November

November 1
November 2
November 3
November 4
November 5
November 6
November 7
November 8
November 9
November 10
November 11
November 12
November 13
November 14
November 15
November 16
November 17
November 18
November 19
November 20
November 21
November 22
November 23
November 24
November 25
November 26
November 27
November 28
November 29
November 30
November 31

November 1. Kulolu suku ku-1961 i-Women Strike yokubonisa ukuthula e-United States kwakuyisinyathelo esikhulu sokuthula sabesifazane kuze kube yimanje. "Saqala ukubakhona ngoNovemba 1, 1961," kusho ilungu, "njengesibhikisho sokulwa nokuhlolwa komkhathi okwenziwa yi-US kanye neSoviet Union okwakufaka umoya komoya kanye nokudla kwezingane zethu." Ngalowo nyaka, abesifazane abayizi-100,000 60 abavela emadolobheni angama-20 baphuma emakhishini nasemisebenzini bezofuna: QEDA UMNCINTISWANO WEZikhali - HHAYI UHLANGA LWABANTU, kwazalwa iWSP. Iqembu likhuthaze ukuphucwa izikhali ngokufundisa ngobungozi bemisebe nokuhlolwa kwenuzi. Amalungu ayo anxenxa iCongress, aphikisana nendawo okuhlolwa kuyo amandla enuzi eLas Vegas, futhi abamba iqhaza ezingqungqutheleni ze-UN Disarmament Conferences eGeneva. Yize abesifazane abangama-1960 abavela kuleli qembu bephonswa ngeminyaka yama-1963 yi-House Un-American Activities Committee, baba nesandla ekudlulisweni kweSivumelwano Sokuvinjelwa Okulinganiselwe ngo-1,200. eHague ekubonisweni okuphikisana nokwenziwa kweMultilateral Nuclear Fleet. Baqala futhi ukuhlangana nabesifazane baseVietnam ukuhlela ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-POW nemindeni yabo. Babhikishe ukungenelela kwe-US eMelika Ephakathi, kanye nokulwa kwesikhala, baphikisana nezinhlelo ezintsha zezikhali. Umkhankaso we-Nuclear Freeze wama-14s waxhaswa yi-WPS, futhi baxhumana noNdunankulu baseNetherlands naseBelgium, bebanxusa ukuba benqabe zonke izisekelo zemikhosi yaseMelika futhi bafake nencazelo “yoHlelo Lweziqondiso Zokuvikela” lukaMongameli Regan, uhlaka lokulwa , esinda, futhi kuthiwa unqoba impi yenuzi.

Novemba 2. Kulolu suku ku-1982 inhlolovo ye-nyukliya eyadluliselwa emazweni ayisishiyagalolunye ase-US enza ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zama-electorate ase-US. Kwakuyi-referendum enkulu kunazo zonke odabeni olulodwa emlandweni wase-US, futhi yayihloselwe ukuthola isivumelwano phakathi kwe-United States neSoviet Union sokumisa ukuhlolwa, ukukhiqizwa nokusatshalaliswa kwezikhali zenuzi. Eminyakeni edlule izishoshovu zase ziqale ukuhlela imizamo nemfundo yomphakathi ezungeze i-United States. Isiqubulo somkhankaso besithi “Cabanga emhlabeni jikelele; thatha isinyathelo endaweni yangakini. ” Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Union of Concerned Scientists ne-Ground Zero movement zisakaze izikhalazo, zabamba izinkulumompikiswano, zakhombisa namafilimu. Banikeze izincwadi ezimayelana nomjaho wezikhali zenuzi futhi bathuthukisa izinqumo abazithatha edolobheni, idolobha, nezishayamthetho zombuso kulo lonke elase-United Stares. Ngonyaka owodwa ngemuva kwenhlolovo yango-1982, izinqumo ezasekela ukuqothulwa kwezikhali zenuzi zamazwe omabili zaziphasiswe imikhandlu yamadolobha engama-370, imikhandlu yamadolobha angama-71, nangendlu eyodwa noma zombili zezishayamthetho zombuso ezingama-23. Ngenkathi isinqumo seNuclear Freeze silethwa kohulumeni baseMelika nabaseSoviet kwiNhlangano Yezizwe, sasinesiginesha engu-2,300,000 1982 XNUMX. Kwakungekho ukusekelwa kokuphathwa kukaMongameli uRonald Reagan, okukubheka njengenhlekelele. Abakhankasi basebenzisiwe, kusho i-White House, "yidlanzana labakhwabanisi abafundiswe ngqo bevela eMoscow." I-White House iqalise umkhankaso wobudlelwano bomphakathi ngokumelene nenhlolovo yeFreeze. UReagan usole ukuthi iFreeze “ingenza leli lizwe libe sengozini enkulu yokuhlukunyezwa ngenuzi.” Naphezu kokuphikiswa okuqinile, le nhlangano yaqhubeka iminyaka eminingi ngemuva kuka-XNUMX futhi yanikela ezinyathelweni ezinkulu zokulwa nezikhali nokusinda kwempilo emhlabeni phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi.

Novemba 3. Kulolu suku ku-1950 isinqumo sokuhlanganiswa kwe-UN sokubambisana nokuthula sanyatheliswa yi-UN General Assembly ePlushing Meadows, NY. Isinqumo, i-377A, sibonisa isibopho seZizwe Ezihlangene, ngaphansi koMqulu wayo, ukugcina ukuthula nokuvikeleka emhlabeni jikelele. Ivumela i-General Assembly ukuba ihlole izindaba lapho uMkhandlu wezokuPhepha ongakwazi ukuxazulula inkinga. Kukhona amalungu e-193 we-UN, namalungu e-15 eMkhandlwini. Isixazululo singasetshenziswa ngokuvota eMkhandlwini wezokuPhepha, noma ngesicelo seningi lamalungu eNhlangano eNobhala-Jikelele. Bese bangenza izincomo zezinyathelo zomphakathi ngaphandle kwe "P5" noma amalungu angamahlanu angapheli eMkhandlwini wezokuPhepha okuyi: China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, nase-United States. Abanalo ikhono lokuvimbela ukwamukelwa kwezinqumo ezihleliwe. Izincomo zingabandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwebutho elihlomile noma ukuvimbela kwalo. Amandla we-veto ngaphakathi kweMkhandlu wezokuPhepha anganqotshwa ngale ndlela uma omunye we-P5 engummangaleli. Sekusetshenziselwe eHungary, eLebhanon, eCongo, eMpumalanga Ephakathi (ePalestina naseMpumalanga Yerusalem), eBangladesh, e-Afghanistan naseNingizimu Afrika. Kucatshangwa ukuthi isakhiwo samanje seMkhandlu wezokuPhepha namalunga angunaphakade ngegunya le-veto ayibonakali isimo sezwe samanje, futhi ikakhulukazi ishiya i-Afrika, amanye amazwe asathuthuka, neMpumalanga Ephakathi ngaphandle kwezwi. I-Institute for Security Studies isebenza ukuba ibe noMkhandlu okhethiwe, ngokusebenzisa ukuguqulwa kwe-Charter ye-UN ngamalungu amaningi e-General Assembly, ezoqeda izihlalo ezihlala njalo.

Novemba 4. Kulolu suku ku-1946 UNESCO yasungulwa. I-United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation izinze eParis. Inhloso yenhlangano ukufaka isandla ekuthuleni nasekuphepheni ngokugqugquzela ukusebenzisana nezingxoxo zamazwe omhlaba ngamaphrojekthi ezemfundo, ezesayensi, namasiko kanye nezinguquko kanye nokwandisa ukuhlonishwa kobulungiswa, umthetho kanye namalungelo abantu. Ukuphishekela lezi zinhloso, amazwe angamalungu ayo ayi-193 kanye namalungu angama-11 ahambisana nawo anezinhlelo kwezemfundo, isayensi yemvelo, isayensi yezenhlalo neyabantu, amasiko kanye nezokuxhumana. I-UNESCO ayikaze ibe nempikiswano, ikakhulukazi ebudlelwaneni bayo ne-US, i-UK, iSingapore, kanye nezwe elaliyiSoviet Union, ikakhulu ngenxa yokusekela kwayo ngamandla inkululeko yabezindaba kanye nezinkinga zayo zesabelomali. Izwe laseMelika lahoxa ku-UNESCO ngo-1984 ngaphansi kukaMengameli uReagan, lathi kwakuyinkundla yamakhomanisi kanye nomashiqela baseThird World ukuhlasela iNtshonalanga. I-US iphinde yajoyina ngo-2003, kodwa ngo-2011 yehlisa umnikelo wayo ku-UNESCO, kwathi ngo-2017 yahlela umnqamulajuqu wezi-2019 ukuthi ihoxe, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yesikhundla se-UNESCO kwa-Israyeli. I-UNESCO igxeke u-Israyeli "ngokuhlukumeza" kanye "nezinyathelo ezingekho emthethweni" ngokumelene nokungena kwamaSulumane ezindaweni zabo ezingcwele. U-Israyeli ubenqamule konke ukuxhumana nenhlangano. Isebenza njenge "laboratory yemibono," i-UNESCO isiza amazwe ukuthi amukele izindinganiso zamazwe omhlaba futhi aphathe izinhlelo ezikhuthaza ukugeleza kwamahhala kwemibono nokwabelana ngolwazi. Umbono we-UNESCO ukuthi amalungiselelo ezombusazwe nezomnotho ohulumeni akwanele ukusungula izimo zentando yeningi, intuthuko, nokuthula. I-UNESCO inomsebenzi onzima wokusebenzisana nezizwe ezinomlando omude wokungqubuzana nezintshisekelo zempi.

