NguDavid Swanson, Ake sizame ngentando yeningi.
Uprofesa wezomthetho waseGeorgetown ogama lakhe linguDavid Koplow ubhale lokho akubiza ngokuthi i-Nuclear Kellogg-Briand Pact. Ku-an esihlokweni uma eyiphakamisa, u-Koplow wenza into eyivelakancane kakhulu, ubona okunye ukufaneleka kwe-Kellogg-Briand Pact. Kodwa uyabakhumbula abanye balezo zimfanelo, njengoba ngizichazile encwadini yami ka-2011 Lapho IMpi Yezwe Inqatshelwe.
U-Koplow uvuma ukuguquguquka kwamasiko isivumelwano esasiwumgogodla wakho, okwashintsha ukuqonda okuvamile kwempi kusuka kokuthile okwenzeka nje njengesimo sezulu kuya kokuthile okungalawuleka, okufanele kuqedwe, futhi kusukela manje kuzoqhubeka kube ngokungekho emthethweni. Uyalivuma iqhaza lesivumelwano ekugqugquzeleni izivivinyo (nakuba izivivinyo zohlangothi olulodwa) ngobugebengu bempi eyalandela iMpi Yezwe II.
Kodwa u-Koplow naye wenza okuthile engicabanga ukuthi noma yimuphi uprofesa wezomthetho wase-US kumele kulindeleke ukuthi akwenze. Ngisazomthola ongamtholi. Umemezela ukuthi isivumelwano "buthule" sihlanganisa ulimi olungafaki, ulimi oluvula igebe lempi yokuzivikela. Ngenkathi iBrithani neFrance zengeza ukubhuka esivumelwaneni, ezinye izizwe zasivuma njengoba silotshiwe. IKomidi LeSigele Lase-United States Lezobudlelwane Nangaphandle likhiqize isitatimende esitolika isivumelwano, kodwa hhayi empeleni ukuguqula isivumelwano. IJapane yenza okufanayo. Leso sitatimende sekomiti sihumusha ukuba khona kwentuba yempi yokuzivikela. Isivumelwano ngokwaso asikuqukethe futhi besingeke sidalwe, sisayinwe, noma sigunyazwe ukube senza kanjalo.
Umbhalo wangempela wesivumelwano uphakeme kune-United Nations Charter ngokungaqukathi izintuba ezimbili, eyodwa eyezimpi zokuzivikela kanye nezinye izimpi ezigunyaziwe ze-UN. Futhi ngokuphambene nalokho u-Koplow akushoyo, kodwa ngokuhambisana namaqiniso odaba alukhulumayo, i-Kellogg-Briand Pact isewumthetho. Ukuthi lokhu kwenza izimpi eziningi zakamuva zibe ngekho emthethweni akubalulekile kangako, njengoba iningi - uma kungezona zonke - zalezo zimpi zehluleka ukulingana nezintuba ze-UN Charter. Kodwa ukuba khona kwalezo zintuba kuvumela izimangalo ezingapheli zokuba semthethweni ezidaka lokho okungaba amanzi ahlanzekile uma sibheka isivumelwano sokuthula esikhundleni sokubheka ku-UN Charter.
Yebo inhloso ivamise ukuthathwa ukuze kukhishwe umbhalo wangempela. Uma abantu abadale isivumelwano behlose ukuthi bavumele impi yokuzivikela buthule, khona-ke ivumela impi yokuzivikela, ngokwalo mbono. Kodwa ingabe bakwenza? Lokho konke kuncike ekutheni ubani obalwa njengalabo bantu. U-Koplow ukhuluma kuphela omunye wabo, uSenator uWilliam Borah. Eqinisweni, u-Koplow uyibukela phansi indima kaBorah. Elandela ukuhola kwenhlangano ye-Outlawry kanye nokunxenxa abaholi bayo okukhulu, u-Borah wayesemphakathini wakhuthaza impi enqabela umthetho iminyaka ngaphambi kokuthi kuvotelwe isivumelwano, futhi ube nesandla ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi siyavota. NgoNovemba 26, 1927, uBorah wayebhale lokhu encwadini I-New York Times:
“Angicabangi ukuthi izinhlelo zokuthula eziphendula umbuzo ‘wesizwe esinolaka’ ziyasebenza. Isizwe esinolaka siyisiphakamiso esikhohlisayo nesingenakwenzeka njengengxenye kunoma yiluphi uhlelo lokuthula.” UBorah, evumelana nokuqonda okusabalele kwabakwa-Outlawrists, wayekholelwa ukuthi kunoma iyiphi impi uhlangothi ngalunye luzobiza olunye ngomhlukumezi, nokuthi ngokubeka imibono kanye nokucasula noma yiluphi uhlangothi lungenza olunye lube ngumhlukumezi. “Ngangingeke ngilusekele uhlelo lokuthula,” kubhala uBorah, “olwaluqaphela impi njengevumelekile nganoma yisiphi isikhathi noma ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo.” Ngemva kokufunda kubadali bokwephulwa komthetho, uBorah wafundisa uKellogg noCoolidge, waze wanqoba isithiyo esidalwe yinkolelo yakamuva yokuthi ukunqamula impi kungaba kungqubuzana nomthethosisekelo.
