NguNick Buxton, IZiko leTransnational, Oktobha 12, 2021
Kukho imfuno yezopolitiko ekhulayo yokhuselo lwemozulu njengempendulo kwimpembelelo ekhulayo yenguqu yemozulu, kodwa uhlalutyo olunqabileyo olunzulu malunga nohlobo lokhuseleko abalunikayo kwaye kubani. Le primer iyayichasa ingxoxo-ibalaselisa indima yomkhosi ekubangeleni imeko-bume yemozulu, iingozi zabo ngoku ukubonelela ngezisombululo zomkhosi kwimpembelelo yemozulu, umdla kwezorhwebo onenzuzo, ifuthe kwabona basemngciphekweni, kunye nezinye izindululo 'zokhuseleko' isekelwe kubulungisa.
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1. Yintoni ukhuseleko lwemozulu?
Ukhuseleko lwemozulu sisakhelo sepolitiki kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo ohlalutya ifuthe lotshintsho lwemozulu kukhuseleko. Kulindeleke ukuba iimeko zemozulu ezigabadeleyo kunye nokungazinzi kwemozulu okubangelwe kukunyuka kokukhutshwa kwegesi (i-GHGs) kuya kubangela ukuphazamiseka kwiinkqubo zoqoqosho, ezentlalo nezokusingqongileyo- kwaye ke oko kujongele ezantsi ukhuseleko. Imibuzo yile: lukabani kwaye loluphi olu hlobo lokhuseleko?
Olona phulo luphambili kunye nemfuno 'yokhuseleko lwemozulu' luvela kukhuseleko lwesizwe olunamandla kunye nezixhobo zomkhosi, ngakumbi ezo zezizwe ezityebileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukhuseleko lubonwa ngokwemiqathango 'yezisongelo' eziyenzayo kwimikhosi yabo yezomkhosi kunye 'nokhuseleko lwesizwe', igama eliquka konke elibhekisa kumandla ezoqoqosho nezopolitiko zelizwe.
Kwesi sikhokelo, ukhuseleko lwemozulu luvavanya okuqondwayo ngqo izoyikiso kukhuseleko lwesizwe, ezinje ngempembelelo kwimisebenzi yezomkhosi- umzekelo, ukunyuka kwenqanaba lolwandle kuchaphazela iziseko zomkhosi okanye ubushushu obugqithisileyo buthintela ukusebenza komkhosi. Ikwajonga kwi ngqo izigrogriso, okanye iindlela utshintsho lwemozulu olunokuthi lwandise ukruthakruthwano olukhoyo, ungquzulwano nobundlobongela obunokuphalala okanye bugqithise kwezinye izizwe. Oku kuquka ukuvela 'kwemidlalo yeqonga' emitsha yemfazwe, efana ne-Arctic apho umkhenkce onyibilikayo uvula imithombo emitsha yezimbiwa kunye nokuxhwithana okukhulu kolawulo phakathi kwamagunya amakhulu. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuchazwa 'njengesiphindaphindi esisongelayo' okanye 'i-catalyst kungquzulwano'. Iingxelo ezingokhuseleko lwemozulu ngokuqhelekileyo zilindele, ngokwamazwi eqhinga leSebe lezoKhuselo lase-US, 'ixesha longquzulwano oluzingisileyo ... indawo yokhuseleko engaqondakaliyo nengaqikelelekiyo kunaleyo kwakujongwe kuyo ngexesha leMfazwe yoMlomo'.
Ukhuseleko lwemozulu luye lwadityaniswa ngakumbi kwizicwangciso zokhuseleko lwelizwe, kwaye lwamkelwa ngokubanzi yimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe efana neZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye nee-arhente zayo ezikhethekileyo, kunye noluntu, izifundiswa kunye namajelo eendaba. Ngo-2021 kuphela, uMongameli Biden ibhengeze ukutshintsha kwemozulu njengeyona nto iphambili kwezokhuseleko kwilizwe, I-NATO yenza isicwangciso sokusebenza kwimozulu kunye nokhuseleko, i-UK yachaza ukuba ihambela kwinkqubo 'yokukhusela imozulu elungiselelwe', iBhunga lezoKhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo libambe ingxoxo ephakamileyo yemozulu kunye nokhuseleko, kunye nokhuseleko lwemozulu kulindeleke. iya kuba ngumba ophambili we-ajenda kwinkomfa ye-COP26 ngoNovemba.
Njengoko le primer iphonononga, ukuyila ingxaki yemozulu njengengxaki yezokhuseleko kuyingxaki enkulu njengoko ekugqibeleni iqinisa indlela yokulwa notshintsho lwemozulu olunokuthi lwandise ukungabikho kokusesikweni kwabo bachaphazeleke kakhulu kwingxaki eqhubekayo. Ingozi yezisombululo zokhuseleko kukuba, ngokwenkcazo, bafuna ukukhusela into ekhoyo - imeko engekho sikweni. Impendulo yokhuseleko ijonga 'njengezoyikiso' nabani na onokungazinzi imeko ekhoyo, efana neembacu, okanye oyichasayo ngokuphandle, njengabalweli bemozulu. Kwakhona kuthintela ezinye, izisombululo zentsebenziswano zokungazinzi. Ubulungisa bemozulu, ngokwahlukileyo bufuna ukuba sibhukuqe kwaye siguqule iinkqubo zoqoqosho ezibangele utshintsho lwemozulu, sibeka phambili uluntu oluphambili kwintlekele kwaye sibeke izisombululo zabo kuqala.