Novemba 5. Kulolu suku ku-1855 Eugene V. Debs wazalwa. Futhi ngalolu suku ku-1968 uRichard Nixon ukhethwe ngumengameli we-US ngemuva kokuchitha izinkulumo zokuthula zaseVietnam. Lolu usuku oluhle lokucabanga ukuthi ngubani abaholi bethu bangempela. Lapho eneminyaka engu-14 ubudala, u-Eugene Victor Debs waqala ukusebenza kujantshi futhi waba yicishamlilo. Usize ekuhleleni i-Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen. Isikhulumi esisebenza kahle futhi esisebenziseka kalula, wayeyilungu lesishayamthetho sase-Indiana ngo-1885 eneminyaka engama-30 ubudala. Wahlanganisa izinyunyana ezahlukahlukene zesitimela e-American Railway Union futhi wabamba isiteleka esiphumelelayo sokwenyusa amaholo ngokumelene neGreat Northern Railway ngo-1894. izinyanga eziyisithupha ejele ngemuva kokuhola isiteleka senkampani iChicago Pullman Car. Wabona inhlangano yabasebenzi njengomzabalazo phakathi kwamakilasi, futhi wahola ukusungulwa kweSocialist Party of America ayekhethwe kuyona ukuba ngumongameli kahlanu phakathi kuka-1900 no-1920. Ushone ngo-1926, eneminyaka engama-71 ubudala. URichard Nixon ubonakala njengembuka ngomzamo wakhe ophumelelayo wokuvimba izingxoxo zokuthula zaseVietnam, eziqinisekiswe izingcingo ze-FBI namanothi abhalwe ngesandla. Uthumele u-Anna Chennault ukuba ancenge abaseVietnam ukuthi benqabe ukuphakanyiswa komhlangano okuhlelwe nguLyndon Johnson owayengusekela mongameli wakhe wangaphambili, uHubert Humphrey, owayeyimbangi kaNixon. UNixon wephule umthetho weLogan ka-1797 ovimbela izakhamizi ezizimele ekungeneni ezingxoxweni ezisemthethweni nezwe langaphandle. Eminyakeni emine phakathi kwesahlulelo nokhetho olulandelayo lukamongameli, kwabulawa abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi abantu baseVietnam, kanye namalungu amasosha aseMelika angama-20,000 XNUMX.

Novemba 6. Lona yiSuku Lwamanye amazwe Lokuvimbela Ukuxhashazwa Kwezemvelo eMpini Nezingxabano Ezihlomile. I-United Nations General Assembly, ekwakheni lolu suku e-2001, izame ukugxila ekubhekeni komhlaba jikelele ngesidingo esibaluleke kakhulu sokuvikelwa kwemvelo sonke esihlanganyela ekuchithekeni kwempi. Izimpi eminyakeni yamuva nje ziye zenza indawo enkulu ukuba ingahlali futhi yakha amashumi ezigidi zababaleki. Impi nokulungiselela impi kulimaza imvelo ngokukhiqizwa kanye nokuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi, ukuqothuka komhlaba ngemikhumbi, ukusatshalaliswa nokuphikelela kwezimayini zomhlaba kanye nokugcotshwa komngcwabo, ukusetshenziswa kanye nokugcinwa kwezinto ezingahambi kahle kwezempi, ubuthi, imfucuza, kanye nokukhathazeka okukhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha ezinsalela. Kepha izivumelwano ezinkulu zemvelo zifake nokukhululwa ezimpini. Impi namalungiselelo empi ayimbangela enkulu yokulimala kwemvelo. Futhi kungumgodi lapho okulahlwa khona izigidigidi zamadola ezingasetshenziswa ukuvikela ukulimala kwemvelo. Njengoba ubunzima bezemvelo banda, ukucabanga ngempi njengethuluzi lokubhekana nakho, ukuphatha ababaleki njengezitha zamasosha, kusisongela ngomjikelezo omubi omkhulu. Ukumemezela ukuthi ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kudala impi kuyaphutha iqiniso lokuthi abantu babangela impi, nokuthi uma singafundi ukulungisa izinkinga kungamabomu sizomenza abe mbi kakhulu. Isisusa esikhulu sezimpi ezithile isifiso sokulawula izinsizakusebenza ezinobuthi emhlabeni, ikakhulukazi uwoyela negesi. Eqinisweni, ukwethulwa kwezimpi kwezizwe ezicebile kwabampofu akuhambelani nokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu noma ukuntuleka kwentando yeningi noma izinsongo zobushokobezi, kepha kuhambelana kakhulu nokuba khona kuka-oyela.

Novemba 7. Kulolu suku ku-1949, uMthethosisekelo waseCosta Rica uvimbela ibutho likazwelonke. I-Costa Rica, manje esebenzisa amandla avuseleleke ngokuphelele, ihlala eNkantolo Yamalungelo Abantu ase-Inter-American kanye ne-UN University of Peace. Ngemuva kokuzimela kweMexico ngaphansi kombuso waseSpain, iCosta Rica imemezele inkululeko yayo kwiCentral American Federation eyabelana ngayo neHonduras, iGuatemala, iNicaragua, ne-El Salvador. Ngemuva kwempi yombango emfushane, kwathathwa isinqumo sokuqeda umbutho waso, futhi esikhundleni salokho kwatshalwa imali kubantu bayo. Njengesizwe sezolimo esaziwa ngekhofi nokhokho, iCosta Rica yaziwa nangobuhle bayo, isiko, umculo, ingqalasizinda ezinzile, ubuchwepheshe kanye ne-eco-Tourism. Umgomo wezwe wezemvelo ukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwamandla elanga, ukuqeda ikhabhoni emkhathini, nokugcina amaphesenti angama-25 omhlaba wawo njengamapaki kazwelonke. I-United Nations University of Peace yasungulwa “ukuhlinzeka isintu ngesikhungo samazwe aphesheya semfundo ephakeme ukuze kube nokuthula ngenhloso yokukhuthaza phakathi kwabo bonke abantu umoya wokuqonda, ukubekezelelana nokuhlalisana ngokuthula, ukukhuthaza ukubambisana phakathi kwabantu nokusiza ukunciphisa izithiyo kanye nezinsongo zokuthula komhlaba kanye nenqubekela phambili, ngokuhambisana nezifiso ezinhle ezimenyezelwe kuSomqulu Wezizwe Ezihlangene. ” Ngo-1987, uMongameli waseCosta Rican u-Oscar Sanchez wanikezwa uNobel Peace Prize ngosizo lwakhe ekuqedeni impi yombango eNicaragua. ICosta Rica yamukele ababaleki abaningi, ngenkathi ikhuthaza uzinzo kuyo yonke iMelika Ephakathi. Ngokunikeza izakhamizi zayo ngemfundo yamahhala, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo emhlabeni wonke kanye nezinsizakalo zenhlalo, iCosta Rica ithokozela izinga lokuphila kwabantu elihlaba umxhwele. Ngo-2017, i-National Geographic yaphinde yamemezela ukuthi “Yizwe Elijabule Kunazo Zonke Emhlabeni!”

Novemba 8. Ngalolu suku ku-1897, uDorothy Day wazalwa. Njengomlobi, isishoshovu, kanye ne-pacifist, Usuku luyaziwa kakhulu ngokuqala i-Catholic Worker Movement, nokugqugquzela ubulungiswa bezenhlalakahle. Washiya ikolishi e-Illinois ukuba athuthele eGreenwich Village e-1916 lapho ahlala khona impilo yokuphila, enza amaningi amaningi, futhi wabhala amaphephandaba amaphephandaba. Ku-1917, wajoyina u-Alice Paul kanye nokunyakaza kwebesifazane njenge-"Sentent Silent" efakazela i-White House. Lokhu kwaholela ekubanjweni kwabaningi kanye nokuboshwa ehlushwa yiSuku, kodwa nakwabesifazane ilungelo lokuvota. Udumo lwakhe ngokuthi "lukhulu" lwaqhubeka ngemuva kokuguqulwa kwakhe ebuKatolika njengoba uSuku lushiya isonto ukuba lisekele abaphikisanayo nokuhlelwa kwempi. Isiqondiso sakhe sasibekela inselele izimiso zamaKatolika, okwaholela ekusekeleni isonto lamagqugquzeli nabaswele, ikakhulukazi abasebenzi abahluphekayo abahola kancane, nabangenamakhaya. Lapho ehlangana noPeter Maurin, owayenguMfoweth 'ongumKristu, e-1932, bamisa iphephandaba elikhuthaza izimfundiso zamaKatolika ezihambisana nobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle. Le mibhalo yabangela "Ukuguquka Kwemvelo" kanye nokusiza esontweni ekuhlinzekeni izindlu zabampofu. Imiphakathi engamakhulu amabili ekugcineni yasungulwa kulo lonke elase-United States, ne-28 kwamanye amazwe. Usuku lwaluhlala kwenye yalezi zindlu zokungenisa izihambi ngenkathi ekhuthaza ukusekelwa ngokubhala izincwadi mayelana nokuphila kwakhe nenjongo yakhe. I-Catholic Worker Movement iphikisana neWWII, kanti uSuku waboshwa ku-1973 ngokubonisa impi yaseVietnam ngenkathi esekela i-United Farm Workers eCalifornia. Ukuphila kwakhe kwaphefumulela abaningi, kuhlanganise neVatican. Usuku libhekwa njengomuntu ozokhethwa ukukhansela kusukela ku-2000.

