Ukubuyisela Amadoda: I-Drone Wars

NguDoug Noble, i-Upstate (NY) iDrone Action Coalition

"Umgaqo-nkqubo wethu wonke waseMbindi Mpuma ubonakala usekelwe kwi-drones yokudubula," uLt. Gen. Michael Flynn, owayengumphathi we-Arhente ye-Defence Intelligence, utshele i-Intercept. "Bayachukunyiswa kukwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ekhethekileyo kunye ne-CIA ukufumana indoda embindini wentlango kwilali encinci emdaka kwaye iphosa ibhombu entloko yambulala."

Ukubulawa okujoliswe kuko ziidrones kuhlala kusisixhobo sase-US esikhethiweyo, esibizwa ngokuba "ngumdlalo kuphela edolophini," ngowayesakuba ngumlawuli weCIA uLeon Panetta. Oku nangona ishumi leminyaka lehlabathi lizaliswe yingqumbo ngenxa yokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi, ukunyhashwa kwemithetho yezizwe ngezizwe, ukungahlonelwa kolongamo lwelizwe, ukugxothwa kwenkqubo efanelekileyo, kunye nemfihlo eqhubekayo. Ulawulo luka-Obama kutshanje lubhengeze ukuba inkqubo yokubulala i-drone iya kunyuswa nge-50% kwiminyaka emibini ezayo.

Ngoku amaxwebhu karhulumente avuza kwi-Intercept abonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba inkqubo yedrone yase-US ibulala amawaka abantu abamsulwa kubukrelekrele obubi kunye nokujolisa ngokungakhathali ngelixa ichazwa ngobuxoki njengenkqubo yokucwangcisa ngokugqibeleleyo kunye nokwenziwa ngokuchanekileyo. “AmaPhepha eDrone” asandul’ ukuvuzwa atyhila ubungakanani bokungaqondi ngabom kwimisebenzi yedrone yase-US e-Afghanistan, ePakistan, eYemen, eSomalia, exhomekeke kubukrelekrele obunempazamo kunye nokungachaneki okumangalisayo ekuchongeni ekujoliswe kuko. Ezi zityhilelo ziqinisekisa ngakumbi ukuba uninzi lwethu sele belwazi malunga nokusilela okothusayo, inkohliso engapheliyo kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwenkqubo ye-drone yase-US.

Kodwa kubi nangakumbi. Ukubulawa ngokungakhathali kunye nokugqwethwa koluntu yinto enye. Ukuba i-US eneneni ibithembele kubugcisa bomkhosi obungqiniweyo kunye neqhinga lokoyisa abanqolobi kwaye "igcine iMelika ikhuselekile," nangona kukho imiqobo kunye nobomi obumsulwa obulahlekileyo, kukho abo banokuthethelela iindleko.

Kodwa eyona nto iyingozi kakhulu kuzo zonke kukuba izifundo ezininzi ekudala zifumaneka kubacwangcisi bezomkhosi zibonise ngokungagungqiyo ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweedrones ezixhobileyo kwiinzame zokulwa nobunqolobi akusebenzi kwaye kuyachasana. Ngaphezu koko, irekhodi yembali kunye nophando lwakutsha nje lubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba isicwangciso "sokunqunyulwa kwentloko" esiqhuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-drone - ukubulawa kweethagethi zexabiso eliphezulu - akuphumelelanga kwaye akwenzanga nto ekoyiseni abavukeli okanye imibutho yabanqolobi.

Ke imikhosi yedrone ibisazi ngalo lonke ixesha ukuba ayizukusebenza: ukuba umbulali wedrones kunye noluhlu lokubulala luya kubulala amawaka abantu kodwa angaze boyise abanqolobi. Bayazi le nto ngokugqibeleleyo ukusuka kumashumi eminyaka yamava omkhosi kunye nomthamo wezifundo zophando. Nangona kunjalo bayaqhubeka beyenza nangona kunjalo, ngokunyuka ngakumbi, ngokungenangqondo. Ngoba? Ngenxa yokuba banako (kwaye ngenxa yokuba abanaPlan B).

