I-Amnesia yaseMelika

Ngo-Thomas A. Bass, u-Agasti 4, 2017, I-MekongReview.

Eukungahambi kahle ngedokhumenti entsha ye-PBS eyingxenye eyishumi eMpini yeVietnam ibonakala emaminithini amahlanu okuqala. Izwi elivela lapho kungekho khona khona impi mayelana "nempi" eqala ngokholo "ukuthi ngandlela-thile yagijima emigwaqeni yabulala izigidi zabantu. Sibona isibhamu somlilo nesosha elifile esikhwameni somzimba lihanjiswe endizeni, njengoba i-rotor iya thump, thump, thump, njengesimo esivela Apocalypse Manje. Sabe sesiya emngcwabeni ku-Main Street kanye nebhokisi elimbozwe kwizinkanyezi nezintambo, okuphindaphindiwe, njengoba ikhamera ikhipha, ibe yizinkulungwane eziningi namakhulu amafulege, igxuma njenge-hex ngokumelene nabantu abafudumele abangase bathambekele ekucabangeni ukuthi le filimu i-insufficiently patriotic.

Yonke into ehambisana ne-documentary ibonakala emaminithini ambalwa alandelayo, njengoba ifilimu ibuyela emuva (ngokwenza izigcawu eziningana emuva) ibe yinqwaba yemidwebo yomlando kanye nomculo ngezikhathi bese ubeka amazwi - amaningi kubo aseVietnam - azolandisa lokhu umlando. Le filimu ixhomeke kakhulu kubalobi nasezimbongi, kuhlanganise namaMelika uTim O'Brien noKarl Marlantes kanye nabalobi baseVietnam Le Minh Khue, noBao Ninh, Usizi lwempi ibanga njengenye yamanoveli amakhulu ngeVietnam noma impi.

Ukuzibophezela, umlando wefulegi, umlando omnandi, ukukhulumisana okukhulumayo kanye nesifiso sokuthi "ukuphulukisa" kuneqiniso kuyi-topoi ye-cinematic esiyilindele ku-Ken Burns noLynn Novick ngokusebenzisa amafilimu abo mayelana neMpi Yombango, Ukuvimbela , baseball, jazz nezinye izingqikithi emlandweni wase-United States. I-Burns ibilokhu imayelana nale ndawo iminyaka engamashumi amane, kusukela lapho yenza ifilimu yakhe yokuqala ngeBrooklyn Bridge e-1981, kanti u-Novick ubelokhu ehlangothini lwakhe kusukela ngo-1990, lapho emqashile njengomgcini-mlando ukuze aqinisekise izimvume zesithombe The Yombango futhi wabonisa umhlanganyeli obalulekile.

Ezingxoxweni zabo, iBurns iningi lokukhuluma, kuyilapho umfundi ongumfundi we-Yale, owayengumcwaningi waseSmithsonian elele emuva. U-Novick uthola ukukhokhiswa okuhlangene kuma-credits kumafilimu abo, kodwa abantu abaningi babhekisela kubo njengemikhiqizo ka-Ken Burns. (Emva kwakho konke, nguye onomphumela "owenziwe" ngemuva kwakhe: inqubo yokuhlela ifilimu, okwamanje ifaniswe njengenkinobho ethi "Ken Burns", eyenza umuntu akwazi ukuthatha izithombe ngaphezulu.) Omunye uyazibuza ukuthi yiziphi izinkinga phakathi kukaNoveick kanye ne-Burns: umlando wesiguli kanye nomculi wezemidlalo.

