomo Yethu

UGoogle ufisa ukudala ubuchwepheshe obuxazulula izinkinga ezibalulekile futhi ezisize abantu empilweni yabo yansuku zonke. Sinethemba elikhulu mayelana nekhono elihle le-AI nobunye ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokunika amandla abantu, bazuze kakhulu izizukulwane zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo, futhi sisebenzele okuhle okufanayo.

Izinjongo zezicelo ze-AI

Sizohlola izicelo ze-AI ngokubheka izinhloso ezilandelayo. Sikholelwa ukuthi i-AI kufanele:

1. Yiba nenzuzo emphakathini.

Ukufinyelela okwandisiwe kobuchwepheshe obusha kuya ngokuya kuthinta umphakathi uwonke. Ukuthuthuka ku-AI kuzoba nemithelela eshintshayo emikhakheni ehlukene, kufaka phakathi ezempilo, ezokuphepha, ezamandla, ezokuhamba, zokwakha nezokuzijabulisa. Njengoba sicabangela ukuthuthukiswa okungasetshenziswa nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-AI, sizobheka uhla olubanzi lwezinto zenhlalo nezomnotho, futhi sizoqhubeka lapho sikholelwa ukuthi izinzuzo ezijwayelekile zingahle zidlule kakhulu kubungozi nokubhekelwa phansi okubonakalayo.

I-AI futhi ithuthukisa amandla ethu okuqonda okushiwo okuqukethwe ngezinga. Sizolwela ukwenza ulwazi lwekhwalithi ephezulu futhi olunembile lutholakale kalula usebenzisa i-AI, ngenkathi siqhubeka nokuhlonipha amasiko, ezenhlalo, nezomthetho emazweni esisebenza kuwo. Futhi sizoqhubeka nokuhlaziya ngokucabangisisa ukuthi singawenza nini ubuchwepheshe bethu atholakale ngokungathengisi.

Vikela ukudala noma ukuqinisa ukukhetha okungalungile.

Ama-algorithms nama-datha we-AI angabonisa, aqinise, noma anciphise ukukhetha okungafanele. Siyabona ukuthi ukwehlukanisa okulungile nokungakhethi okungalungile akuyona into elula ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi kuyehluka emasikweni nasemiphakathini. Sizofuna ukugwema umthelela ongemuhle kubantu, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihlobene nezimpawu ezibucayi ezinjengobuzwe, ubuzwe, ubulili, ubuzwe, imali engenayo, inkambiso yezocansi, amandla, nenkolelo yezepolitiki noma yenkolo.

3. Yakhelwe futhi uhlolwe ukuze uphephe.

Sizoqhubeka nokuthuthukisa futhi sisebenzise izindlela eziqinile zokuphepha nezokuphepha ukuze sigweme imiphumela engahlosiwe ebanga ubungozi bokulimala. Sizokwakha amasistimu wethu we-AI ukuba aqaphele ngokufanele, futhi sizame ukuwaqamba ngokuhambisana nezinqubo ezinhle kakhulu ocwaningweni lokuphepha lwe-AI. Ezimweni ezifanele, sizohlola ubuchwepheshe be-AI ezindaweni ezibucayi futhi sibheke ukusebenza kwabo ngemuva kokuhanjiswa.

4. Phendula kubantu.

Sizokwakha amasistimu we-AI ahlinzeka ngamathuba afanele wokuthola impendulo, izincazelo ezifanele, kanye nesikhalazo. Ubuchwepheshe bethu be-AI buzoba ngaphansi kokuqondiswa nokulawulwa okufanele komuntu.

5. Faka imithetho yokuqamba yobumfihlo.

Sizofaka imigomo yethu yobumfihlo ekuthuthukiseni nasekusetshenzisweni kobuchwepheshe bethu be-AI. Sizonikeza ithuba lesaziso nemvume, sigqugquzele ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ngokuvikela ubumfihlo, futhi sinikeze ukuveza obala kanye nokulawula ukusetshenziswa kwemininingwane.

6. Ukuphakamisa izindinganiso eziphakeme zesayensi.

Ukuqanjwa kobuchwepheshe kusekwe ngendlela yesayensi nokuzibophezela ekuvuleleni imibuzo, ukuqina kobungcweti, ubuqotho, kanye nokusebenzisana. Amathuluzi we-AI angakwazi ukuvula izindawo ezintsha zocwaningo lwesayensi nolwazi ezizindeni ezibucayi njenge-biology, chemistry, Umuthi, kanye nesayensi yezemvelo. Sifisa amazinga aphezulu aphezulu wesayensi njengoba sisebenzela ukuqhubekisela phambili ukuthuthukiswa kwe-AI.