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Iidrones ezixhobileyo zazicetywa okokuqala ngumkhosi wase-US kwi-2000, ngaphambi kwe-9 / 11, njengendlela yokujolisa kunye nokubulala, kunye neenqwelo-moya ezifanayo, iNombolo enye yexabiso eliphezulu, u-Osama Bin Laden. Ngale njongo, iidrones zokucupha iPredator zazifakelwe imijukujelwa yesihogo somlilo esafumaneka kwiMfazwe yeGulf. Igama elithi "isihogo somlilo," isishunqulelo esithi "i-heliborne-launched fire-and-forget missile," yayiyilwe ekuqaleni njenge "anti-tank guided missile (AGM)," ngandlel 'ithile ngoku isasazwe ngokutsha ukuze kubulawe abantu, okanye, njengoko. elinye inqaku loMkhosi woMoya laliyibiza ngokuba, "imfazwe ebunzi."

Ezi drones zixhobileyo ziye zasetyenziswa ukusukela ngoko, njengesixhobo esikhethwayo kwimisebenzi yase-US kuwo wonke uMbindi Mpuma nakuMntla Afrika. Ngoku, xa kujongwa yonke impikiswano yokuziphatha neyomthetho ejikeleze ukusetyenziswa kwabo, abanye baye baqala ukuthandabuza ukuba ngaba ezi drones zinezixhobo ziye zasebenza ngempumelelo ekoyiseni abanqolobi. Njengoko umbhali wemihlathi yeLos Angeles Times uDoyle McManus ebuze mva nje, "Ngaba siyaphumelela imfazwe yedrone?"

Kunzima ukwazi kuba, njengoko iStimson Centre Task Force yamva nje kwingxelo yoMgaqo-nkqubo weDrone yase-US ichaza, "emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwe-10 yokusetyenziswa, inkqubo yedrone yase-US ihlala ifihliwe kangangokuba asinalo ulwazi olwaneleyo lokwenza uvavanyo olufundisiweyo. ngokusebenza kwayo … Ngaphandle kokuqonda ngokucacileyo isicwangciso senkqubo yedrone, iinjongo, kunye neemetric ezisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya, … iingcali … azinakwenza uhlolo olunolwazi malunga nokusebenza kwenkqubo.”

INgxelo ye-Stimson yaphawula ukuba “ngomhla wama-23 kuMeyi, 2013, uMongameli Obama wanikela intetho enkulu kwiYunivesithi yoKhuselo yeSizwe apho … wathembisa ngokuqhubeka nomsebenzi onzima wokuqinisekisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwee-UAVs ezibulalayo .. kusengqiqweni.' Ababhali beNgxelo bancomela ukuba urhulumente wase-US enze uvavanyo olunzulu lwempembelelo ye-UAV kwimibutho yamaphekula, ngokubhekiselele kwizakhono, izisongelo ezikhoyo ngoku, ukuziphatha kunye nokuqashwa, kunye nefuthe labo kwimbono yoluntu, ukumangala kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wokukhusela. ” Akukho nto ilindeleke ukuba ivele nangaliphi na ixesha kungekudala.

Umongameli u-Obama unikeze i-metric ye-drone esebenzayo kwintetho enkulu kwi-2014: "Izenzo zethu kufuneka zihlangabezane novavanyo olulula: Akufuneki senze iintshaba ezininzi kunokuba sisuse idabi." Nangona kungekho nkcazelo inamandla yoloyiso, nangale ndlela yokulinganisa, kunikwa amanani akhulayo abaqeshwa abatsha e-Al Qaeda, ISIS nakwamanye amaqela, kubonakala ngathi iqhinga lase-US ligqibe ekubeni lingasebenzi. Kodwa ekubeni kungekho manani acacileyo avela kulawulo luka-Obama lweentshaba ezibuleweyo kunye nabaqeshwa abatsha benziwe, le metric yokusebenza igqibe ekubeni ayiloncedo.

Imbali yangaphambili kunye nemfundiso yomkhosi ende, nangona kunjalo, inika ukuqonda malunga nokusebenza okunokwenzeka kwemfazwe ka-Obama. Okulandelayo yisampuli emfutshane yezigqibo eziye zafikelelwa ngabaphengululi bophando, ngaphakathi nangaphandle komkhosi, abaye bahlolisisa ingxelo yembali nobungqina basemkhosini. Aba baphengululi bonke bayavuma ukuba uqhankqalazo lwedrone alunamsebenzi ukoyisa ukuchasana nobunqolobi, kodwa bonke bayavuma ukuba umkhosi wase-US uya kuqhubeka kwikamva ukuthembela kuwo, "njengokuphela komdlalo edolophini."