Novemba 9. Ngalolu suku ku-1989 i-Wall yaseBerlin yaqala ukuqothulwa, efanekisela ukuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Lolu usuku oluhle lokukhumbula ukuthi ukushintsha okusheshayo kungafika nokuthi ukuthula okukhona kuyatholakala kanjani. Ku-1961, udonga oluhlukanisa umuzi waseBerlin lwakhiwa ukuvimbela "ama-fascists" aseNtshonalanga, nokulawula ukukhubazeka kwezigidi zabasebenzi abasha kanye nezifundiswa ezivela e-Communist East Germany. Inombolo yocingo nemigwaqo yaqedwa, futhi abantu bahlukaniswa nemisebenzi yabo, imindeni yabo, nabathandekayo babo. Udonga lwabe lufanekisela iMpi Yomshoshaphansi phakathi kwama-Western Allies kanye neSoviet Union elandela iWWII. Njengoba abantu be-5,000 bakwazi ukuphunyuka odongeni, kunemizamo eminingi ehlulekile. Udonga lwakhiwa kabusha ngaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi, futhi luqiniswa nguchungechunge lwezindonga kuze kufike ku-15 ft. Ubude, ukukhanyisa okukhulu, izicingo zamagesi, abalindi abahlomile emibhoshongweni yokubuka, izinja zokuhlasela, namagumbi emigodi. Abaqaphi baseMpumalanga Jalimane bahlelwe ukuba badubule lapho bebona noma ubani ophikisana nodonga, noma ezama ukubalekela. ISoviet Union yahlushwa ngokwezomnotho, izinguquko emazweni afana nePoland neHungary azuza phansi, futhi imizamo yokuthula yokuqeda iCold War yaqhubeka. Izimpikiswano ezikhulayo zomphakathi zombili eJalimane nasezungezile zaholela emizamweni yokuqeda udonga olusentshonalanga. Umholi waseMpumalanga Jalimane, u-Erich Honecker, ekugcineni wasula, futhi u-Gunter Schabowski osemthethweni wamemezela ngezehlakalo ukuthi "ukufuduka unomphela" eMpumalanga Jalimane kwakungenzeka. AmaJalimane aseMpumalanga asehlisiwe aya emdongeni njengoba abalindi bemi, bedidekile njengabanye. Izinkulungwane zabe sezibuthela odongeni, zigubha inkululeko yabo nokubuyisana. Abaningi baqala ukuxosha odongeni ngezintambo, izinsiza,. . . futhi nethemba lokungabikho izindonga.

Novemba 10. Ngalolu suku ngo-1936 amabutho okuthula okuqala emhlabeni, i-International Voluntary Service for Peace (IVSP), afika eBombay eholwa nguPierre Ceresole. UCeresole wayengumuntu olwela inkululeko waseSwitzerland owayenqabile ukukhokha izintela ezazisetshenziselwa izingalo, futhi wayechithe isikhathi esithile ejele. Wasungula i-Service Civil International (SCI) ngo-1920 ukuhlinzeka ngamavolontiya ezinkanjini zomsebenzi zamazwe omhlaba ezindaweni ezithintwe izinhlekelele zemvelo nezingxabano. Wamenywa nguMohandas Gandhi ukuba eze eNdiya, kwathi ngo-1934, 1935, nango-1936, le nhlangano yasebenza e-India ngokwakha kabusha ngemuva kokuzamazama komhlaba ngo-1934 eNepal-Bihar. Le nhlangano yakhula eminyakeni eyishumi eyalandela, kwathi uCeresole washona ngo-1945. Ngo-1948, izinhlangano eziningana zamazwe ngamazwe zokuthula zahlanganiswa ndawonye ngaphansi kobuholi obasanda kusungulwa be-United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). I-SCI yayiphakathi kwabo. Ngo-1970 i-SCI yazihlela kabusha ngokubeka izinga lokushintshana kwamavolontiya emhlabeni wonke. Iphinde yanda ngokususelwa emakamu okusetshenzwa kuwo ukubonisa imiphumela yezombusazwe yokuthula komhlaba wonke. Isasebenzisa amavolontiya namuhla, imigomo ye-SCI ifaka phakathi: ukungabi nodlame, amalungelo abantu, ubumbano, ukuhlonipha imvelo kanye nezinhlelo zemvelo, ukufakwa kwabo bonke abantu ababelana ngezinhloso zalo mkhankaso, ukunika amandla abantu ukuguqula izakhiwo ezithinta izimpilo zabo, kanye nokubambisana ukusebenza nababambiqhaza bendawo, bakazwelonke nabamazwe omhlaba. Amaqembu asebenzayo, ngokwesibonelo, asungulwa ezifundeni zomsebenzi wentuthuko yamazwe omhlaba kanye nemfundo ebhekelela abokufika, ababaleki, ukushintshana kwe-East-West, ubulili, ukungasebenzi kwentsha, kanye nemvelo. I-SCI iyaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla, eyaziwa njenge-International Voluntary Service emazweni amaningi akhuluma isiNgisi.

Novemba 11. Ngalolu suku ku-1918, ngehora le-11 ngosuku lwe-11 lwenyanga ye-11, iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala yaphela ngohlelo. Abantu kulo lonke elaseYurophu ngokungazelelwe bayeka ukudubulana. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, bebebulala futhi bethatha izinhlamvu, bewa futhi bememeza, bekhala futhi befa. Bese bema. Kwakungekhona ukuthi babekhathele noma babuyelwe yingqondo. Kokubili ngaphambi nangemva kwehora le-11 babemane balandela imiyalo. Isivumelwano se-Armistice esaphela iMpi Yezwe I sasibeke ihora le-11 njengesikhathi sokuyeka, kwathi kwabulawa noma kwalimala amadoda ayi-11,000 phakathi kokusayinwa kwe-Armistice nokusebenza kwayo. Kepha lelo hora eminyakeni eyalandela, lowo mzuzu wokuphela kwempi okwakumele iqede yonke impi, lowomzuzu owawusususe umgubho womhlaba wonke wenjabulo kanye nokubuyiselwa kokufana kwengqondo, waba yisikhathi ukuthula, ukukhala kwensimbi, ukukhumbula, nokuzinikela ekuqedeni yonke impi. Yilokho okwakuyi-Armistice Day. Kwakungekhona ukugubha impi noma kwalabo ababamba iqhaza empini, kodwa okomzuzwana impi isiphelile. ICongress yase-US yadlulisa isinqumo soSuku Lwabakwa-Armistice ngo-1926 esasifuna “izivivinyo ezenzelwe ukuthuthukisa ukuthula ngentando enhle nangokuqondana.” Amanye amazwe asalubiza ngoSuku Lokukhumbula, kepha i-United States yalubiza kabusha ngokuthi i-Veterans Day ngo-1954. Kwabaningi, lolu suku akuselona lokujabulisa ukuphela kwempi kepha selungokuncoma impi nobuzwe. Singakhetha ukubuyisela usuku lwe-Armistice kunencazelo yalo yasekuqaleni. OKWENGEZIWE NGESUKU LE-ARMISTICE.

November 12. Ngalolu suku ku-1984 iZizwe Ezihlangene zadlulisa iSimemezelo Ngesokudla Sabantu Ukuthula. UMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wenhlangano Yezizwe wamukela iSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu ngoDisemba 10, 1948. Kuselitshe legumbi legunya le-UN, futhi limemezela ukuthi ilungelo lokuphila libalulekile. Kepha kuze kwaba ngo-1984 lapho kwavela khona iSimemezelo Sokulwela Abantu Ukuthula. Ithi “impilo ngaphandle kwempi isebenza njengemfuneko eyinhloko yamazwe omhlaba jikelele. . . inhlalakahle yezinto ezibonakalayo, intuthuko nenqubekela phambili. . . kanye nokuqaliswa ngokuphelele kwamalungelo nenkululeko yabantu eyisisekelo emenyezelwe yiZizwe Ezihlangene, ”ukuthi“ kungumsebenzi ongcwele ”futhi“ kuyisibopho esiyisisekelo ”soMbuso ngamunye ukuthi“ izinqubomgomo zezwe ziqondiswe ekuqedeni usongo sempi ”futhi“ ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukunqanda inhlekelele yenuzi yomhlaba wonke. ” I-UN ibe nobunzima obukhulu ekwakheni nasekusebenziseni lesi simemezelo. Mkhulu umsebenzi owenziwe kule minyaka edlule, ikakhulukazi nguMkhandlu Wamalungelo Esintu, wokubuyekeza lesi simemezelo, kepha konke lokho kubuyekezwa kwehlulekile ukwedlula ngobuningi obanele ngoba amazwe enuzi ayenqabile. NgoDisemba 19, 2016, inguqulo eyenziwe lula yaba nevoti labangu-131 abavuna, abangu-34 baphikisana nabangu-19. Ku-2018, bekusaphikiswana ngakho. Abaphenyi abakhethekile be-UN bavakashela izimo ezithile emazweni ahlukahlukene ukuphenya izehlakalo ezithile zokwephulwa kwamalungelo atholakala eSimemezelweni Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu, futhi kunenhlangano yokuqoka uMqophisi oKhethekile ngeLungelo Lomuntu Lokuthula, kodwa lokho akukakabi khona kwenziwe.