I-dichotomy emkhatsini wemlandvo nomdlalo uhlobisa zonke izingxenye eziyishumi zochungechunge lwe-PBS, oluqala nge-French colonization yaseVietnam e-1858 futhi iphetha ngokuwa kweSaigon ku-1975. Njengoba ifilimu isuka ekubonisweni kwesiguli se-Novickian ku-Burnsian close-ups, ngezinye izikhathi izwa sengathi ihlelwe abantu ababili abenza ama-movie amabili ahlukene. Singabukela imidwebo yezincwadi ezivela kuma-1940 eHo Minh esamukela izikhulu ze-intelligence zase-US eza ziphinde zibuyele e-mountain redoubt, lapho ngokuzumayo ifilimu isuka emnyama nokumhlophe ibe umbala futhi sibukela inkulumo yangaphambili yaseSiriya mayelana nesosha I-Viet Cong-yenze ukwesaba kobumnyama, okwenza ukuba alale ngokukhanya ebusuku, njengabantwana bakhe. Ngaphambi kokuba sifinyelele kuHo Chi Minh futhi sihlukunyezwe amaFulentshi eDien Bien Phu ku-1954, sibheka umkhumbi wase-US uchaza ukuthi u-America uhlukanisile ku-1972, ukukhulumisana kwakhe ukuthi kunzima kunokulwa neVang Cong.

Ngesiqephu sesibili, "Ukugibela i-Tiger" (i-1961-1963), sibheke ekujuleni kwensimu ye-Burns. Impi isungulwe njengempi yombango, ne-United States evikela uhulumeni wentando yeningi okhethwe ngokukhululekile eningizimu ngokumelene namaKhomanisi ehlasela enyakatho. Abafana baseMelika balwa nesitha esingamhloniphi uNkulunkulu ukuthi uBurns ubonisa njengemifula ebomvu ehamba ngezinyawo emabalazweni aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia nakwezinye izindawo zomhlaba.

Imidwebo yomlando ku-Episode One, "Déjà Vu" (i-1858-1961), ephikisana nale mbono yempi, inganakwa noma ayiqondwa kahle. I-Vietnam yaseNingizimu Vietnam yayingeyona izwe elizimele. Kusuka ku-1862 kuya ku-1949, kwakuyi-coloni yaseFrance yeCochinchina, enye yezinhlaka eziyisihlanu ezihlukene e-French Indochina (ezinye ziyiNonkin, Annam, eCambodia naseLaos). Amandla aseFrance ahlukumezekile ahlanganiswa eningizimu yeVietnam ngemuva kwe-1954, okuyilapho US Air Force Colonel kanye ne-CIA agent e-Edward Lansdale baqala ukusebenza ukuphakamisa leli koloni ngaphambili. I-US ifake i-Ngo Dinh Diem njengombusi ophethe umbuso waseVietnam, yayisiza ekuqothuleni izitha zayo futhi yenze ukhetho olwenziwa uDiem, ne-98.2 ngamaphesenti anguvoti athandwayo.

TUmzuzwana obalulekile ekudalweni kukaLansdale kwakuyiMpi Yezinkathi zenyanga, eyaqala ngo-Ephreli 1955. (Impi ayikhulumi kulesi sithombe. Noma uLansdale ukhonjiswe esithombeni sakhe ohlezi eduze noDiem.) Ikhebula lase libhalwa liyala ummeli wase-US ukuba aqede iDiem. (Ikhebula elifanayo, lathumela iminyaka eyishumi kamuva, kwakuzobulawa ukubulawa kukaDiem.) Ngobusuku ngaphambi kokuba ikhebula liphume, uDiem waqala ukuhlaselwa okubucayi ebumbini lobugebengu beBinh Xuyen, eholwa ngumfula uPirate Bay Vien, owayephethe amabutho e-2,500 ngaphansi komyalo wakhe . Lapho impi isiphelile, i-Saigon ibanga elingamakhilomitha ayisishiyagalolunye liye lalingiswa futhi abantu abangu-20,000 bahlala bengenamakhaya.