Kodwa uBorah wabafundisa kuphi ngempela? Ngokuqinisekile hhayi kulokho okubonakala kuwo wonke uprofesa wezomthetho wase-US ngo-2017 akhulume umbhedo noma isivumelwano sokuzibulala? Yebo, eqinisweni, kulokho nje. Futhi anginaso isiqiniseko sokuthi u-Kellogg noma u-Coolidge wake wakuqonda noma yikuphi ukudlula lokhu: isidingo somphakathi saso kwakuyisiphepho. Kodwa nakhu obekuyikho, nokuthi kungani labo abafika bencoma i-Kellogg Briand Pact babonakala benenhloso enkulu yokuyingcwaba. I-Outlawry yayiphikisana naso sonke isikhungo sempi mayelana nemodeli yokuphikisa ukulwa - okwathi, abaphula umthetho baveze, akuzange kuthathelwe indawo yi-defection dueling, kodwa ukuqedwa kwaso sonke isikhungo esinobuqaba. Uma usuvumele izimpi ezithile, ugqugquzela ukuzilungiselela izimpi, futhi lokho kukuyisa ezimpini zazo zonke izinhlobo. Abakwa-Outlawrists bakuzwile lokhu nangaphambi kokuba u-Dwight Eisenhower abe yingxenye yokuhlasela kwezikhali zamakhemikhali kumakadebona eMpi Yezwe I emigwaqweni yase-DC, ingasaphathwa eyokuthi enze amakheli okuvalelisa.
Kepha uma uvimba yonke impi, abakwa-Outlawrists babambe, ugcina usususa isidingo sanoma iyiphi impi. Uhlela amasistimu angenabo ubudlova wokuxazulula izingxabano. Udala umthetho. Uhlanganisa umjaho wezikhali obuyela emuva. I-Peace Studies Departments iye yakuqonda lokhu eminyakeni yamuva nje. Izishoshovu zokuthula zaba nakho phansi ngawo-1920. Futhi baphikelela embonweni wabo esivumelwaneni abasibhalayo, abaxoxile ngaso, abasicelayo, nokuthi badlula - ngokumelene nentando yabaningi beSenenja abasivumayo. Si vis pacem, para pacem. U-Koplow ucaphuna lo mbhalo ovela epeni elisetshenziswe ukusayina isivumelwano. Uma ufuna ukuthula, lungiselela ukuthula. Ukuthi abantu empeleni kwakusho ukuthi ku-1928 kungaphezu kokuqonda okuvamile ku-2017. Nokho kubhaliwe phansi kokubili umbhalo wesivumelwano kanye nemibhalo eminingi yenhlangano eyadala. Ukuvimbela zonke izimpi kwakuyinhloso futhi kungumthetho.
Ngakho-ke kungani kufanele, njengoba u-Koplow ehlongoza, sakhe isivumelwano esisha sha, esifaniswe ku-Kellogg-Briand, kodwa sivimbele impi yenuzi kuphela? Okokuqala, ukwenza kanjalo bekungeke kukhansele ngokusemthethweni noma ngenye indlela i-Kellogg-Briand Pact ekhona, enganakwa yilelo nani elincane labantu abake bezwa ngayo. Ngokuphambene, ukwenza i-KBP yenuzi kuzoletha ukunaka ekubeni khona kwengqikithi ye-KBP. Ukuqeda yonke impi yenuzi kungaba isinyathelo esinamandla ekuqedeni yonke impi, kungagcina izinhlobo zethu zezilwane zikhona isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukwenza kanjalo, futhi kungakhomba ukucabanga kwethu ngendlela efanele.
Isivumelwano njengoba u-Koplow esibhalile ngeke sibe kunoma yikuphi ukungqubuzana nesivumelwano sokuvimbela izikhali zenuzi, kodwa kungase kube isivumelwano amazwe enuzi azosisayina futhi avume, futhi kungaba namandla kunokumane azibophezele ukuthi angabi ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa ama-nukes. . Njengoba kubhaliwe, i-Nuclear Kellogg-Briand Pact idlula ukubonisa ulimi lwe-KBP ukuhlawulisa umbuzo wokuzivikela kanye neminye eminingi. Icatshangelwe kahle, futhi ngincoma ukuyifunda. Ukungcwatshwa ngasekupheleni kwesivumelwano esisalungiswa kuyimfuneko yokusheshisa imizamo yokuqeda izikhali zenuzi. Ngicabanga ukuthi ukudlulisa lokho kuvinjelwa kwempi yenuzi kuphela kungasheshisa ukuqedwa kwayo yonke impi, futhi kungakwenza lokho ngokuqwashisa ukuthi yonke impi ibingekho emthethweni iminyaka ye-88.