Novemba 13. Ngalolu suku ku-1891 i-International Peace Bureau yasungulwa eRoma nguFredrik Bajer. Kusasebenza, inhloso yayo ukusebenzela ukuthola "izwe elingenayo impi." Eminyakeni yayo yokuqala le nhlangano yafeza izinhloso zayo njengomxhumanisi wenhlangano yokuthula emhlabeni jikelele, kwathi ngo-1910 yathola indondo yeNobel Peace Prize. Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe I, i-League of Nations nezinye izinhlangano zehlisa ukubaluleka kwayo, futhi yamisa imisebenzi yayo phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Ngo-1959, izimpahla zayo zanikezwa i-International Liaison Committee of Organisations for Peace (ILCOP). ILCOP iqambe unobhala wayo waseGeneva ngokuthi yi-International Peace Bureau. I-IPB inezinhlangano ezingamalungu ezingama-300 emazweni angama-70, isebenza njengesixhumanisi sezinhlangano ezisebenza kumaphrojekthi afanayo, futhi ikwamanye amakomidi ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweNhlangano Yezizwe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amalungu amaningi ebhodi le-IPB athole uMklomelo Wokuthula KaNobel. Amalungiselelo ezempi anemiphumela emibi kakhulu, hhayi kulabo ababanjwe yimpi kuphela, kodwa nasenqubeni yentuthuko esimeme, nezinhlelo ezikhona ze-IPB zigxile ekunciphiseni izikhali zentuthuko esimeme. I-IPB igxile kakhulu ekwabiweni kabusha kwemali esetshenziselwe ezempi kumaphrojekthi omphakathi nasekuvikelweni kwemvelo. I-International Peace Bureau inethemba lokuthi izolususa phansi usizo losizo lwamazwe omhlaba, isekela imikhankaso eminingana yokulwa nokulwa nezikhali, kubandakanya nokuncishiswa kwezikhali zenuzi, futhi inikeze imininingwane ngobukhulu bezomnotho bezikhali nezingxabano. I-IPB isungule i-Global Day of Action on Military Spending in 2011, isebenza ukunciphisa umthelela nokuthengiswa kwezikhali ezincane, amabhomu agqitshwayo, izigaxa zeqoqo kanye ne-uranium eseyaphela, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka.

Novemba 14. Ngalolu suku ku-1944 eFrance, u-Marie-Marthe Dortel-Claudot noMbhishobhi uPierre-Marie Theas bahlongoza umbono kaPax Christi. I-Pax Christi ngesiLatini isho “Ukuthula KukaKristu.” UPapa Pius XII ngo-1952 wakwamukela njengenhlangano esemthethweni yokuthula yamaKatolika yamazwe omhlaba. Kwaqala njengenhlangano yokusebenzela ukubuyisana phakathi kwabantu baseFrance nabaseJalimane ngemuva kweMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba ngokuhlelwa kwamahambo wokuthula, futhi yanabela nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Yakhula yaba “yimpi yokuthandazela ukuthula phakathi kwazo zonke izizwe.” Iqale ukugxila kumalungelo abantu, ezokuphepha, ukuphucwa izikhali, kanye nokuncishiswa kwempi. Manje inezinhlangano ezingamalungu eziyi-120 emhlabeni jikelele. I-Pax Christi International isuselwe enkolelweni yokuthi ukuthula kungenzeka, futhi ibheka izimbangela nemiphumela ebhubhisayo yezingxabano ezinobudlova nempi. Umbono wayo ngukuthi “imijikelezo emibi yobudlova nokungabi nabulungisa kungagqashuka.” I-International Secretariat yayo iseBrussels futhi kunezahluko emazweni amaningi. UPax Christi wabamba iqhaza ekwesekeni ababhikishi enhlanganweni elwela amalungelo abantu eMississippi, esiza ekuhleleni ukuduba kwamabhizinisi ayebandlulula abamnyama. UPax Christi usebenza ngokusiza ukuxhumana nezinye izinhlangano ezibandakanyeka enhlanganweni yokuthula, ekhuthaza ukunyakaza emhlabeni wonke, nokwakha amandla ezinhlangano ezingamalungu zomsebenzi wokuthula ongenalo udlame. UPax Christi unesikhundla sokubonisana njengenhlangano engekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni kwiNhlangano Yezizwe futhi uthi “uletha izwi lenhlangano yomphakathi eSontweni LamaKatolika, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi uhambisa izimiso zeSonto LamaKatolika ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi.” Ngo-1983, uPax Christi International wanikezwa i-UNESCO Peace Education Prize.

Novemba 15. Ngalolu suku ku-1920 iPhalamende yokuqala yomhlaba wonke, i-League of Nations, yahlangana eGeneva. Umqondo wokuphepha ngokuhlanganyela wawumusha, umkhiqizo wezinto ezishaqisayo zeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ukuhlonishwa kobuqotho nokuzimela kwawo wonke amalungu, nokuthi angajoyina kanjani ukuwavikela ekuhlaselweni, kwakhulunywa ngakho eSivumelwaneni esaba nomphumela. Izinhlangano zokubambisana ezifana ne-Universal Postal Union nezinye izinhlaka zempilo yezenhlalo nezomnotho zasungulwa, futhi amalungu avumelana ngezinto ezifana nezokuthutha nokuxhumana, ubudlelwano bezohwebo, ezempilo kanye nokuqashwa kokuhwebelana ngezikhali kwamazwe omhlaba. Kwamiswa i-Secretariat eGeneva kwabe sekusungulwa i-Assembly yawo wonke amalungu, kanye noMkhandlu owakhiwe ngabamele i-United States, Great Britain, France, Italy, kanye ne Japan njengamalungu anomphela, nabanye abane bekhethwe yiPhalamende. Kodwa-ke, isihlalo se-United States eMkhandlwini asizange sihlale muntu. I-United States ayizange ijoyine i-League, lapho yayizoba khona phakathi kwabalinganayo. Lesi bekuyisiphakamiso esihluke kakhulu kunaleso sokujoyina iZizwe Ezihlangene zakamuva, lapho i-United States namanye amazwe amane banikezwa amandla okuvota. Lapho kugqashuka iMpi Yezwe II, asizange sidluliselwe isicelo seNhlangano. Ayikho imihlangano yoMkhandlu noma yoMkhandlu eyenzeka ngesikhathi sempi. Umsebenzi wezomnotho nezenhlalakahle weLigi waqhutshwa ngezinga elilinganiselwe, kepha umsebenzi wayo wezepolitiki wawusuzophela. INhlangano Yezizwe, enezinhlaka eziningi ezifana neNhlangano, yasungulwa ngo-1945. Ngo-1946, iNhlangano Yezizwe yaqedwa ngokusemthethweni.

Novemba 16. Ngalolu suku ku-1989, abapristi abathathu nabanye abantu ababili babulawa yizempi yaseSalvador. Impi yombango e-El Salvador, ngo-1980-1992, yabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-75,000, kwasala abangu-8,000 1992 futhi abayisigidi basala dengwane. I-United Nations Truth Commission eyasungulwa ngonyaka we-95 yathola ukuthi amaphesenti angama-16 okuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu okurekhodwe ngesikhathi sempi enziwa ngamasosha aseSalvador ngokumelene nezakhamizi ezihlala ikakhulu emiphakathini yasemakhaya ezazisolwa ngokuxhasa abashokobezi abangasekho. Ngomhla ka-1989 kuNovemba 1992, amasosha aseSalvadoran Army abulala amaJesuit u-Ignacio Ellacuría, u-Ignacio Martín-Baró, uSegundo Montes, u-Amando López, uJuan Ramón Moreno noJoaquín López, kanye no-Elba Ramos nendodakazi yakhe eyeve eshumini nambili uCelina lapho babehlala khona kaJose Simeon Canas Central American University eSan Salvador. Izakhi zeqembu eliphakeme elaziwa kakhulu i-Atlacatl Battalion zigasele kule khampasi ngemiyalelo yokubulala umphathi wayo, u-Ignacio Ellacuría, nokuthi kungashiyi bufakazi. AmaJesuit ayesolwa ngokusebenzisana namabutho amavukelambuso futhi ayekade evume izingxoxo zokuthi kuphele izingxoxo zombango neFarabundo Marti National Liberation Front, (FMLN). Lokhu kubulala kudonse amehlo omhlaba wonke emizamweni yamaJesuit nokwandisa ingcindezi yamazwe omhlaba yokunqanda ukulwa. Lesi ngesinye sezindawo ezibalulekile zokuguqula ezaholela ekuxazululeni izimpi okuxoxiswene ngazo. Isivumelwano sokuthula sayiqeda impi ngonyaka we-XNUMX, kepha abacabanga ukuthi bangongqondongqondo bababulali abakaze babhekane nengalo yomthetho. Abahlanu bamaJesuit ababulawa kwakuyizakhamizi zaseSpain. Abashushisi baseSpain sekunesikhathi eside befuna ukukhishwa e-El Salvador kwamalungu abalulekile emkhosini omkhulu wezempi othintekayo ekufeni.