AmaFulentshi asekela umbuso wabo we-colonial e-Asia ngokusebenzisa ukuhweba i-opium (enye into eyashiywe kule filimu). Baye bahlomula abahlomile emifuleni yaseBay Vien, nabo babevunyelwe ukugijima emaphoyiseni kazwelonke kanye nemibhoshongo yaseSaigon nemigodi yokugembula. Ukuhlaselwa kukaDiem ku-Binh Xuyen kwakuyihlaselelo lokuhlasela amaFulentshi. Kwakuyisimemezelo se-CIA ukuthi amaFulentshi ayeqedile eSouth-mpumalanga Asia. I-US yayisesekelo lwempi yabo yamakholoni, ikhokhela ku-80 ngamaphesenti ayishumi, kodwa emva kokunqotshwa kwamaFrance eDien Bien Phu, sekuyisikhathi sokuba abalahlekile baphume edolobheni.

Ngesikhathi amahlumela omfula ehlulwa futhi amanye amaqembu aphikisayo afana neHoa Hao kanye neCa Dai engahambisani ne-CIA, u-Diem noLansdale baqala ukwenza iVietnam "yamahhala". Ngo-23 Okthoba 1955, uDiem wayefuna ukunqoba kwakhe ukhetho. Ezinsukwini ezintathu kamuva wamemezela ukudalwa kweRiphabhliki yaseVietnam, eyaziwa kangcono njengeNingizimu Vietnam. Ukhansele ukhetho oluhloswe ukuhlanganisa ukhetho oluseNyakatho neLwandle lwaseVietnam, uMengameli u-Eisenhower nabo bonke abantu ababengazi ukuthi bewunqobile nguHo Chi Minh - futhi baqala ukwakha umbuso wezempi owawusinda iminyaka engamashumi amabili, ngaphambi kokuwa phansi othulini lwabagcina i-helicopter iphakamisa i-Embassy yase-US.

ULansdale wayeyindoda yokukhangisa yangaphambili. Wayesebenze kwi-akhawunti ye-Levi Strauss lapho eqala ukuthengisa i-jeans eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezweni lonke. Wayekwazi ukuthengisa i jeans eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Wayekwazi ukuthengisa impi. Noma ubani onolwazi ngomlando weVietnam kanye nomzabalazo wakhe oqhubekayo wokulwa nobuKoloniyali baseFrance angabona ukuthi kwenzekani. "Inkinga yayizama ukumboza okuthile nsuku zonke njengezindaba lapho eqinisweni ukhiye wangempela wukuthi konke kutholakala empini yesiFulentshi yase-Indo-China, okungumlando," kusho owake wangena New York Times intatheli uDavid Halberstam. "Ngakho-ke kufanele ube nesigatshana sesithathu endabeni ngayinye okufanele isho ukuthi, 'Lokhu konke kusho futhi akukho okunye okushiwo yilokho ngoba sisezinyathelo ezifanayo njengeziFulentshi futhi siyiziboshwa zokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo.'"

Ngisho nolimi lweMpi Yesibili Yase-Indochina yaboleka kumaFulentshi, awakhuluma "ngokukhanya ekupheleni komhubhe" futhi jaunissement (ukuphuza) kwebutho labo, okwakubizwa kamuva yi-US I-Vietnam. I-France yehlile i-petroleum gelatinised, i-napalm, eVietnam ukudayiswa kwempi, "impi engcolile", eyenziwa yi-US ngisho ne-Orange nge-Agent Orange nezinye izikhali zamakhemikhali.

Uma lezi zici zaziwa izikhulu zikahulumeni nezintatheli, zaziwa wonke umuntu ngemuva kokuthi uDaniel Ellsberg akhiphe Ama-Pentagon Amaphepha ku-1971. Imiqulu engamashumi amane yemibhalo eyimfihlo yaveza amanga azo zonke iziphathimandla zase-US ezivela eTruman nase-Eisenhower kuya kuKennedy noJohnson. I Ama-Pentagon Amaphepha chaza indlela umphakathi waseMelika owakhohliswa ngayo ekusekeleni umzamo waseFrance wokuvuselela iVietnam. Bachaza ukusebenza kukaLansdale kanye necala lase-US ngokumemeza ukhetho oluhloswe ukuhlanganisa iVietnam. Bachaza impi yokuzibusa lapho i-US ingakaze ibe khona ithuba lokuwina, ngisho nengxenye yesigidi sezigidi phansi. Ngempela ibhizinisi laliqondiswe ekuqukethe iChina futhi lidlale umdlalo womhlaba wonke wenkukhu elwa neRussia. "Kumelwe siqaphele ukuthi iNingizimu Vietnam (ngokungafani namanye amazwe aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia) yayiyinhloko yokudalwa kwe-United States", wabhala uLeslie Gelb, owaqondisa iphrojekthi, Ama-Pentagon Amaphepha isifinyeto. "IVietnam yayiyingxenye ye-chessboard, hhayi izwe," kusho uGelb etshela uBurns no-Novick.

