I-Coming Drone Blowback

Ibhalwe nguJohn Feffer, I-Counterpunch

Ukubulawa okuhlosiwe komholi weTaliban uMullah Akhtar Mohammad Mansour ngempelasonto edlule bekungesona nje esinye isiteleka sama-drone.

Okokuqala nje, kwaba eyenziwa ngamasosha ase-US, hhayi i-CIA, ehlele cishe zonke iziteleka ze-drone ePakistan.

Okwesibili, akwenzekanga e-Afghanistan noma endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi i-Pakistan engenamthetho eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Federally Administered Tribal Areas, noma i-FATA. I-missile eqondiswayo yaphenduka a iToyota emhlophe nabagibeli bayo ababili ungene kubhola lomlilo kuthelawayeka ohanjwe kahle e-Balochistan, eningizimu-ntshonalanga yePakistan.

Ngaphambi kwalesi siteleka se-drone, iPakistan yavumela i-United States ukuthi igade isibhakabhaka endaweni esenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-FATA, inqaba yamaTaliban. Kepha uMongameli u-Obama unqume ukweqa lo “mugqa obomvu” ukuze akhiphe uMansour (kanye umshayeli wetekisi, u-Muhammad Azam, owaba nebhadi lokuba nomgibeli ongafanele ngesikhathi esingafanele).

Abaholi basePakistan babhalise ukungavunyelwa kwabo. Ngokusho kowayeyinxusa laseMelika uSherry Rehman, "Isiteleka se-drone sihlukile kuzo zonke ezinye ngoba asiphindanga nje kuphela uhlobo lwesenzo se-kinetic esingahlangene nohlangothi olulodwa, kodwa futhi esingekho emthethweni futhi esinwebekayo etiyetha yendawo yokusebenza okuhlosiwe."

Ngamanye amazwi, uma i-United States ithumela ama-drones ngemuva kokuhlosiwe e-Balochistan, yini ezoyivimbela ekukhipheni umsolwa wamaphekula emigwaqweni ephithizelayo yaseKarachi noma e-Islamabad?

Ukuphatha kuka-Obama kuzibongela ngokususa umuntu omubi obeqondise amasosha ase-US e-Afghanistan. Kepha isiteleka ngokwaso singase singakhiqizi ukuzimisela okukhulu ohlangothini lweTaliban lokungena ezingxoxweni nohulumeni wase-Afghan. UMansour, ngokusho kwabaphathi, uziphikisile izingxoxo ezinjalo, futhi iTaliban ikwenzile ngempela wenqabile ukujoyina izingxoxo ePakistan neQuadrilateral Coordination Group - Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, United States - ngaphandle uma amasosha akwamanye amazwe esuswa okokuqala e-Afghanistan.

Lelisu "lokubulala ukuze kube nokuthula" lokuphatha kuka-Obama lingase lihlehlise.

Ngokusho kwabaholi abaphezulu beTaliban, Ukushona kukaMansour kuzosiza inhlangano ehlakazekile ihlanganise umholi omusha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, naphezu kwezibikezelo zangaphakathi ezinhle kangaka, i-Taliban ingase ihlukane futhi inike amandla izinhlangano ezinonya njenge-al-Qaeda kanye ne-Islamic State. ukugcwalisa isikhala. Esimeni sesithathu, isiteleka se-drone ngeke sibe nomthelela phansi e-Afghanistan nhlobo, njengoba inkathi yokulwa yamanje isivele iyaqhubeka futhi iTaliban ifuna ukuqinisa isimo sayo sokuxoxisana ngaphambi kokungena ezingxoxweni.

Ngamanye amazwi, i-United States ngeke yazi ukuthi ukushona kuka-Massoud kuzoqhubekisela phambili noma kuxake izinjongo zamasu ase-US esifundeni. Isiteleka se-drone, ngokuyisisekelo, i-crapshoot.