UJames A. Russell, umphengululi kwiSebe leMicimbi yoKhuseleko lweSizwe kwiSikolo saseNaval Postgraduate, uqukumbela kwinqaku lakhe. "Isithembiso esingeyonyani soBupolisa basemoyeni,” sokuba “umbono wobupolisa basemoyeni uyingozi kwaye uneziphene ezinzulu, kodwa ngendlela engaqondakaliyo iye yaba liyeza lamazwe afuna ukusebenzisa amandla kule mihla…. Amapolisa asemoyeni yindlu yobukrelekrele nenobuchule yamakhadi eyakhelwe kwiziseko ezixengaxengayo ... [imele] ukoyisa kwamaqhinga phezu kweqhinga, ukuguqula iinyaniso ezisisiseko malunga nobume bemfazwe entloko.”

Amapolisa asemoyeni akhula kwiithiyori zamandla omoya ukuba inqwelomoya yayiyiguqule imfazwe ngokwenza ukuba kungabikho mfuneko yokuba imikhosi ingqubane emhlabeni kwaye itshabalalisane. Endaweni yoko, baphikisana, imikhosi yotshaba, iindlela zakhe zokulwa, kunye nokuthanda kwakhe ukulwa kunokutshatyalaliswa emoyeni ngokusebenzisa ibhombu yobuchule. Ukuziphatha kwale mfazwe yoqhankqalazo, baye baxoxa, banciphisa ukusebenza kunye nemfazwe kwingxaki yobunjineli yokuchonga kunye nokubetha iithagethi.

IMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayiyilabhoratri enkulu yokuzama ezi ngcinga, njengoko i-United States neBritane zazifuna ukunyanzela iJamani ukuba ingeniswe ngebhombu yobuchule. Izifundo zemfazwe yeqhinga lokuqhushumba ngeebhombu, nangona kunjalo, azizange zifundwe. Abaqhushumbisi abadibeneyo baphoswa uninzi lwento ababejolise kuyo, abazange baphelise iindlela zaseJamani zokulwa imfazwe, kwaye abazange baqinisekise abantu baseJamani ukuba bayeke ukulwa.

Intsomi yabameli bomoya banyamezele ngeMfazwe yaseVietnam, ngaphandle kokunye ukusilela kwamandla omoya ukuphumeza isiphumo sobuchule. Kutshanje, imikhosi ekhethekileyo yaseMelika yaseka malunga nokudala indlela yokujolisa kubavukeli eyayineengcambu zayo kwindlela yobunjineli esetyenziswa ngabameli bamandla omoya. Indlela yokujolisa yabanjwa ngomdla ngabantu abathanda amandla omoya ukuze babulale abarhanelwa abarhanelwa kwihlabathi liphela ngesizukulwana esitsha saseMelika seerobhothi esibhakabhakeni.

Iqhinga lokurhoxa kweMelika ukusuka e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan emva kweminyaka eli-15 lisikhumbuzo sokusilela … amaqhinga achuliweyo akhuthazwe ngabaxhasi bobuqhophololo kunye neendlela ezichanekileyo zokujolisa. Nangona kunjalo impendulo yaseMelika kolu kusilela kubuchule ibe kukuphinda kabini phantsi, ikhupha imali eninzi kunye noxanduva kwiMikhosi eYodwa kunye nemibutho efanayo engazange iphumelele isiphumo esilungileyo sobuchule edabini kule minyaka ili-15 idlulileyo.

UJames Igoe Walsh, I-US Army College Iziko leZifundo zoBuchule, wabhala inqaku elibanzi elinomxholo othi, “Ukusebenza Kokuqhankqalaza kweDrone kwi-Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism Campaign.

Uqukumbela ngelithi "... iidrones zininzi, zithatha indawo ebuthathaka yemisebenzi yemveli yokulwa. Ngelixa i-drones inamandla okohlwaya kunye nokuthintela imibutho yabavukeli, ayiyodwa yodwa igalelo ekusekweni kwegunya likarhulumente elisebenzayo ngendlela ethe ngqo nenentsingiselo, ethi ... abantu basekuhlaleni.”

Amaqela ajoliswe kwiidrones asebenza kwiindawo apho iUnited States kunye norhulumente welizwe [wengingqi] akanako okanye akayi kubandakanyeka "emhlabeni" ngamanani amakhulu. Iidrones ziluncedo kakhulu kwiindawo ezinjalo, kuba zivumela i-United States ukuba iqhube ngamandla xa yona kunye norhulumente welizwe benezinye iindlela ezimbalwa.