More kunabantu abangamashumi ayisishiyagalombili baxoxwa yi-movie-makers eminyakeni eyishumi ababeqoqa impahla Impi YeVietnam, kodwa okuhlukile kukaDaniel Ellsberg. U-Ellsberg, owayengumholi we-platinon wangaphambili waseMarine, wayengumpi we-gung-ho ngesikhathi esebenza eLansdale eVietnam esuka ku-1965 kuya ku-1967. Kodwa ngenkathi impi idonsela phambili, kanti u-Ellsberg wesaba ukuthi iNixon izama ukuqeda lesi sigameko ngezikhali zenuzi (amaFrance ayesevele ecela u-Eisenhower ukuba alahle leli bhomu eVietnam), wawela ngaphesheya.

U-Ellsberg namuhla ukugxeka okunonya kwe-US nyukliya nenqubomgomo yempi evela eVietnam eya e-Iraq. Ukungabikho kwakhe kwifilimu, ngaphandle kokulandelwa kwemidwebo, kugcizelela ukuqinisekiswa kwayo kokuzimela. Exhaswe yiBhanki yaseMelika, uDavid Koch kanye nabanye abaxhasi bezinkampani, idokhumenti ixhomeke kakhulu kubaphathi besikhathi esidlule, ama-CIA agents kanye nezikhulu zikahulumeni, abangabonakali ngezinga noma isihloko, kodwa ngamagama abo kanye nezincazelo ze-anodyne ezifana "nomeluleki" noma "Amabutho akhethekile". Uhlu oluthile luhlanganisa:

• U-Lewis Sorley, isifundo se-West Point esizukulwaneni sesithathu esikholelwa ukuthi i-US inqobile impi e-1971 futhi yalahla ukunqoba kwayo ngokuthi "ukukhaphela" izivumelwano zayo eningizimu (nakuba zihlinzekwe ngezikhali ezingu-$ 6 zezigidi zase-US ngaphambi bawa ukuqhubekela phambili eNyakatho yeVietnam ku-1975).

• URufus Phillips, oyedwa "abaculi abamnyama" baseLansdale abasebenza iminyaka eminingi ekusebenzeni kwengqondo nokuqapha.

• UDonald Gregg, umgqugquzeli we-Iran-contra-host-scandal scandal kanye nomeluleki we-CIA ohlelweni lwePhoenix namanye amaqembu okubulala.

• UJohn Negroponte, owayengumqondisi we-intelligence kazwelonke kanye ne-ambassador emahotsheni asemhlabeni ahloselwe ukusebenza kwe-covert.

• USam Wilson, umbutho wezempi wase-US kanye noLansdale ovikela igama elithi "counterinsurgency".

• U-Stuart Herrington, isikhulu esiphezulu se-US Army esaziwa "ngesipiliyoni sakhe sokubheka imibuzo", esukela eVietnam eya e-Abu Ghraib.

• URobert Rheault, owayeyisibonelo sikaKolonel Kurtz, isosha elivukelayo e-Apocalypse Now. U-Rheault wayengu-colonel owayengamele amabutho akhethekile eVietnam, ngaphambi kokuphoqeleka ukuba ashiye emsebenzini lapho yena namadoda akhe ayisihlanu bebekwa icala lokubulala nokuqokwa kwangaphambili. I-Green Berets ibibulale enye yezinyunyana zaseVietnam, ecatshangwa ukuthi i-turncoat, futhi yalahla umzimba wayo olwandle.