Lesi siteleka futhi siza ngesikhathi lapho inqubomgomo ye-drone yase-US ibhekwa kakhulu e-United States. Ngemuva kokuhlolwa okuningi okuzimele kwabalimala be-drone, abaphathi baka-Obama bazodedela maduze ukulinganisa kwayo yenani lokufa kwabalwayo nabangewona amasosha ngaphandle kwezindawo zempi ezisebenzayo. Ukuhlolwa okusha okuzimele kweziteleka ze-drone ku-FATA kuveza ukuthi "i-blowback" okudala ilindelwe akukenzeki. Futhi abaphathi baka-Obama bazama ngamandla ukuhlenga inqubomgomo e-Afghanistan ehlulekile ukwehlisa amazinga amasosha ase-US njengoba kwakuthenjisiwe, ukwethula ngokugcwele umthwalo wemisebenzi yezempi kuhulumeni wase-Afghan, noma ukumisa iTaliban ekwenzeni izinzuzo ezibalulekile enkundleni yempi.

Ukufa kuka-Massoud kuyisibonelo sakamuva se-United States esakaza ukufa kude emzamweni wokulawula ukungqubuzana osekunesikhathi eside yahluleka ukuyilawula. Ukunemba kweziteleka kuphambene nokungalungi kwenqubomgomo yase-US kanye nokwenzeka okubonakalayo kokufeza imigomo yase-US njengoba kushiwo manje.

Umbuzo we-Blowback

Igama elithi "blowback" ekuqaleni kwakuyigama le-CIA lemiphumela engahlosiwe - kanye nemibi - yokusebenza komshoshaphansi. Esinye sezibonelo ezidume kakhulu kwakuwukufakwa kwezikhali nezimpahla zase-US kuma-mujahedeen alwa namaSoviet e-Afghanistan. Abanye balaba balwi, okuhlanganisa no-Osama bin Laden, bazogcina bephendule izikhali zabo ngokumelene ne-US lapho amaSoviets kade engasekho ezweni.

Umkhankaso we-drone wase-US akuwona umsebenzi ocashile, nakuba i-CIA ngokuvamile yenqabile ukuvuma indima yayo ekuhlaselweni (i-Pentagon ivuleke kakhulu mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwayo kwama-drones ekushayeni okuhloswe kwezempi evamile). Kepha abagxeki bokuhlaselwa kwe-drone - kuhlanganise nami - kudala bephikisana ngokuthi zonke izisulu ezibangelwa ukuhlaselwa kwe-drone zizobuyisela emuva. Iziteleka ze-Drone kanye nentukuthelo abayikhiqizayo isebenza ngempumelelo ukuqasha abantu eTaliban nakwezinye izinhlangano eziyingozi.

Ngisho nababambe iqhaza kulolu hlelo baye bafinyelela esiphethweni esifanayo.

Cabanga, ngokwesibonelo, lesi sicelo esishukumisayo esiya kuMongameli u-Obama kumakadebona we-Air Force ashayela ama-drones. "Izakhamizi ezingenacala ebesizibulala zabhebhethekisa imizwa yenzondo eyabhebhethekisa ubushokobezi namaqembu afana ne-ISIS, kanti futhi isebenza njengethuluzi elibalulekile lokuqasha," baphikisana encwadini ngoNovemba odlule. "Abaphathi kanye nabandulele bakhe uhlelo lwe-drone olungelinye lamandla ahlukumeza kakhulu amaphekula kanye nokudiliza emhlabeni jikelele."

Kepha manje kuza u-Aqil Shah, uprofesa eNyuvesi yase-Oklahoma, osanda kuqala yanyathelisa umbiko ezama ukuphikisa lesi simangalo.