Novemba 17. Kulolu suku ku-1989 i-Velvet Revolution, ukukhululwa okunokuthula kweCzechoslovakia, kwaqala ngomjikelezo womfundi. ICzechoslovakia yabizwa yiSoviets elandela iWWII. Ngama-1948, izinqubomgomo zeMarxist-Leninist zaziphoqelekile kuzo zonke izikole, abezindaba bebekwe ucwaningo ngokuqinile, futhi amabhizinisi alawulwa uhulumeni wamaKhomanisi. Noma yikuphi ukuphikiswa kwahlangana nokuhlukumezeka kwamaphoyisa ngokumelene nalabo bobabili ababhikishi nemindeni yabo kuze kube yilapho inkulumo yamahhala ivaliwe. Inkokheli yamaSoviet yaseMikhail Gorbachev yanciphisa isimo sezombusazwe cishe phakathi kwe-1980s ehola abafundi ukuba bahlele imakethe yokukhumbula okuhlonishwayo ngokuhlonipha umfundi owashonile eminyakeni engu-50 ngaphambili emkhankasweni wokulwa nomsebenzi wamaNazi. Isishoshovu saseCzechoslovakian, umbhali kanye nomdlali we-playwright u-Vaclav Havel nabo bahlele i-Civic Forum ukubuyisela izwe nge "Velvet Revolution" yokubhikisha okunokuthula. I-Havel isetshenziselwa ukubambisana komhlaba ngokuxhumana nabantu abanobuciko bokudlala kanye nabaculi abaholela eqenjini elibanzi labasebenzi bezishoshovu. Njengoba abafundi baqala ngoNovemba 17th, baphinde bahlangatshezwa ukushaywa ngonya kwamaphoyisa. I-Civic Forum yaqhubeka imakethe, icela izakhamuzi ukuthi zibuyele emuva emfundweni yokulwa namalungelo omphakathi kanye nenkulumo yamahhala evunyelwe ngaphansi kokubusa kwamaKhomanisi. Inani labadayisi lakhula liphuma ku-200,000 kuya ku-500,000, futhi laqhubeka kuze kube yilapho kuningi kakhulu ukuthi amaphoyisa aqukathe. NgoNovemba 27^th, abasebenzi bezwe lonke baya esitelekeni, bajoyina abadayisi abacela ukuphela kokucindezelwa okukhulu kwamaKhomanisi. Leli hambo elinokuthula laholela ekutheni lonke umbuso wamaKhomanisi uhlehlise ngoDisemba. U-Vaclav Havel wakhetha umongameli weCzechoslovakia ku-1990, ukhetho lokuqala lokubusa ngentando yeningi kusukela ku-1946.

Novemba 18. Ngalolu suku ku-1916 i-Battle of the Somme iphelile. Lokhu kwakuyimpi yeMpi Yezwe I phakathi kweJalimane, ngakolunye uhlangothi, neFrance noMbuso WaseBrithani (kubandakanya amabutho avela eCanada, e-Australia, eNew Zealand, eNingizimu Afrika, naseNewfoundland) ngakolunye uhlangothi. Impi yenzeke osebeni loMfula iSomme eFrance, futhi yayiqale ngoJulayi 1. Uhlangothi ngalunye lwalunezizathu zamasu empi, kepha alunakuzivikela kokuziphatha. Amadoda ayizigidi ezintathu alwa wodwa emiseleni ephethe izibhamu, negesi enobuthi, futhi - okokuqala - amathangi. Kwabulawa amadoda angaba ngu-164,000, kwathi amanye alimala cishe angama-400,000. Akekho kubo owayebizwa ngemihlatshelo ngenhloso ethile ekhazimulayo. Akukho okuhle okwaphuma empini noma empini ukukala ukulimala. Amathangi afinyelela ijubane lawo eliphezulu lamamayela ama-4 ngehora bese evame ukufa. Amathangi ayeshesha ukwedlula abantu, ababekade behlela impi kusukela ngo-1915. Amakhulu amabhanoyi kanye nabashayeli bawo nabo babhujiswa empini, lapho uhlangothi olulodwa lwadlulela ebangeni eliphelele lamamayela ayi-6 kepha alutholanga nzuzo ebalulekile. Impi yaqhubeka kulo lonke ubuze bayo obuhle. Njengoba kunikezwe isifiso somuntu sokucabanga ngezifiso, kanye namathuluzi enkulumo-ze akhula ngokushesha ngaleso sikhathi, ukwesaba okukhulu nokukalwa kwempi kwaholela abaningi ekuzameni ukukholelwa ukuthi ngasizathu simbe le mpi izophelisa isikhungo sempi. Kepha-ke, abadali bempi (izimboni zezikhali, osopolitiki abenza amandla, abathanda udlame, kanye nabasebenzi bezemisebenzi nabaphathi abazohamba njengokuyalelwa) bonke basala.

Novemba 19. Kulolu suku ku-1915 Joe Hill wabulawa, kodwa akazange afe. UJoe Hill wayengumhleli Wezisebenzi Zomhlaba Wezwe (IWW), inyunyana enkulu eyaziwa ngokuthi iWobblies eyamelana ne-American Federation of Labour (AFL) nokusekelwa kwayo nge-capitalism. U-Hill wayengumdwebi wezithombe ezinomdwebo kanye nomlobi omkhulu wezincwadi owagqugquzela abasebenzi abanobuthakathaka nabanelisekile kuzo zonke izimboni, kubandakanya abesifazane nabokufika, ukujoyina ndawonye. Uphinde wabhala izingoma eziningi ezisetshenziselwa imibhikisho ye-IWW ehlanganisa "Umshumayeli Nenceku," nokuthi "Kukhona Amandla Enhlanganweni." Ukuphikiswa ku-IWW kwakunzima kakhulu kulo lonke elalisentshonalanga elondolozayo kuma-1900 okuqala, futhi amalungu alo babhekwa njengezitha ngamaphoyisa nakwezombangazwe. Lapho umnikazi wesitolo esitolo ebulawa ngesikhathi ephanga eSalt Lake City, uJoe Hill wayehambele esibhedlela esiseduze ngobusuku obufanayo ngesigameko sokudubula. Lapho u-Hill enqaba ukudalula ukuthi udutshulwa kanjani, amaphoyisa ammangalele ngokubulala umnikazi wesitolo. Kuthiwa kamuva kutholakale ukuthi uHill wadutshulwa yindoda eyayingumfana ofanayo no-Hill. Naphezu kokuntuleka kobufakazi, kanye nokweseka ukuxhaswa kwe-IWW, Hill yagwetshwa futhi yagwetshwa ukufa. E-telegram eya ku-IWW uMsunguli omkhulu uBill Hayward, u-Hill wabhala: "Musa ukuchitha noma nini isikhathi sokulila. Hlela! "Lawa mazwi abe yi-motto yokubambisana. U-Alfred Hayes wabhala inkondlo ethi "Joe Hill," eyabekwa kumculo ku-1936 ngu-Earl Robinson. Amagama athi "Ngiphupha ukuthi ngibone uJoe Hill ebusuku ebusuku" usakhuthaza abasebenzi.