Usuku uNixon athole ngalo ibutho ukuyeka amacala okulwa noRheault yilusuku uDaniel Ellsberg anquma ukukhipha ama-Pentagon Papers. "Ngacabanga ukuthi ngeke ngibe yingxenye yalo mshini wokulala, lokhu kuhlanganiswa, lokhu kubulala," kusho u-Ellsberg Izimfihlo: Isimemo seVietnam namaphepha e-Pentagon. "Yisimiso esizimele ngokuzenzakalelayo, kuzo zonke izigaba, kusukela phansi kuze kube phezulu - kusukela e-sergeant ukuya ekhanda - ukufihla ukubulala." Icala le-Green Beret, kusho u-Ellsberg, kwakuyi-version "yalokho okwakwenziwayo eVietnam , ngesilinganiso esikhulu kakhulu, ngokuqhubekayo okwesithathu kwekhulu ".

UBurns no-Novick bathembele kakhulu komunye umuntu - eqinisweni, wahamba nabo ekuhambeni kwabo kokukhangisa kwefilimu - oboniswe kudokhumenti njengo "Duong Van Mai, Hanoi" futhi kamuva "njengoDuong Van Mai, Saigon". Leli yigama lentombazana likaDuong Van Mai Elliott, oshade iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu nantathu kuDavid Elliott, owayengumengameli we-RAND eVietnam kanye noprofesa wezesayensi yezombusazwe ePomona College eCalifornia. Njengoba ehamba esikoleni eGeorgetown University ekuqaleni kwe-1960s, uMay Elliott uhlale isikhathi eside kakhulu e-United States kunaseVietnam.

U-Elliott, yena owayengumsebenzi we-RAND, uyindodakazi yesikhulu esiphezulu sikahulumeni ekuphathweni kwamakholoni aseFrance. Ngemva kokunqotshwa kwamaFrance eMpini YokuQala yase-Indochina, umndeni wakhe wasuka eHanoi waya eSaigon, ngaphandle koodadewabo ka-Elliott, owajoyina iVi Viet Minh enyakatho. Lokhu kuvumela u-Elliott ukuba agcizelele - njengoba ephindaphindiwe embukisweni wakhe womphakathi - ukuthi iVietnam yayiyi "impi yombango". Impi yahlukanisa imindeni efana neyakhe, kodwa abaphikisana nabalandeli bekolonialist abahlotshiswe ngokumelene nabalandeli bekolonialist abangeyona impi yombango. Akekho obhekisela eMpini Yokuqala Yase-Indochina njengempi yombango. Kwakuwumzabalazo wokulwa nekoloni owavuleka ekusebenzeni okuphindaphindiwe, ngaphandle kokuthi ngalesi sikhathi uLansdale noDiem babesebenze i-facsimile yesizwe esizwe. AmaMelika loath ukusiza eFrance ukuvuselela umbuso wayo we-Asia e-Asia angazizwa kahle ngokuvikela izigqoko ezimhlophe empini yombango. U-Elliott, oyisisulu esivelele futhi oqotho kule mpi, ubonisa indodakazi edabukisayo amaSulumane ase-US ayamazama ukusindisa ekuhlukunyezweni kwamaKhomanisi.

Ongoba uLansdale ususiwe emlandweni weVietnam yeVietnam, sibheka ekubukeni amahora ayishumi nesishiyagalolunye wokubulala, okufakazela ukufakaza okuvela ekhanda, kokuqala njengokukhala okuzwakalayo, bese kuthi kube yimisindo eminingi futhi ekugcineni kube nezingxoxo ezigcwele. Lezi zizungezwe emlandweni wezemidlalo ovela eMpini Yokuqala Yase-Indochina kuya Eyesibili bese igxila empini e-Ap Bac nase Khe Sanh, iTet Offensive, imikhankaso yokuqhuma kwamabhomu phezu kweNyakatho Vietnam, ukukhululwa kwe-US POWs ne-helicopter yokugcina ephakamisa uphahla lwe-Embassy yase-US (okuyinto empeleni kwakuphahleni kwendlu ephephile ye-CIA emgwaqweni we-22 Ly Tu Trong). Ekupheleni kwefilimu - eyamangalisa futhi ephikisanayo, njengempi ngokwayo - engaphezu kwebutho le-58,000 US, amasosha angama-4 million eSouth Vietnamese, i-Viet Cong kanye nebutho laseNyakatho yeVietnam kanye nezizwe eziyizigidi ezingu-2 (ikakhulukazi eningizimu ), kungakhulumi ngamashumi ezinkulungwane ngaphezulu eLaos naseCambodia, bazobe sebefile.