Ngokweqoqo lezingxoxo eziyi-147 azenza eNyakatho Waziristan, indawo ese-FATA yasePakistan esiqhubeke nesibalo esikhulu kakhulu seziteleka zama-drone, amaphesenti angama-79 abaphendulile ayaweseka lo mkhankaso. Iningi likholelwa ukuthi iziteleka azivamile ukuthi zibulale abangamasosha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho kochwepheshe abacashunwe ngu-Shah, "iningi labantu bendawo likhetha ama-drones esikhundleni samasosha asePakistan kanye nokuhlasela kwasemoyeni okubangela umonakalo omkhulu empilweni yabantu nasezimpahleni."

Angikungabazi lokhu okutholakele. Abantu abaningi ePakistan abanalo uzwelo ngamaTaliban. Ngokusho kuka-a Ukuvota kwakamuva kwe-Pew, amaphesenti angama-72 abaphendulile ePakistan ayenombono ongemuhle ngamaTaliban (kanye amavoti angaphambili iphakamisa ukuthi lokhu kuntuleka kokusekelwa kudlulela ku-FATA). Akungabazeki ukuthi ama-drones angcono kunemisebenzi yezempi yasePakistan, njengoba nje emelela intuthuko phezu kwezinqubomgomo zomhlaba oshisiwe ezasetshenziswa yi-United States eMpini YaseVietnam ukucekela phansi izingxenye ezinkulu zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.

Ucwaningo lukaShah lwalungelona neze isayensi. Uyavuma ukuthi izingxoxo zakhe “bezingameleli ngokwezibalo” - bese eqhubeka nokuthola iziphetho mayelana nenani labantu be-FATA. Kuyiqiniso futhi lokho amanye amavoti amaningi basikisela ukuthi amaPakistani ezweni lonke aphikise uhlelo lwe-drone futhi bakholelwa ukuthi lukhuthaza impi, kodwa lezi zokuvota ngokuvamile azizange ziyifake i-FATA.

Kodwa isiphetho sika-Shah esiyimpikiswano kakhulu ukuthi izinga eliphezulu lokusekelwa kohlelo lwe-drone lisho ukuthi akukho kubuyisela emuva okwenzekayo. Noma ngabe izingxoxo zakhe bezizimele ngokwezibalo, angikuqondi lokhu kugxuma kokuhlaziya.

I-Blowback ayidingi ukuphikiswa kwendawo yonke. Iphesenti elincane kuphela lama-mujahedeen aqhubeka nokulwa no-Osama bin Laden. Inani elithile kuphela lama-Contras aye ahileleka emisebenzini ephonsa izidakamizwa e-United States.

Akufana nokuthi sonke isibalo sabantu be-FATA sizojoyina iTaliban. Uma nje izinkulungwane ezimbalwa zezinsizwa zijoyina i-Taliban ngenxa yentukuthelo ngenxa yeziteleka ze-drone, lokho kubalwa njenge-blowback. Kunabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-4 abahlala ku-FATA. Ibutho lokulwa labantu abangu-4,000 lingamaphesenti angu-1 abantu - futhi lokho kungena kalula kumaphesenti angu-21 abaphendulile abaphika ama-drones kulokho okutholwe ngu-Shah.

Futhi kuthiwani ngebhomu elizibulele elingena endleleni yalo yokweqisa ngoba isiteleka sama-drone sikhiphe umfowabo? Ibhomu le-Times Square, uFaisal Shahzad, wayekhona kushukunyiswa okungenani ngokwengxenye iziteleka ze-drone ePakistan, nakuba bebengakabulali muntu emndenini wakhe.

Ekugcineni, i-blowback ingaba umuntu oyedwa nje othukuthele futhi ozimisele owenza uphawu lwakhe emlandweni ngaphandle kokuvela kuqala kunhlolovo.

Ezinye Izinkinga Ze-Drone

Inkinga ye-blowback ingenye yezinkinga eziningi ngenqubomgomo ye-drone yase-US.