Sizosebenzisana nethimba lababambiqhaza ukukhuthaza ubuholi obucatshangelwe kule ndawo, sisebenzisa izindlela ezinzima zesayensi nezobunjiniyela obuhlukahlukene. Futhi sizokwabelana ngesibopho ngolwazi lwe-AI ngokushicilela izinto zokufundisa, izindlela ezingcono kakhulu, kanye nocwaningo olunikeza abantu abaningi amandla okusebenzisa izinhlelo eziwusizo ze-AI.

7. Tholakala ngokusetshenziswa okuvumelana nalezi zimiso.

Ubuchwepheshe obuningi busebenzisa okuningi. Sizosebenzela ukunciphisa izicelo ezingaba yingozi noma zokuhlukumeza. Njengoba sithuthukisa futhi sisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-AI, sizohlola ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kusetshenziswe ini uma sicabanga ngalezi zinto ezilandelayo:

• Inhloso yokuqala nokusetshenziswa: inhloso eyinhloko nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe nokusebenzisa, kufaka phakathi ukuthi isixazululo sihlobene kangakanani noma sivumelaniswa nokusetshenziswa okuyingozi
• Imvelo nobunye: noma ngabe senza ubuchwepheshe obukhona obuhlukile noma obutholakala ngokujwayelekile
• Isikali: noma ngabe ukusetshenziswa kwalobu buchwepheshe kuzoba nomthelela omkhulu
• Uhlobo lokuzibandakanya kukaGoogle: noma ngabe sinikezela ngamathuluzi enzelwe inhloso ejwayelekile, ukuhlanganisa amathuluzi kumakhasimende, noma ukuthuthukisa izixazululo ngokwezifiso

Izicelo ze-AI ngeke siziphishekele

Ngaphezu kwezinhloso ezingenhla, ngeke sakha noma sisebenzise i-AI kulezi zindawo zesicelo ezilandelayo:

1. Ubuchwepheshe obubangela noma obunobangela ukulimala jikelele. Lapho kunengozi yokulimala okungokoqobo, sizoqhubeka kuphela lapho sikholelwa ukuthi izinzuzo zibadlula kakhulu ubungozi, futhi sizofaka izingqinamba zokuphepha ezifanele.
2. Izikhali noma obunye ubuchwepheshe inhloso noma ukuqaliswa kwabo ngokuyinhloko ukubangela noma ukwenza ngqo ukulimala kubantu.
3. Ubuchwepheshe obutha noma busebenzise imininingwane yokubheka ukwephula izinkambiso ezamukelwa emhlabeni jikelele.
4. Ubuchwepheshe inhloso yabo ephikisana nezinqubomgomo ezamukelwa kabanzi zomthetho wamazwe namalungelo abantu.

Njengoba isipiliyoni sethu kule ndawo sijula, lolu hlu lungavela.

Isiphetho

Sikholelwa ukuthi lezi zimiso ziyisisekelo esifaneleinkampani yethu nentuthuko yethu ye-AI yesikhathi esizayo. Siyavuma ukuthi le ndawo inamandla futhi iyavela, futhi sizosondela emsebenzini wethu ngokuzithoba, ukuzibophezela ekuzibandakanyeni ngaphakathi nangaphandle, nokuzimisela ukuguqula indlela yethu njengoba sifunda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Lo mphumela omuhle awususi i-tech enkulu iGoogle ekuhlanganiseni kwezinye izindawo ezahlukahlukene zokukhathazeka okukhulu, njengokuxhasa i-ICE, amaphoyisa neminye imisebenzi yezempi, ukwenza ndawonye nokuthengisa ukufinyelela kwimininingwane eyimfihlo ngabantu abathile, ukufihla izitatimende zezombusazwe eziphikisanayo emiphumeleni yenjini yokusesha futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuvumela abasebenzi bayo ukuthi baqhubeke nokukhuluma ngalezi ezinye izindaba ngaphandle kokuxoshwa ngokwenza lokho. Umbutho wokuhlubuka kwabasebenzi bakwaGoogle uhlala usebenza futhi uzibophezele kakhulu.