Imidwebo yaseVietnam isethwe kumongo wezenzakalo emuva e-US ngesikhathi sezidongeni eziyisithupha eziqhubeka nalezi zingxabano (kuqala noHarry Truman ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II). Ikhamera ihamba ngokubulawa kukaJohn Kennedy noRobert Kennedy kanye noMartin Luther King, izimpikiswano zamaphoyisa eMhlanganweni weDemocratic Democratic Republic e-1968 kanye nemibhikisho eminingi elwa nempi, kuhlanganise neyodwa lapho abafundi abane babulawa khona befile eKent State State. Le filimu ihlanganisa izingxoxo ezifakwe ku-Nixon no-Kissinger eziqeda izinhlelo zabo. ("Vula uphephile futhi uwuthole", u-Nixon uthi ngokugxeka ubufakazi e-Brookings Institute). Kubonisa ukuthi uWalter Cronkite ulahlekelwe ukholo eVietnam kanye nokuqokwa kwe-Watergate nokuxoshwa kukaNixon kanye nomzabalazo wokwakha i-Maya Lin yaseVietnam Veterans Memorial ("i-gash of shame" eshintshe indawo yokukhumbula).

Kwabaningi, ifilimu izosikhumbuza ngalokho esikwaziyo kakade. Kwabanye, kuyoba isingeniso eminyakeni engamashumi amabili yokuziqhenya kwamaMelika nokweqa. Abantu bangase bamangale lapho bezwa ngokuhlukumezeka kukaNixon ekuxosheni izingxoxo zokuthula zikaLyndon Johnson ku-1968, ukuze kukhuliswe amathuba akhe okhetho. Lena akuyona kuphela isikhathi kule idokhumenti ukuthi ukukhohliswa kwamanye amazwe wesiteshi esilandelayo kubonisana nemicimbi yamanje. Ababukeli bangase bamangale lapho bezwa ukuthi impi ye-Ap Bac e-1963, ukunqotshwa okukhulu kwe-Army yaseRiphabhulikhi yaseVietnam kanye nabacebisi bayo base-US, kuthiwa kunqoba, ngoba isitha, ngemuva kokubulala amasosha ama-ARVN ayisishiyagalombili nameluleki amathathu ase-US , ibuyele emaphandleni. Kulo logi olunezinsizi ezinamandla ezempi yase-US elingathola ukuqhuma ibhomu i-rice elibizwa ngokuthi ukunqoba, kodwa ngokuphindaphindiwe, unyaka nonyaka, i-United States "iyowina" yonke impi eyilwe iziqongo zezintaba ezingenamsebenzi nelayisi izidakamizwa ezithathwe ngenkathi izitha zithwala abafileyo, zihlangene futhi zihlaselwa kwenye indawo.

Njengoba izintatheli zibika ukuhlukunyezwa kanye nePentagon ukushaya ukunqoba, "ukwehluleka kwegebe", okwakusanda kukhula, kwaqala ukuvela, kanye nokuhlaselwa kwezindaba ngenxa yokungathembeki futhi ngandlela-thile "ukulahlekelwa" impi. Izikhalo mayelana "nezindaba ezikhohlisayo" nezintatheli njenge "izitha zabantu" ziyi-sequelae eningi yomphakathi engalandelwa emuva empini yeVietnam. Lapho ama-Marine Safer aqoshwa ezindlini ezithwala izintambo emzaneni waseCam Ne e-1965, igama likaSefert lashiswa ngamacala athi wayenikeze amaMarines ngezibani zazo ze-Zippo. Ukwaziswa okungaqondakali kahle, impi engokwengqondo, ukusebenza kwemisebenzi, ukuvuza kwezindaba, ama-spin kanye namanga asemthethweni kusekhona okunye okuphilayo okuvela eVietnam.