Kodwa ukungabikho kweebhutsi emhlabeni kwenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukuqokelela ubukrelekrele babantu kwimisebenzi yamaqela omkhosi anokuthi asetyenziswe ukujolisa ugwayimbo lwe-drone. Izithuba ezingalawulwayo nazo zinokuvumela amaqela axhobileyo ukuba andise kwaye enze umanyano oluntsonkothileyo kunye nexesha elifutshane ekunzima ukuba abantu bangaphandle baluqonde, okonyusa umngeni wokujolisa kuphela amajoni achasene ne-United States. Iidrones, ke, ziluncedo kakhulu ekulweni nobunqolobi kanye kwezo seto apho imiceli mngeni yokuchasana nobunqolobi yeyona inkulu, kwaye ukukwazi ukuqokelela ubukrelekrele yeyona nto ibuthathaka. Oku kuthetha ukuba umqobo wokusetyenziswa ngempumelelo kweedrones ukulwa nobunqolobi ubekwe phezulu kakhulu… Ubungqina obuvela kwelona phulo lizinzileyo lokuthembela kugwayimbo lwe-drone ukunqanda kunye nokohlwaya imibutho yabavukeli ePakistan bucebisa ukuba obu bugcisa bunomthamo olinganiselweyo wokufezekisa ezi njongo. . Ngaphandle kwale mida, itekhnoloji yedrone ibonakala ngathi inokusasazeka phakathi komkhosi wase-US oxhobileyo, imikhosi exhobileyo yamanye amazwe, kunye nemibutho yabavukeli.

Isazi-bulumko kunye nombhali-mbali uGregoire Chamayou, kwincwadi yakhe Ithiyori yeDrone, ichaza i-2009 op-ed nguDavid Kilcullen, umcebisi wezempi wase-US onempembelelo kwi-counterinsurgency, eyabiza ukumiswa kokuhlaselwa kwe-drone ePakistan. UKilcullen wawajonga njengezinto eziyingozi, eqhubela uluntu kwiingalo zabavukeli. U-Kilcullen uzobe ungqamaniso oluthe ngqo phakathi kwenkqubo yangoku yedrone kunye nokungaphumeleli okungathandekiyo kwamaphulo angaphambili e-French kunye ne-Bhritane yokuqhubhisa ibhobhobhobho yase-Algeria nasePakistan. Kwakhona wayechasa ubuchwephesha bokusetyenziswa kwe-drone, "ebonisa zonke iimpawu zeqhinga - okanye, ngokuchanekileyo, icwecwe leteknoloji, - endaweni yeqhinga."

UGregoire uphawula ukuba “abenzi bobuchule bomkhosi womoya bazazi kakuhle iinkcaso abathi iithiyori [zokuchasa] abasoze basilele ukuziphakamisa, . . . Ucaphula kwimfundiso yasemkhosini “inkolelo yokuba i-COIN [i-counterinsurgency] imalunga nezihlangu ezisemhlabeni nokuba amandla omoya akanamveliso.”

UGregoire uthi, "Ukuzingela ngokutyibilikayo kubonisa uloyiso ... lokuchasa ubunqolobi phezu kovukelo. Ngokwale ngqiqo, inani elipheleleyo lomzimba kunye noluhlu lweembasa zokuzingela zithatha indawo yovavanyo lobuchule lweziphumo zezopolitiko zobundlobongela obuxhobileyo. Impumelelo iba ngamanani.” Ungaze ucinge ukuba ukubetha kwedrone kwandisa iintshaba ezintsha. Isicwangciso sobuchule se-drone counterinsurgency ngoku sibonakala ngathi i-armada ye-drones ebulalayo iyakwazi ukuphelisa abantu abatsha ngokukhawuleza njengoko bedalwa: "kamsinya nje ukuba intloko ikhule, yinqumle," kwipatheni yokupheliswa okuqhubekayo. Olu vavanyo lungqamana nesigqibo sengxelo ye-Stimson sokuba “ubukho bee-UAVs eziyingozi buye baphembelela indlela 'ye-whack-a-mole' ekulweni nobunqolobi."