Novemba 20. Kulolu suku ku-1815 isivumelwano Sokuthula saseParis sagcina izimpi zaseNapoleonic. Umsebenzi walesi sivumelwano waqala ezinyangeni ezinhlanu emva kokuvalelwa kukaNapoleon I okokuqala kanye nokuvalelwa kwesibili kukaNapoleon Bonaparte ngo-1814. NgoFebhuwari, 1815, uNapoleon weqa ekudingisweni kwakhe esiqhingini sase-Elba. Ungene eParis ngoMashi 20 futhi waqala izinsuku eziyikhulu zokubusa kwakhe okubuyiselwe. Ezinsukwini ezine ngemuva kokwehlulwa kwakhe eMpini yaseWaterloo, uNapoleon wancengwa ukuthi abuye esikhundleni, ngoJuni 22. INkosi uLouis XVIII, eyayibalekile ezweni lapho uNapoleon efika eParis, yathatha isihlalo sobukhosi okwesibili ngoJulayi 8. Lesi sivumelwano sokuthula sasiyisibanzi kunazo zonke ezake zabonwa yiYurophu. Kwakunemigomo ejezisa kakhulu kunesivumelwano sonyaka owedlule okwakuxoxiswane ngaso noMaurice de Talleyrand. IFrance yayalelwa ukuthi ikhokhe ama-franc ayizigidi ezingama-700 ezikhokhweni. Imingcele yaseFrance yehliselwa esimweni sayo se-1790. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iFrance bekufanele ikhokhe imali ukukhokhela izindleko zokuhlinzeka ngezinqaba zokuzivikela ezizokwakhiwa amazwe ayisikhombisa angomakhelwane weCoalition. Ngaphansi kwemibandela yesivumelwano sokuthula, izingxenye zeFrance zazizothathwa amasosha afika ku-150,000 iminyaka emihlanu, iFrance ibhekelele izindleko; kodwa-ke, umsebenzi wobumbano wabonwa udingekile iminyaka emithathu kuphela. Ngaphezu kwesivumelwano sokuthula esiqondile phakathi kweFrance neGreat Britain, i-Austria, iPrussia neRussia, kwakukhona eminye imihlangano emine futhi isenzo esiqinisekisa ukungathathi hlangothi kweSwitzerland esisayinwe ngosuku olufanayo.

November 21. Kulolu suku ku-1990 iMpi Yomshoshaphansi iphelile ngokusemthethweni ne-Paris Charter ye-Europe entsha. I-Paris Charter yaba umphumela womhlangano wohulumeni abaningi baseYurophu naseCanada, e-United States nase-USSR, eParis, kusukela ngoNovemba 19-21, 1990. UMikhail Gorbachev, ongumgqugquzeli oguquguqukayo, ube esebenzile eSoviet Union futhi wafaka izinqubomgomo ze glasnost (ukuvuleka) futhi i-perestroika (ukuhlela kabusha). Kusukela ngoJuni ka-1989 kuya kuDisemba 1991, kusukela ePoland kuya eRussia, umbuso wobushiqela wobukhomanisi wehla ngamunye ngamunye. Ekwindla ka-1989, amaJalimane aseMpumalanga nawaseNtshonalanga ayediliza udonga lwaseBerlin. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa, uBoris Yeltsin, umholi owayedakwa yi-US Soviet Republic Republic, wathatha izintambo. ISoviet Union ne-Iron Curtain kwahlakazeka. Abantu baseMelika babephila ngesiko leCold War elalibandakanya ukuzingelwa kwabathakathi baseMcCarthyist, izindawo zokukhosela amabhomu ngemuva, umjaho wasemkhathini kanye nenkinga yemicibisholo. Izinkulungwane zezimpilo zase-US kanye nezigidi ezingezona ezase-US bezilahlekile ezimpini ezazivunyelwa ukubhekana nobukhomanisi. Kwakunomoya wethemba nenjabulo phezu kwe-Charter, ngisho namaphupho okwehliswa kwamandla kanye nenzuzo yokuthula. Isimo asihlalanga. I-US kanye nabalingani bayo baqhubeke nokuncika ezinhlanganweni ezifana ne-NATO nezindlela ezindala zezomnotho esikhundleni sombono omusha onezinhlelo ezibandakanya kakhulu. Izwe laseMelika lathembisa abaholi baseRussia ukuthi abazoyandisa i-NATO ngasempumalanga, kepha kusukela lapho benze lokho kanye. Ngidinga i-raison d'etre entsha, i-NATO yaya empini eYugoslavia, ibeka isibonelo sezimpi zombuso zakusasa e-Afghanistan naseLibya, kanye nokuqhubeka kwempi ebandayo enenzuzo enkulu kubathengisi bezikhali.

Novemba 22. Ngalolu suku ku-1963, uMengameli uJohn F. Kennedy wabulawa. Uhulumeni wase-US wamisa ikhomishana ekhethekile yokuphenya, kodwa iziphetho zalo zazibhekwa njengento engathandabuziyo uma kungenakwenzeka. Ukukhonza e-Warren Commission kwakungu-Allen Dulles, owayengumqondisi we-CIA owayesuswe nguKennedy, futhi abaningi ababukeka njengabanye abasolwa. Leli qembu lihlanganisa u-E. Howard Hunt owavuma ekubandakanyekeni kwakhe futhi ebizwa ngokuthi abanye embhedeni wakhe wokufa. KuMongameli we-2017 uDonald Trump, ngesicelo se-CIA, ngokungemthetho nangencazelo, wagcina izimfihlo ezihlukahlukene ze-JFK zokubulala ezahlelwe ukuthi zizokhishwa ekugcineni. Izincwadi ezimbili ezithandwayo nezithandwayo kule ndaba yiJim Douglass ' I-JFK ne-Unrepeable, noDavid Talbot's I-Chessboard kaDeveli. UKennedy wayengeyena umuntu olwela impi, kepha wayengeyena umbutho wezempi abanye ababefuna. Wayengeke alwe neCuba noma iSoviet Union noma iVietnam noma i-East Germany noma izinhlangano zokuzimela e-Afrika. Ukhuthaze ukuphucwa izikhali nokuthula. Wayekhuluma ngokubambisana noKhrushchev, njengoba uMongameli uDwight Eisenhower wayezamile ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa kwe-U2. UKennedy wayebuye abe ngumphikisi weWall Street i-CIA eyayinomkhuba wokugumbuqela onhlokodolobha bangaphandle. UKennedy wayesebenzela ukunciphisa inzuzo kawoyela ngokuvala izintuba zentela. Wayevumela ezombusazwe ezisele e-Italy ukuthi zibambe iqhaza emandleni. Uvimbele ukunyuka kwamanani ezinkampani zensimbi. Akunandaba ukuthi ngubani owabulala uKennedy, emashumini eminyaka alandelayo, abaningi babalule izenzo eziningi zokuhlonipha i-CIA namasosha ngosopolitiki eWashington njengokukhombisa ukusola nokwesaba.

Novemba 23. Ngalolu suku ku-1936, uCarl von Ossietzky, intatheli eyaziwa kakhulu yaseJalimane ne-pacifist, wanikezwa iNew Priel Peace Prize ngokuphindaphindiwe ngonyaka we-1935. U-Ossietzky wayezalwe ngo-1889 eHamburg, futhi wayengumuntu othanda ukulwa onamandla onekhono lokubhala. Wayekanye noKurt Tucholsky - umsunguli weFriedensbundes der Kriegsteilnehmer (umfelandawonye wokuthula wababambe iqhaza empini), inhlangano yeNie Wieder Krieg (Ayikho Impi), kanye nomhleli omkhulu weDie Weltbühne yamasonto onke (Isiteji somhlaba) . Ngemuva kokudalula ukuqeqeshwa kwamasosha okungavunyelwe ngaleso sikhathi kweReichswehr, u-Ossietzky wabekwa icala ekuqaleni kuka-1931 ngokuvukela umbuso kanye nobunhloli. Ngisho nalapho abaningi bezama ukumkholisa ukuba abaleke, wenqaba, wathi uzoboshwa futhi uzoba yisiboniso esiphikisayo kakhulu esiphikisana nesigwebo esinepolitiki. Ngo-28th kaFebhuwari 1933 u-Ossietzky waphinde waboshwa, kulokhu ngamaNazi. Wathunyelwa ekamu lokuhlushwa lapho aphathwa khona kabi kakhulu. Ukuhlupheka kwadlondlobala kwesifo sofuba, wakhululwa ngo-1936 kodwa akazange avunyelwe ukuya e-Oslo eyokwamukela umklomelo wakhe. ITime Magazine yabhala: “Uma kwenzeka umuntu esebenza, walwela futhi wahlupheka efuna ukuthula, yiJalimane elincane eligulayo, uCarl von Ossietzky. Cishe unyaka iKomidi Lomklomelo Wokuthula KaNobel ligcwele izicelo ezivela kubo bonke oSonxiwankulu, abakwaLiberal kanye nabantu ababhaliwe ngokujwayelekile, beqoka uCarl von Ossietzky woMklomelo Wokuthula ka-1935. Isiqubulo sabo: 'Thumela Umklomelo Wokuthula Ekamu Lokuhlushwa.' ”U-Ossietzky washona ngoMeyi 4, 1936 esibhedlela saseWestend eBerlin-Charlottenburg.