2. Ukhuseleko lwemozulu luvele njani njengeyona nto iphambili kwezopolitiko?
Ukhuseleko lwemozulu lutsala ngembali ende yengxoxo yokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kwizangqa zemfundo kunye nokwenza imigaqo-nkqubo, ethi ukusukela ngeminyaka yee-1970 kunye neyee-1980 ivavanye unxibelelwano lwendalo nongquzulwano kwaye ngamanye amaxesha lityhalele abenzi bezigqibo ukuba badibanise inkxalabo yokusingqongileyo kwizicwangciso zokhuseleko.
Ukhuseleko lwemozulu lwangena kumgaqo-nkqubo-nakukhuseleko lwesizwe-kwibala ngo-2003, kwenziwa uphando oluyalelwe yiPentagon nguPeter Schwartz, owayesakuba ngumcwangcisi weRoyal Dutch Shell, kunye noDoug Randall weCarlifonia esekwe eCarlifonia. Baye balumkisa ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu lunokukhokelela kwi-Ages yobudala entsha: 'Njengokuba indlala, izifo, kunye neentlekele ezinxulumene nemozulu zihlasela ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu ngequbuliso, iimfuno zamazwe amaninzi ziya kudlula umthwalo wazo. Oku kuyakwenza imvakalelo yokuphelelwa lithemba, enokuthi ikhokelele kubundlongondlongo okuhlaselayo ukuze kubuyiselwe imali eseleyo… Ukuphazamiseka kunye nokuxabana kuya kuba ziimpawu zobomi '. Kwakuloo nyaka, ngolwimi olungenaxhala, i-European Union (i-EU) 'isiCwangciso soKhuseleko saseYurophu' yabonisa ukutshintsha kwemozulu njengengxaki yezokhuseleko.
Ukusukela ngoko ukhuseleko lwemozulu luye lwadityaniswa ngakumbi ekucwangcisweni kwezokhuseleko, kuvavanyo lobuntlola, nakwizicwangciso zokusebenza kwezomkhosi kwenani elikhulayo lamazwe atyebileyo kubandakanya i-US, i-UK, iAustralia, iCanada, iJamani, iNew Zealand kunye neSweden kunye ne-EU. Yahlukile kwizicwangciso zamanyathelo ezinto zemozulu zamazwe ngokugxila kwabo kwezomkhosi nakwezokhuseleko lwelizwe.
Kwimikhosi yokhuseleko nakwezomkhosi, ukugxila kutshintsho lwemozulu kubonisa inkolelo yokuba nawuphi na umcwangcisi oqiqayo unokubona ukuba iya isiba mandundu kwaye iya kuchaphazela icandelo labo. Umkhosi lelinye lamaziko ambalwa abandakanyeka kucwangciso lwexesha elide, ukuqinisekisa amandla alo okuqhubeka nokuzibandakanya kungquzulwano, kwaye ukulungele ukutshintsha kwemeko abenza ngayo oko. Baye bathambekele ekuvavanyeni iimeko ezibi kakhulu ngendlela abacwangcisi bezentlalo abangazenzi ngayo - enokuba luncedo kumcimbi wotshintsho lwemozulu.
Unobhala Wezomkhosi wase-US u-Lloyd Austin ushwankathele isivumelwano semikhosi yase-US malunga notshintsho lwemozulu ngo-2021: 'Sijongene nengxaki yemozulu ekhulayo neyesongela imisebenzi yethu, izicwangciso kunye namandla ethu. Ukusuka kukhuphiswano olwandayo eArctic ukuya ekufudukeni kwabantu abaninzi eAfrika nakuMbindi Merika, utshintsho lwemozulu lunegalelo kukungazinzi kwaye lusikhokelela kwimishini emitsha.
Ngokwenene, utshintsho lwemozulu sele luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo imikhosi exhobileyo. Ingxelo ye-Pentagon yowama-2018 iveze ukuba isiqingatha seendawo zomkhosi ezingama-3,500 XNUMX bezithwaxwa ziziphumo zeendidi ezintandathu eziphambili zezehlo zemozulu ezigqithisileyo, ezifana nesaqhwithi, imililo yasendle kunye nembalela.
La mava eempembelelo zotshintsho lwemozulu kunye nomjikelo wocwangciso lwexesha elide litywinele imikhosi yezokhuseleko kuzwelonke kwiingxoxo-mpikiswano ezininzi kunye nokwala malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Oko kwakuthetha ukuba nasebudeni bobongameli bukaTrump, umkhosi uqhubekile ngezicwangciso zawo zokhuselo lwemozulu ngelixa ubudlalisa esidlangalaleni, ukunqanda ukuba yintonga yombane kwabo bangavumiyo.