Umthombo weDrone Papers uqukumbela ngelithi: “Umkhosi unokukwazi ngokulula ukuziqhelanisa neenguqu, kodwa awuthandi ukunqanda nantoni na ovakalelwa kukuba yenza ubomi bawo bube lula, okanye iyingenelo kuwo. Kwaye oku ngokuqinisekileyo, emehlweni abo, yindlela ekhawulezayo, ecocekileyo yokwenza izinto. Yindlela ethambileyo, esebenzayo yokuqhuba imfazwe, ngaphandle kokuba neempazamo ezinkulu zokuhlasela eIraq nase-Afghanistan. ... kodwa ngeli xesha, baye baba ngamakhoboka kulo matshini, kule ndlela yokwenza ishishini, kangangokuba kubonakala ngathi kuya kuba nzima nangakumbi ukubasusa kuwo okude bevunyelwa ukuba baqhubeke nokusebenza kulo matshini. indlela.”

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Ukongeza kuphando malunga nokubulawa kwabantu ngedrone, abanye abaphengululi bebephanda isicwangciso esixhasa uhlaselo lwedrone yase-US, oko kukuthi, isicwangciso "sokunqunyulwa kwentloko" (eyethu indlela yokunqumla utshaba). Esi sicwangciso sithatha ukuba ukubulawa kweenkokeli kunye nabanye abadlali abaphambili - ababizwa ngokuba "ithagethi zexabiso eliphezulu" (i-HVTs) - ngaphakathi kweqela labavukeli okanye iqela labanqolobi ekugqibeleni liya kunqoba iqela ngokwalo.

Noko ke, abaphengululi bafikelela kwisigqibo esahlukileyo.

Umphengululi weRAND uPatrick B. Johnston, kwinqaku lakhe elithi “Ngaba Ukunqunyulwa Kwentloko Kuyasebenza? Ukuvavanya iNdlela yokuSebenza kokuJonga ubuNkokheli kwiiPhulo zokuLwa nokuPhucula, ”uphawula:

“Kungakhathaliseki enoba utshaba lukarhulumente ngurhulumente, ngumbutho wabanqolobi, okanye ngabavukeli, uluvo lwabaphengululi luye lwabonisa ukuba ukujolisa abantu ngexabiso eliphezulu akuncedi yaye akunamiphumo mibi. … Iinkcukacha zikwabonisa ngokuphandle ukuba ukubulala okanye ukubamba iinkokeli zabavukeli kudla ngokuba ayiyombumbulu yesilivere, njengoko oorhulumente bebemalunga nama-25% okunokwenzeka ukuba boyise uvukelo kulandela ukususwa ngempumelelo kweenkokeli eziphezulu zabavukeli.

Ekuphononongeni kwakhe uncwadi olufanelekileyo, "Ii-ABCs ze-HVT: Izifundo eziPhambili kwiiPhulo zokuJonga iXabiso eliPhakamileyo ngokuchasene nabavukeli kunye nabanqolobi," uMat Frankel weBrookings Institution, uqukumbela:

"Intsingiselo yokugqibela ye-United States kukuba kubalulekile ukuba naliphi na iphulo le-HVT lenzekile njengenxalenye yesicwangciso esikhulu, kungekhona nje njengesiphelo salo. Ugwayimbo olukude kunye nogqogqo olujolisiweyo kufuneka zidityaniswe nemisebenzi ebanzi, yomkhosi kunye nengeyomkhosi, ukuphumeza ukusebenza okuphezulu.

I-United States iya kujongana nomlo wokunyuka ekusebenziseni amaphulo e-HVT ngempumelelo, kuba iya kuhlala isebenza njengomkhosi wesithathu. Ukuba iinjongo zorhulumente ophetheyo kunye neqela lesithathu ziyahluka, mancinci amathuba okuphumelela.

Kucacile ukuba nje ukuba i-Al Qaeda ihleli ingamandla ehlabathi, imisebenzi ye-HVT exhaswa yi-US iya kuqhubeka. Kodwa ukuba i-United States iyaqhubeka nokwenza imisebenzi ye-HVT kwindawo engenanto, ...

Unjingalwazi weMicimbi yaMazwe ngaMazwe uJenna Jordan, uqukumbela kwinqaku lakhe elithi “Isizathu Sokuba Amaqela Abanqolobi Esinda Kuqhankqalazo Lokuthotywa Kwentloko”

“Ukujoliswa kweenkokeli zobunqolobi ezinxulumene ne-al-Qaida ibe sisiseko somgaqo-nkqubo wase-US wokuchasa ubunqolobi ukusukela ngo-2001. ..Ukujolisa kwi-al-Qaida akunakufane kubangele ukwehla kombutho okanye ukuthotywa kwexesha elide [ekubeni] umbutho wayo olawulayo kunye nenkxaso yoluntu. ziye zayivumela ukuba imelane nokuhlaselwa rhoqo kwiinkokeli zayo.”