Novemba 24. Kulolu suku ku-2016, ngemva kweminyaka engu-50 yempi neminyaka eyi-4 yokuxoxisana, uhulumeni waseColombia wasayina isivumelwano sokuthula ne-Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). Impi yayithathe impilo ye-200,000 Colombian futhi yahamba nabantu abayizigidi ezingu-7 ezweni labo. UMengameli waseColombia wanikezwa iNobel Peace Prize, nakuba abathandana naye ngokuthula babengekho. Kodwa-ke, lezi zihlubuki zithatha izinyathelo ezibalulekile ekulandeleni ngempela isivumelwano ngaphandle kwalawo ohulumeni. Kwakuyinkimbinkimbi eyinkimbinkimbi, ukuhlinzekela ukulwa nezikhali, ukubuyiswa kabusha, ukushintshwa kweziboshwa, ukuxolelwa, izinkolelo zeqiniso, ukuguqulwa kobunikazi bomhlaba kanye nokuxhaswa kwabalimi ukuba bakhule izitshalo ngaphandle kwezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni. Uhulumeni ngokuvamile uhlulekile ukulandela, futhi wephule isivumelwano ngokulahla ukukhulula iziboshwa, nangokuqothula iziboshwa e-United States. Ama-FARC avuselelwe amandla, kodwa ukuvuthwa okuvela ekugcineni kwagcwaliswa ubudlova obusha, ukudayisa izidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni, nokumbiwa kwegolide okungekho emthethweni. Uhulumeni akazange akhuphukele ukuvikela izakhamizi, aphinde aphinde avuselele abaqaphi bezempi, aqinisekise ukuphepha kwabangaphambili bezempi, noma ukugqugquzela ukuthuthukiswa komnotho ezindaweni zasemaphandleni. Uhulumeni futhi wagxila ekwakheni ikhomishani yeqiniso kanye nenkantolo ekhethekile ukuzama abantu ngamacala obugebengu. Ukwenza ukuthula akusona isenzo somzuzwana, nakuba umzuzwana ungaba ukhiye. Izwe elingenayo impi liyisinyathelo esikhulu, kodwa ukwehluleka ukuqeda ubudlova nokungabi nabulungisa kwenza kube khona ukulwa kwempi. I-Colombia, njengamanye amazwe, idinga ukuzibophezela okuqotho enkulumweni yokugcina ukuthula, hhayi nje izimemezelo ezikhazimulayo nemiklomelo.

Novemba 25. Lolu suku yiLusuku Lwamanye amazwe Lokuqeda Udlame Olubhekiswe Kwabesifazane. Futhi ngalolu suku ku-1910, u-Andrew Carnegie wamisa i-Endowment for Peace International. Isimemezelo Sokuqeda Udlame Olubhekiswe Kwabesifazane sakhishwa yi-UN General Assembly ku-1993. Lichaza udlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane ngokuthi "noma yisiphi isenzo sobudlova obusekelwe ngokobulili obuholela, noma kungenzeka ukuthi kubangele, ukulimala ngokomzimba, ngokobulili noma kwengqondo noma ukuhlupheka kwabesifazane, kufaka phakathi izinsongo zalezo zenzo, ukuphoqelela noma ukulahlwa ngokukhululeka kwenkululeko, noma ngabe okwenzeka emphakathini noma empilweni yangasese. "Ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yamantombazane namantombazane emhlabeni ahlangabezane nobudlova obungokwenyama, ngokobulili noma ngokwengqondo ekuphileni kwabo. Umthombo omkhulu walolu dlova yimpi, lapho ukudlwengulwa ngezinye izikhathi kuyisikhali, futhi lapho iningi lalabo abahlukunyezwe yizizwe ezibandakanya abesifazane nabantwana. I-Carnegie Endowment yokuThuthukiswa kwamazwe ngamazwe inethiwekhi yezikhungo zokucwaninga inqubomgomo. Kwasungulwa ku-1910 ngenhloso yokuqeda impi, okwathi ngemva kwalokho kuyona ukucacisa into yesibili eyingozi kunazo zonke abantu abenzayo futhi basebenze ukuqeda lokho. Emashumini eminyaka okuqala okukhona, i-Endowment igxile ekwephuleni impi, ekwakheni ubungane bomhlaba wonke, nokuthuthukiswa kwezikhali. Yasebenza, njengoba kudingwa ngumdali wayo, ngokuya emgomweni wokugcina wokuqedwa okuphelele. Kodwa njengoba isiko laseNtshonalanga livamile impi, i-Endowment iye yaqala ukusebenza kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezimbangela ezinhle, ekuqedeni okungeyona, hhayi empi, kodwa ngomsebenzi wayo oyedwa wokuqala wokulwa nokulwa.

Novemba 26. Ngalolu suku ku-1832, uDkt. Mary Edwards Walker wazalwa e-Oswego, NY. Izingubo zamadoda bezisebenza epulazini lomndeni, futhi okunye kokuqina kwakhe bekuwukuhlala egqoke ezabesilisa. Ngo-1855 waphothula eSyracuse Medical College, okuwukuphela komfundi wesifazane ekilasini. Ushade no-Albert Miller, ongudokotela, akazange alibize igama lakhe. Ngemuva komkhuba wezokwelapha ohlanganyelwe ongaphumelelanga (ubunzima kwakuwubulili bakhe), bahlukanisa. Ngesikhathi sempi yombango yase-US, ngo-1861, uWalker wavunyelwa ukuba ngumhlengikazi wamavolontiya ne-Union Army. Njengodokotela ohlinzayo ongakhokhelwa, wayenguye kuphela udokotela wesifazane eMpini Yombango. Wazinikela njengenhloli eMnyangweni Wezempi kodwa wenqatshwa. Imvamisa weqa imigqa yezitha eya kubantu abalimele, wabanjwa futhi wachitha izinyanga ezine njengesiboshwa sempi. Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba abesifazane banikezwe ivoti ngokusemthethweni, wavota, yize ayenqaba inhlangano ye-suffragette kwaze kwaba sekugcineni. Ngemuva kwempi, uMongameli Andrew Johnson wanikeza uMary Edwards Walker iMedal of Honor. Izinguquko emithethweni yomklomelo ngo-1917 zazisho ukuthi uzobuyiselwa emuva, kepha wenqaba ukuwunikela futhi wagqoka kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe. Wathola impesheni yempi encane kunaleyo eyanikezwa abafelokazi bezempi. Wayesebenza ejele lesifazane eKentucky nasekhaya lezintandane eTennessee. UWalker ushicilele izincwadi ezimbili wabe eseziveza emaceleni. UDkt Walker ushone ngoFebhuwari 21, 1919. Wake wathi, “Kuyihlazo ukuthi abantu abahola izinguquko kulo mhlaba ababongwa kuze kube sebeshonile.”

Novemba 27. Kulolu suku ku-1945 CARE yasungulwa ukusindisa abasindile beMpi Yezwe II eYurophu. I-CARE yayimele “Ukubambisana Kwezimali Ezithunyelwa eMelika eYurophu.” Manje seyi “Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Yonke Indawo.” Usizo lokudla lwe-CARE ekuqaleni lwaluthatha uhlobo lwamaphakeji ayeyizimpahla zempi ezazisele. Amaphakeji okugcina okudla aseYurophu athunyelwa ngo-1967. Ngawo-1980 kwasungulwa i-CARE International. Ibika ukuthi isebenza emazweni angama-94, isekela amaphrojekthi angama-962 futhi ifinyelela kubantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-80. Indlunkulu yayo ise-Atlanta, Georgia. Sikhulise igunya laso eminyakeni edlule, sisebenzisa izinhlelo “ukudala izixazululo ezihlala njalo zobumpofu.” Ikhuthaza ushintsho lwenqubomgomo olubhekana nobuphofu futhi luphendula ezimweni eziphuthumayo, njengoba kwenza iRed Cross neRed Crescent Societies. I-CARE ithi "izibophezele ekwenzeni okungaphezulu kokuhlangabezana nezidingo ezisheshayo" ngokunqoba izithiyo zesakhiwo zentuthuko ezinjengokubandlululwa nokukhishwa inyumbazane, izikhungo zomphakathi ezikhohlakele noma ezingasebenzi kahle, ukufinyelela ezinsizakalweni zomphakathi ezibalulekile, ukungqubuzana nokuphazamiseka kwezenhlalo, kanye nezinsongo ezinkulu zezempilo zomphakathi. I-CARE ayisebenzi ngaphakathi e-United States. Kwakuyi-NGO yamaphayona ekutshalweni kwezimali ezincane kumabhizinisi amancane ngokugcinwa kweqembu kanye nemalimboleko. I-CARE ayikhokhi, ayisekeli, noma ikhiphe izisu. Esikhundleni salokho, izama ukunciphisa ukushona komama nezingane ezisanda kuzalwa “ngokwandisa ikhwalithi, ukuphendula kanye nokulingana kwezinsizakalo zezempilo.” I-CARE ithi izinhlelo zayo zigxile kakhulu kwabesifazane namantombazane ngoba ukufukulwa kwabesifazane kungumshayeli obalulekile wentuthuko. I-CARE ixhaswa ngeminikelo evela kubantu ngabanye nasezinkampanini nasezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, kufaka phakathi i-European Union ne-United Nations.

NgoLwesine ngoLwesine ngoNovemba iholide lokubonga e-United States, ephula ukwehlukana kwesonto nombuso ukuze kubuyiselwe uhlanga njengesihawu.