Abasekeli bama-drones bahlale bephikisana ngokuthi iziteleka zibangela ukufa kwabantu abambalwa kakhulu kunokuqhuma kwamabhomu emoyeni. "Engingakusho ngokuqiniseka okukhulu ukuthi izinga labantu abalimala kunoma yikuphi ukusebenza kwe-drone liphansi kakhulu izinga labantu abalimalayo okwenzeka empini evamile," uMongameli Obama. kusho ngo-Ephreli.

Nakuba lokho kungase kube yiqiniso ngokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kakhaphethi ngokungakhethi, kuvele kungelona iqiniso ngohlobo lomkhankaso womoya i-United States eye yawenza eSyria nase-Afghanistan.

"Selokhu u-Obama engenile esikhundleni, iziteleka ezingama-462 zasePakistan, Yemen naseSomalia zibulale izakhamizi ezilinganiselwa ku-289, noma oyedwa kwabangu-1.6," bhala uMicah Zenko no-Amelia Mae Wolf muva nje Inqubomgomo Yangaphandle ucezu. Uma kuqhathaniswa, izinga lokufa kwabantu e-Afghanistan kusukela u-Obama ethatha izintambo bekungumuntu oyedwa kumabhomu angama-21 ehlisiwe. Empini emelene ne-Islamic State, izinga lalingumuntu oyedwa kumabhomu angama-72 ehlisiwe.

Bese kuba nombuzo womthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. I-United States ibilokhu yenza iziteleka ze-drone ngaphandle kwezindawo zokulwa. Ize yabulala izakhamizi zaseMelika. Futhi kwenziwa kanjalo ngaphandle kokudlula kunoma iyiphi inqubo yezomthetho. Umongameli usayina imiyalo yokubulala, bese i-CIA yenza lezi zigameko zokubulala ngokungemthetho.

Akumangazi-ke ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US uthi iziteleka zisemthethweni ngoba zibhekiswe ezimpini zamazwe omhlaba ezilwa namaphekula. Ngaphansi kwaleyo ncazelo, nokho, i-United States ingabulala noma ngubani emthatha njengephekula noma kuphi emhlabeni. Kunemibiko eminingana ye-UN wabiza iziteleka ezingekho emthethweni. Okungenani, ama-drones amelela a inselele eyisisekelo emthethweni wamazwe ngamazwe.

Bese kuba nomqondo oyimpikiswano weziteleka zokusayina. Lokhu kuhlasela akuqondi abantu abathile, kodwa noma ubani ofanelana nephrofayela evamile yephekula endaweni ethathwa njengecebile ngamaphekula. Azidingi kugunyazwa ngumongameli. Lezi ziteleka zibe nomphumela wamaphutha amakhulu, okuhlanganisa nokubulawa kwezakhamizi zaseYemeni eziyi-12 ngoDisemba 2013 obekudinga isigidi samadola “ekukhokhweni kwenduduzo.” Ukuphathwa kuka-Obama akubonisi lutho ukuyeka leli qhinga elithile.

Ekugcineni, kunendaba yokwanda kwe-drone. Kwakujwayele ukuthi yi-United States kuphela eyayinobuchwepheshe obusha. Kodwa lezo zinsuku sezihambile.

"Amazwe angamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nesithupha anekhono elithile, kanti angu-19 angaba nama-drones ahlomile noma athola ubuchwepheshe," kubhala uJames Bamford. "Okungenani amazwe ayisithupha ngaphandle kweMelika asebenzise ama-drones empini, kwathi ngo-2015, inkampani yezokuvikela i-Teal Group yalinganisela ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwe-drone kuzobiza ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-93 kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo - kufinyelela ngaphezu kwenani lemakethe eliphindwe kathathu."

Njengamanje, i-United States iqhuba ngokunganaki iziteleka ze-drone emhlabeni wonke ngaphandle kokujeziswa. Kodwa lapho isiteleka sokuqala se-drone senziwa ngokumelene ne-United States - noma izinhlangano zamaphekula ngokumelene nezakhamuzi zase-US kwamanye amazwe - i-blowback yangempela izoqala.