Nangona kunjalo, uyalumkisa, "Ngaphandle kokusebenza kunye nokubakho kweziphumo ezibi zesicwangciso sayo sokunqunyulwa kwentloko, iUnited States kusenokwenzeka ukuba iqhubeke nokujolisa kwiinkokeli ze-al-Qaida kuba abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo baseMelika bajonga ukubulawa kweethagethi ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu njengempumelelo kubo."

isiphelo

Upapasho lwalo nyaka lwamaPhepha eDrone lutyhila ukuba ulawulo luka-Obama, umkhosi wase-US, kunye ne-CIA bebexoka ngalo lonke ixesha malunga nenkqubo yokubulawa kwedrone, ekujoliswe kuko kunye nokwenzakala kwayo. La maxwebhu akwabhenca ukungahoywa kwamanyala kubomi babantu kulo lonke lo msebenzi, njengoko amaqhawe e-drone elandela amaphupha abo etekhnoloji. “Kuyo yonke imbali yoluntu,” iStimson Report isikhumbuza, “amandla okusebenzisa amandla ukutyhubela imigama ebesoloko efunwa ngamandla . . . Kulo mongo, iidrones azikho ngcwele. Amaphepha eDrone atyhila ukuba uGqr Strangeloves ebezazi kakuhle iindleko zoluntu ezimanyumnyezi zeshishini labo kwaye abanakukhathalela kancinci.​

Into endiye ndazama ukuyibonisa apha yinto engaphezulu: ukuba aba bagwenxa basemkhosini bayazi ngalo lonke ixesha ukuba itekhnoloji yabo yedrone kunye neqhinga lokujolisa bangenamali ngokwezomkhosi. Abakwazanga kodwa ukwazi kwimbali yasemkhosini kunye nemfundiso yokuba ezi ndlela azinakwenzeka kwaphela ukoyisa amaqela abanqolobi okanye ukugcina iMelika ikhuselekile. Bamele bazi ukuba enyanisweni okuchaseneyo kuyinyaniso, ukuba ishishini labo elibi libeka esichengeni ngakumbi sonke. Kwaye ke baya kuqhubeka ngokuqaqadeka ngakumbi ukuphambana kwabo koMvuni, abaphengululi abalapha bonke bayavumelana, side sifumane indlela yokubanqanda.

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Ucaphulo

Iingcebiso kunye neNgxelo yoMsebenzi weZiko le-Stimson kuMgaqo-nkqubo we-Drone wase-US, uHlelo lweSibini. UMlawuli woPhando: uRachel Stohl, ngo-Epreli wama-2015 http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/task_force_report_FINAL_WEB_062414.pd

URachel Stohl, "Isebenza kangakanani inkqubo yedrone yase-US?"

https://www.lawfareblog.com/foreign-policy-essay-just-how-effective-us-drone-program-anyway

UDoyle McManus, "Ngaba siyaphumelela imfazwe ye-drone?" Los Angeles Times, Aprili 24, 2015

Patrick B. Johnston, “Ngaba Ukunqunyulwa Kwentloko Kuyasebenza? Ukuvavanya iNdlela yokuSebenza kokuJonga ubuNkokheli kwiiPhulo zokuLwa nokuPhumelela, " Khu seleko lweSizwe, 36(4):47-79, 2012

UFrankel, uMat(2011) 'I-ABCs ze-HVT: Izifundo eziPhambili eziphuma kumaPhulo okuJonga kwiXabiso eliPhezulu ngokuchasene nabavukeli kunye nabanqolobi', iZifundo kwiNgxwabangxwaba nobunqolobi, 34: 1, 17 — 3

UJenna Jordan, "Kutheni amaQela abanqolobi esinda kwizibetho zokuthotywa," Ukhuseleko lwamazwe ngamazwe, Umqulu. 38, No. 4 (Spring 2014), iphepha 7-38,

Gregoire Chamayou, Ithiyori yeDrone, Ushicilelo olutsha, ngo-2015

URichard Whittle, Predator: Imvelaphi eyiMfihlo yeDrone Revolution. Henry Holt & Co., 2014

UAndrew Cockburn, Kill Chain: Ukunyuka kwababulali be-High-Tech, Henry Holt & Co., 2015

UJeremy Scahill et al., Amaphepha eDrone.  https://theintercept.com/drone-papers