November 28. Ngalolu suku ku-1950 uhlelo lweColombo for Cooperative Economic and Social Development eNingizimu neSouth-East Asia lakhiwa. Lolu hlelo lwaluvela enkomfeni ye-Commonwealth ezindabeni zangaphandle ezaziqhutshelwa eColombo, eCeylon (manje eSri Lanka) kanye neqembu lokuqala lalihlanganisa i-Australia, iBrithani, Canada, Ceylon, India, New Zealand, nasePakistan. Ku-1977, igama layo lishintshiwe laba "I-Colombo Plan Yezokubambisana Kwezomnotho Nokuthuthukiswa Kwezenhlalakahle e-Asia nasePacific." Manje yinhlangano engaphansi kukahulumeni yamalungu e-27, kuhlanganise ne-India, Afghanistan, Iran, Japan, Korea, New Zealand , I-Saudi Arabia, i-Vietnam, ne-United States. Izindleko zokusebenza ze-Secretariat yayo zikhokhwa ngamazwe alungu ngokusebenzisa imali yobulungu yonyaka. Ekuqaleni, izikhumulo zezindiza, imigwaqo, izitimela, amadamu, izibhedlela, izitshalo zomanyolo, amafemu amakhemikhali, amanyuvesi kanye nezindleko zensimbi zakhiwa emazweni angamalungu ahlomulayo kanye nobuchwepheshe kusukela emazweni athuthukile kuya emazweni asathuthuka, enezici zokuqeqesha amakhono. Izinhloso zalo zifaka ukugcizelela umqondo wokubambisana kweNingizimu-ningizimu, ukuhlanganiswa, nokusetshenziswa kwezimali ngokubambisana, nokusebenzisana kwezobuchwepheshe nokusiza ekuhlanganyeleni nasekudluliseni ubuchwepheshe. Kulezo zinsuku, izinhlelo zamuva zenzelwe ukuhlinzeka ngamakhono ethuthukile kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yemisebenzi yezomnotho nezenhlalakahle njengendlela "yokwenza inqubomgomo enhle nokubusa ngaphakathi kwenqubomgomo yomphakathi emiphakathini yomhlaba wonke kanye nomnotho wemakethe." Uhlelo sigxile ekuthuthukiseni umkhakha wezezimali ekuthuthukisweni komnotho nasekuvimbelweni kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa emazweni alungu. Izinhlelo zayo ezihlala unomphela ziyi-Adrugory Advisory, Building Capacity, Ubulili, kanye Nezemvelo.

November 29. Lusuku Lwamanye amazwe Lomhlaba Wabantu AbasePalestina. Usuku lwasungulwa yi-UN General Assembly ngo-1978, kuphendulwa iNakba, noma inhlekelele yokubulawa nokuxoshwa kwabantu basePalestine ezweni labo kanye nokuqothulwa kwamadolobha nezigodi ngesikhathi sokudalwa kwesizwe sakwa-Israyeli ngo-1948. I-UN Resolution 181 (II) ekwahlukanisweni kwePalestine, yamukelwa ngalo lolo suku ngo-1947 ukusungula amazwe ahlukene ama-Arab namaJuda ezweni lasePalestine. IPalestine yayikhethwe ngamakholoni yiBrithani, futhi abantu basePalestine akuzange kuboniswane nabo ekwahlukanisweni komhlaba wabo. Le nqubo ihambisane noMthethosisekelo we-UN, ngakho-ke ayinalo igunya elingokomthetho. Isinqumo sango-1947 sancoma ukuthi iPalestine ithathe amaphesenti angama-42 ensimu yayo, izwe lamaJuda libe ngamaphesenti angama-55, kuthi iJerusalema neBetlehema libe ngamaphesenti angu-0.6. Ngo-2015, u-Israyeli wayeselule ngenkani ukufinyelela kwakhe kumaphesenti angama-85 ePalestine elinomlando. NgoJanuwari 2015, inani lababaleki basePalestine lalingu-5.6 million. AbasePalestine babesabhekene nokuhluthwa ngamasosha, ukulawula umphakathi okuqhubekayo ngamasosha, udlame nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu, ukuqhubeka nokwakhiwa kwezindlu zakwa-Israyeli nokwandiswa kwazo, nokuwohloka kwezimo zosizo nezomnotho. Abantu basePalestine abakawatholi amalungelo abo angenakulinganiswa okuzibusa ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa kwangaphandle, njengoba kuchaziwe yi-UN Declaration of Human Rights – ubukhosi bezwe lonke, kanye nelungelo lokubuyela endaweni yabo. Izinga lokuqapha elingelona ilungu le-UN ePalestine lanikezwa ngo-2012, kwathi ngo-2015, kwaphakanyiswa ifulegi lasePalestine phambi kwendlunkulu ye-UN. Kodwa i-International Day ibhekwa kabanzi njengomzamo we-UN wokunciphisa inhlekelele eyadala nokuxhasa isinqumo esibe nemiphumela emibi kubantu basePalestine.

Novemba 30. Ngalolu suku ku-1999, ukubambisana okukhulu kwabesishoshovu kungavumeli ngeso lengqondo ukuvala iNhlangano Yobulungiswa Yomhlaba Wonke Yezohwebo e Seattle, Washington. Ngababhikishi abangama-40,000, umfelandawonye waseSeattle wasibekela noma imiphi imibhikisho e-United States kuze kube yileso sikhathi yokulwa nezinhlangano igunya lazo ukubumbana kwezomnotho emhlabeni wonke. I-WTO isebenza ngemithetho yokuhweba yomhlaba wonke futhi ixoxisana ngezivumelwano zokuhweba phakathi kwamalungu ayo. Inamalungu ayi-160 amele u-98% wokuhweba emhlabeni. Ukujoyina i-WTO, ohulumeni bayavuma ukulandela izinqubomgomo zokuhweba ezisethwe yi-WTO. INgqungquthela YoNgqongqoshe, njengaseSeattle, ihlangana njalo eminyakeni emibili, futhi ithathe izinqumo ezinkulu ngobulungu. Iwebhusayithi yeWTO ithi inhloso yayo “ukuvula ukuhweba ukuze kuzuze wonke umuntu,” futhi ithi isiza amazwe asathuthuka. Irekhodi lalo maqondana nalokho ukwehluleka okukhulu futhi okubonakala kungamabomu. I-WTO ilikhulisile igebe phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu ngenkathi yehlisa ukuqashwa namazinga ezemvelo. Emithethweni yayo, i-WTO ithanda amazwe acebile nezinkampani zamazwe omhlaba, ilimaza amazwe amancane ngemisebenzi ephezulu yokungenisa kanye nezilinganiso. Umbhikisho obuseSeattle ubumkhulu, udala ubuciko, ubudlwangudlwangu obumangalisayo, futhi uyinoveli ekuhlanganeni ndawonye kwezintshisekelo ezahlukahlukene, kusuka ezinyunyaneni zabasebenzi kuya kwabezemvelo kuya kumaqembu alwa nobuphofu. Ngenkathi imibiko yezindaba yezinkampani ibikezela ngokuqagela idlanzana labantu ababandakanyeka ekucekelweni phansi kwempahla, ubukhulu kanye nokuziphatha namandla emibhikisho kuphumelele ekuthinteni zombili izinqumo ze-WTO kanye nokuqondwa komphakathi ngakho. Okubaluleke kakhulu, imibhikisho yaseSeattle yaveza imizamo eminingi efanayo e-WTO nasemibuthanweni ehlobene nayo emhlabeni wonke eminyakeni ezayo.

Le Peace Almanac ikwazisa ngezinyathelo ezibalulekile, inqubekela phambili, kanye nezithiyo ezinhlanganweni zokuthula ezenzeke ngosuku ngalunye lonyaka.

Thenga okubhaliwe, noma PDF.

Iya kumafayela wokulalelwayo.

Iya embhalweni.

Iya kwihluzo.

Le Peace Almanac kufanele ihlale ilungile unyaka nonyaka kuze kube yilapho yonke impi ichithwa futhi kusungulwa ukuthula okuzinzile. Inzuzo yokuthengiswa kwephrinta nezinhlobo ze-PDF zikhokhela umsebenzi we World BEYOND War.

Umbhalo ukhiqizwe futhi uhlelwe ngu UDavid Swanson.

Umsindo uqoshwe ngu UTim Pluta.

Izinto ezibhalwe ngu URobert Anschuetz, uDavid Swanson, u-Alan Knight, uMarilyn Olenick, u-Eleanor Millard, u-Erin McElfresh, u-Alexander Shaia, uJohn Wilkinson, uWilliam Geimer, uPeter Goldsmith, uGar Smith, uThierry Blanc, noTom Schott.

Imibono ngezihloko ezithunyelwe yi David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

Umculo isetshenziswa yimvume evela “Ukuphela Kwempi,” ngu-Eric Colville.

Umsindo womsindo nokuxutshwa nguSergio Diaz.

Imidwebo ngu Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ngumnyakazo ongahlosile womhlaba wonke wokuqeda impi futhi usungule ukuthula okulungile futhi okuzinzile. Sihlose ukudala ukuqwashisa ngokuxhaswa okudumile kokuqeda impi futhi sithuthukise nalolo sizo. Sisebenzela ukuqhubekisela phambili umbono wokuthi singagcini nje ngokuvikela noma iyiphi impi ethile kepha sichithe sonke isikhungo. Silwela ukubuyisela isiko lempi libe linye lokuthula lapho izindlela zokungqubuzana okungezona zobubi zithathe indawo yokuchitheka kwegazi.