I-gambit evelele kakhulu yefilimu ukuthembela kwayo kubalobi kanye nezimbongi, lezi zibalo ezimbili eziyinhloko yiBa Nin Nin (igama lakhe langempela linguHoang Au Phuong), owayengumfana obuyele ekhaya ngemuva kweminyaka eyisithupha elwa nokuya eHo Chi Minh Trail ukuya bhala Usizi Lwempi, kanye noTim O'Brien owayengumkhumbi, owabuya empini yakhe ezobhala Izinto Zasezikusa futhi Ukuhamba emva kweCacciato. Le filimu iphetha ngo-O'Brien efunda ngamasosha athatha izinkumbulo ezivela eVietnam, bese kuthiwa yi-credits roll, esinika igama eligcwele likaMay Elliott kanye neminye imininingwane yabantu.

Ngesikhathi ngiqala ukudlala imidwebo futhi, ngigxuma kwisiqephu se-One, ngimangazwe ukuthi kungakanani okukhunjulwayo, kodwa ukuthi kungakanani okwakushiywe noma kukhohliwe. Kunezincwadi eziningi ezinhle ezenziwe ngeMpi YeVietnam, ngabantu baseCanada, isiFulentshi nabanye abaseYurophu. Izintatheli zaseMelika uStanley Karnow noDrew Pearson baye banqoba ukuletha impi kumadokhumenti e-TV. Kodwa ukuzimisela okwenziwa yi-US ngokuyikhohlwa izifundo zaseVietnam, ukuwafihla ngaphansi kobuzwe obuphambene nomthetho futhi ngokungahambisani nomlando, bump ngaphandle kokuxabana ekwenzeni ifilimu enkulu mayelana nale mpi.

Kungani, isibonelo, izingxoxo zefilimu zidubule kuphela njengezondlo? Uma ikhamera ibuyele emuva, ngabe sibonile ukuthi uSenenja uMax Cleland wayengenayo imilenze - wabashiya "emlilweni onobungane" e-Khe Sanh. Futhi kuthiwani uma uBa Nin Nin noTim O'Brien bevunyelwe ukuhlangana? Ukuzikhumbula kwabo bekuyobe sekulethele impi engenasici yempi kuze kube manje. Futhi esikhundleni sokusesha kwayo "ukuvalwa" nokuphulukisa ukubuyisana, kuthiwani uma ifilimu isikhumbuze ukuthi amabutho akhethekile ase-US okwamanje asebenza ku-137 kumazwe we-194 eplanethi, noma i-70 ngamaphesenti wezwe?

Njengemikhiqizo eminingi ye-Burns ne-Novick, lokhu kuza nevolumu yomngane, Impi YeVietnam: Umlando Obuseduze, okukhululwa ngesikhathi esisodwa njengochungechunge lwe-PBS. Ebhalwa nguBurns kanye ne-amanuensis yakhe eside, i-Geoffrey C Ward, le ncwadi - ivolumu engaphezu kwamakhilogremu amabili - igqoke ama-bifocals afanayo nefilimu. It ishintsha kusukela exegesis zomlando kuya autobiographical reflection, futhi ihlanganisa eziningi izithombe ezenza Vietnam inqwaba impi photography. Ukudubula okudumile kuhlanganisa umonakalo ovuthayo kaMalcolm Brown; Isithombe sikaLarry Burrows sogu lolwandle olulimazayo olufinyelela enkosini yakhe yokufa; Isithombe sikaNick Ut sikaKim Phuc egijima ehamba ngezansi emgwaqweni nge-napalm eshisa inyama yakhe; Isithombe sika-Eddie Adams sika Nguyen Ngoc jikelele wemali yokudubula i-VC sapper ekhanda; kanye nesithombe sikaHugh Van Es sika-refuges esenyukela esiteji esinqunyiwe sangena eqenjini le-CIA lokugcina eliphuma eSaigon.