Ngasikhathi sinye, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukunyakaza kwabasebenzi bakwa-Google kwaba nomthelela kangakanani. Lokhu kwacaca ngokushesha ngemuva kokuqala kwemibhikisho yakwaGoogle: iminyango yezentengiso yePentagon yayeka ukukhipha ukukhishwa okusha kwabezindaba mayelana neProjekt Maven eyake yajabulisa, yagcina “yanyamalala” iphrojekthi ngokuphelele ekubonakaleni komphakathi eyayikufuna phambilini. Esikhundleni salokho, kwaqala inqubo entsha futhi enkulu yobuciko bokufakelwa ivela ku-Pentagon's ecashile IBhodi Yezokuvikela.

Lokhu kwabizwa Iphrojekthi JEDI, igama elisha le-Pentagon elichithwa kwezikhali zokusika onqenqemeni. IProjekti JEDI izosebenzisa imali eningi kuneProjekt Maven, kepha umphakathi ubiza le projekthi entsha (yebo, amasosha aseMelika asebenzisa okuningi yesikhathi nokunakwa esidlangalaleni kanye nokumaketha) kwakuhluke kakhulu kweyokuqala. Zonke izithombe ezishisayo nezino-sexy “Black Mirror” bezingasekho. Manje, esikhundleni sokugcizelela imisindo emibi ne-cinematic dystopian Drones enamandla e-AI ingadalela abantu, iProjekthi JEDI izichaza njengegxathu elibheke phambili ekusebenzeni kahle, ehlanganisa imininingwane yamafu ehlukahlukene ukuze kusizwe "abezimpi" (igama elithandwayo lePentagon abasebenzi abasebenza phambili (i-front-staff staff) kanye namaqembu okusekela emuva ehhovisi akhulisa ukusebenza ngempumelelo kolwazi. Lapho i-Project Maven yakhelwe ukuzwakala imnandi futhi isisasa, I-Project JEDI yenzelwe ukuzwakala inengqondo futhi isebenza.

Akukho lutho olunengqondo noma olusebenzayo mayelana nethegi yamanani weProjekthi JEDI. Yinkontileka enkulu kunazo zonke yesofthiwe yezempi emlandweni wezwe: $ 10.5 billion. Amehlo ethu amaningi aqaqeka lapho sizwa ngezikali zokusebenzisa imali yezempi, futhi singakwazi ukweqa umehluko phakathi kwezigidi nezigidi zezigidi. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi likhulu kangakanani i-Project JEDI kunanoma isiphi isoftware yePentagon yangaphambilini. Unguquko lomdlalo, injini ekhiqiza ingcebo, isheke elingenalutho lokuthola usizo ngezindleko zabakhokhi bentela.

Kuyasiza ukuklwebha ngaphansi kokukhishwa kwezindaba zikahulumeni lapho kuzanywa ukuqonda isheke lokusebenzisa imali kwezempi elingenalutho elingange- $ 10.5 billion. Olunye ulwazi lungatholakala ezincwadini zamasosha uqobo, njengokuphazamisayo Ngo-Agasti 2019 izingxoxo noJoint Artificial Intelligence Center uLieutenant General Jack Shanahan, isibalo esibalulekile kuwo womabili ama-Project Maven anyamalale kanye ne-Project JEDI entsha. Ngakwazi ukuthola ukuqonda okwengeziwe ngokuthi abangaphakathi embonini yezokuvikela bacabanga kanjani nge-Project JEDI ngokulalela i-podcast yezimboni yezokuvikela ebizwa "Iphrojekthi 38: Ikusasa Lenkontileka Kahulumeni". Izivakashi zePodcast zivame ukukhuluma ngokungagwegwesi nangamahloni nganoma yisiphi isihloko abaxoxa ngaso. “Abantu abaningi bazothenga amachibi okubhukuda amasha kulo nyaka” kwakuyinto ejwayelekile kule ngxoxo yangaphakathi ye-podcast ngeProjekthi JEDI. Siyaqiniseka ukuthi bazoba njalo.