Umbono we-burncular's binocular ngezindlela ezithile usebenza kangcono encwadini kunabhayisikobho. Incwadi inekamelo lokungena emininingwaneni. Inikeza umlando owengeziwe ngenkathi ngesikhathi esifanayo kubonisa ukucabanga okubuhlungu yi-Bao Ninh, umlobi wesifazane wesifazane uJurate Kazickas, nabanye. U-Edward Lansdale kanye ne-Battle of the Sects bavele encwadini, kodwa hhayi ifilimu, kanye nemininingwane mayelana nekhebula le-1955 State Department elawula ukuthi i-Ngo Dinh Diem inganqotshwa - ngaphambi kokuba i-US iguqule inkambo futhi ithengwe ekudalweni kweDiem yaseNingizimu Vietnam . Futhi lapha kunemininingwane ekhanyelayo izingxoxo zikaNixon no-Kissinger mayelana nokwandisa impi ukuze kunqobe ukhetho bese ulondoloza ubuso.

Le ncwadi inenzuzo eyengeziwe yokufaka izinhlayiyana ezinhlanu ezithunywe yizazi ezihamba phambili nabalobi. Phakathi kwalezi zingxenye uFredrik Logevall ucabangela ukuthi kwenzekani uma uKennedy engakaze abulawe; isiqephu sika Todd Gitlin emnyangweni wokulwa nempi; futhi kucatshangelwa nguVi Viet Thanh Nguyen empilweni njengombaleki, okwathi, kuye, wahamba ekusebenzeni esitolo sabantwana bakhe eSan Jose ukuze athole umklomelo we-2016 Pulitzer.

Ku-1967, eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili ngaphambi kokuphela kwempi, uLyndon Johnson umemezela "inqubekela phambili ephawulekayo", "ngokubamba i-VC kubantu abaphukile". Sibona izigxobo zeVion ezifile zafika emathuneni amaningi. I-General Westmoreland iqinisekisa umongameli ukuthi impi iyafinyelela "ekhoneni lika-crossover", lapho kubulawa amanye amasosha ezitha kunokuba aqashwe. UJimi Hendrix uhlabelela ukuthi "Uke Wazibonela" futhi i-vet ichaza indlela "ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga kunqobe" ngayo "empini" esamfundisa ukuthi "uchitha kanjani ama-gook" futhi "ubulale".

Nge-1969, i-Operation Speedy Express eMekong Delta kubika ukubulala izilinganiso ze-45: i-1, ne-10,889 Viet Cong ababulalayo kodwa kubulawe izikhali ze-748 kuphela. Kevin Buckley no-Alexander Shimkin Newsweek ukulinganisa ukuthi ingxenye engabantu ababulewe yizizwe. Ngesikhathi izibalo zokubulala sezikhuphukele ku-134: 1, isosha lase-US libulala abantu baseMi Lai nakwezinye izindawo. U-Edward Lansdale, ngaleso sikhathi owayengu-general, wathi ngalesi sigaba sokugcina sempi ayesebenzile (ecaphuna kuRobert Taber's Impi Ye-Flea): "Kunendlela eyodwa kuphela yokunqothula abantu abahlubukayo abangayikuzinikela, futhi lokho kuwukuqothula. Kukhona indlela eyodwa kuphela yokulawula insimu ebambelela ukumelana, futhi lokho ukuyibeka ibe yihlane. Lapho lezi zindlela azikwazi, noma yisiphi isizathu, ukuthi zisetshenziswe, impi ilahlekile. "

Impi YeVietnam
Ifilimu nguKen Burns noLynn Novick
I-PBS: 2017 

Impi YeVietnam: Umlando Obuseduze
Geoffrey C Ward noKen Burns
I-Knopf: 2017