Nansi into ephawulekayo ebopha emuva ezimisweni ze-AI zeGoogle. Abaholi abathathu abasobala benkontileka enkulu ye-JEDI engama- $ 10.5 billion bekungaba yiGoogle, i-Amazon neMicrosoft - ngaleyo ndlela, ngokususelwa ekuhlonipheni kwabo njengabasunguli be-AI. Ngenxa yabasebenzi ababhikishela iProject Maven ngo-2018, umholi we-AI uGoogle wayengacabangeli iProjed JEDI enkulu kakhulu ngo-2019. Ngasekupheleni kuka-2019, kwamenyezelwa ukuthi inkontileka iye kwaMicrosoft. Ukulandelwa kwezindaba okulandelwe kwalandelwa, kepha lokhu kubikwa kugxile kakhulu embangweni phakathi kwe-Amazon neMicrosoft, nokuthi indawo yesithathu iMicrosoft kungenzeka ivunyelwe ukushaya indawo yesibili i-Amazon ukuze inqobe ngenxa yezimpi eziqhubekayo zokuphatha kukaTrump neWashington Post, ephethwe nguJeff Bezos wase-Amazon. I-Amazon manje iya enkantolo ukulwa nesipho samaPentagon sika- $ 3 billion esiya kuMicrosoft, kanti no-Oracle uyafaka enkantolo. Amazwi athile avela ku-Project 2 podcast ashiwo ngenhla - “Abantu abaningi bazothenga amachibi okubhukuda amasha kulo nyaka” - awabhekiswanga kuphela esikhungweni sezimali seMicrosoft kodwa nakubo bonke abameli abazobamba iqhaza kulezi zinsolo. Mhlawumbe singenza ukuqagela okufundile ukuthi ngaphezu kuka-10.5% we-Project JEDI's $ 38 billion uzoya kubameli. Kubi kakhulu ukuthi asikwazi ukukusebenzisa ukusiza qeda indlala yomhlaba Esikhundleni.

Impikiswano yokuthi lokhu kudluliswa kwemali yabakhokhi bentela kosonkontileka bezempi kufanele yini izuze iMicrosoft, i-Amazon noma i-Oracle ibuse izindaba ezithinta iProject JEDI. Umlayezo owodwa omuhle okufanele utholakale kulokhu kuhlonyelwa okungamanyala - iqiniso lokuthi uGoogle wayesukile enkontilekeni enkulu yesoftware yamasosha emlandweni womhlaba ngenxa yombhikisho wabasebenzi - ubungekho nhlobo ekusakazweni kwezindaba zeProjekthi JEDI. 

Kungakho kubalulekile ukuthi le ndaba izishoshovu ezigxile kwezobuchwepheshe zihlangane egumbini elinabantu abaningi maphakathi nedolobha eManhattan ngeledlule ukuzokhuluma ngokuthi singawonga kanjani umhlaba wethu, nokuthi singalwa kanjani nokulwa nama-disinformation kanye nepolitiki yesayensi yezulu, ukuthi singamelana kanjani namandla amakhulu we-fossil petite profiteers nezikhali zokuprinta. Kuleli gumbi elincane, sonke bekubonakala ngathi siyabuqonda ubukhulu benkinga esasibhekene nayo, futhi neqhaza elibalulekile thina uqobo okufanele silibambe. Umphakathi we-tech unamandla abalulekile. Njengoba imikhankaso yokudonswa ngamandla ingenza umehluko wangempela, ukuvukelwa kwabasebenzi kwezobuchwepheshe kungenza umehluko wangempela. Kunezindlela eziningi izishoshovu zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izishoshovu zokuvukelwa ngabasebenzi bezobuchwepheshe kanye nezishoshovu zempi ezingaqala ukusebenza ngokubambisana, futhi sizobe sikwenza ngayo yonke indlela esingayenza.

Sibe nesiqalo esinethemba ngalo mbuthano, osisize ngosizo Ukuqothula Ukuqothulwa NYC futhi Izwe alikwazi ukulinda. Le nhlangano izokhula - kufanele ikhule. Ukuhlukunyezwa kukaphethiloli kugxilwe kubabhikishi bokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ukuhlukunyezwa kukaphethiloli nakho kokubili kuyisisusa esiyinhloko senzuzo ye-impiriyalizim yase-US futhi kungumphumela oyisabekayo oyimbangela yemisebenzi yamanyala yamasosha ase-US echithekile. Ngempela, umbutho wezempi wase-US ubonakala ukhona ongcolisayo oyedwa emhlabeni. Ngabe abasebenzi bezobuchwepheshe bangawasebenzisa amandla ethu wokuhlela ngokunqoba kube nomthelela omkhulu ukwedlula ukuhoxiswa kweGoogle kwiProjekthi JEDI? Singakwazi futhi kufanele. Umhlangano wangesonto eledlule eNew York City ubusinyathelo nje esincane esiya phambili. Kufanele senze okuningi, futhi kufanele sinikeze inhlangano yethu yokubhikisha ehlangene konke esikutholile.

UMarc Eliot Stein ungumqondisi wezobuchwepheshe nezokuxhumana kwe World BEYOND War.

Izithombe nguGregory Schwedock.