Ukugxila kukhuseleko lwesizwe malunga notshintsho lwemozulu kukwaqhutywa kukuzimisela kwayo ukufezekisa ulawulo lwayo yonke imingcipheko enokubakho kunye nezoyikiso, oko kuthetha ukuba ifuna ukudibanisa yonke imiba yezokhuseleko lukarhulumente ukwenza oku. Oku kukhokelele ekunyukeni inkxaso-mali kuyo yonke ingalo yesinyanzelo sikarhulumente kumashumi eminyaka. Umphengululi wezokhuseleko uPaul Rogers, uNjingalwazi wase-Emeritus weZifundo zoXolo kwiYunivesithi yaseBradford, ubiza iqhinga 'liddism'(Oko kukuthi, ukugcina isiciko kwizinto) - isicwangciso' esasasazekayo kunye nesokuqokelela, kubandakanya umzamo omkhulu wokuphuhlisa amaqhinga kunye neetekhnoloji ezinokuthintela iingxaki nokuzicinezela '. Umkhwa ukhawuleze ukusukela nge-9/11 kunye nokuvela kwetekhnoloji ye-algorithmic, ikhuthaze ii-arhente zokhuseleko kuzwelonke ukuba zifune ukubeka iliso, ukulindela kunye nalapho kunokwenzeka khona ukulawula zonke izinto ezinokwenzeka.
Ngelixa iiarhente zokhuseleko kuzwelonke zikhokelela kwingxoxo kwaye zibeka i-ajenda kukhuseleko lwemozulu, kukwakho nenani elikhulayo lemibutho engeyoyomkhosi kunye nemibutho yoluntu (ii-CSO) ekhuthaza ukuthathelwa ingqalelo okukhulu kukhuseleko lwemozulu. Oku kubandakanya iingcinga zomgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle ezinje nge-Brookings Institute kunye neBhunga lezoBudlelwane baNgaphandle (i-US), iZiko laMazwe ngaMazwe le-Strategic Study kunye ne-Chatham House (e-UK), iStockholm International Peace Research Institute, Clingendael (Netherlands), Iziko laseFransi leMicimbi yeHlabathi kunye neQhinga, Adelphi (eJamani) kunye ne-Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Ummeli okhokelayo wokhuseleko lwemozulu kwihlabathi liphela liZiko leMozulu kunye noKhuseleko e-US (CCS), iziko lophando elinobudlelwane obusondeleyo kwicandelo lomkhosi kunye nokhuseleko kunye nokusekwa kweqela leDemokhrasi. Uninzi lwala maziko adityaniswe namajoni aphezulu ukwenza iBhunga loMkhosi laMazwe ngaMazwe ngeMozulu noKhuseleko ngo-2019.
Ixesha elimiselweyo loBuchule boKhuseleko lweMozulu
- 2003: Imeko yoTshintsho lweMozulu ngesiquphe kunye neziphumo zayo kuKhuseleko lweLizwe lase-United States. Iphepha lokuqala eligunyaziswe yiPentagon elaxela kwangaphambili iimeko ze-dystopian zokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye neempembelelo zayo kukhuseleko lwelizwe. Ijongwa njengento egqithisiweyo kodwa isete ithoni yezicwangciso zexesha elizayo.
- 2007: Ubudala beZiphumo: Umgaqo-nkqubo wamanye amazwe kunye noKhuseleko lweSizwe kuTshintsho lwemozulu. Ingxelo enefuthe, eveliswe ngabacwangcisi abaphambili kwezomkhosi nakwezokhuseleko, iingcali zomgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle kunye nabangaphakathi kwiDemokhrasi, echaze iimeko ezinokubakho zeempembelelo ezisekwe kubushushu behlabathi obunokubakho nge-1.3 ° C, 2.6 ° C, kunye no-5.6 ° C.
- 2008: Ukutshintsha kweMozulu kunye noKhuseleko lwamazwe ngamazwe. I-EU ilandela i-US ekhokelayo ekubhengezeni utshintsho lwemozulu 'njengesongelo esiphindaphindayo' nto leyo eya kwandisa uxinzelelo olukhoyo kunye nongquzulwano kunye nokungazinzi kwaye ibeke 'imingcipheko yezopolitiko kunye nokhuseleko echaphazela ngqo umdla waseYurophu'.
- 2008: IGlobal Trends 2025: ILizwe eliGuquliweyo (DNI). IBhunga leSizwe lezoBuntlola ichonge utshintsho lwemozulu, kunye nokutshintsha kwemo yelizwe, idemografi kunye notshintsho lwamandla, njengokudala ilizwe lokunqongophala kunye nokungazinzi.
- 2010 no-2014: UPhononongo lwezoKhuselo lweXesharensi. I-2010 QDR ichonge 'ukhuseleko lwamandla kunye notshintsho lwemozulu' njengomnye wemicimbi emine efuna inyathelo elinyanzelekileyo, isithi utshintsho lwemozulu luya kusebenza 'njengokukhawulezisa ukungazinzi okanye ungquzulwano, kubeka uxanduva lokuphendula kumaziko oluntu nakwezomkhosi kwihlabathi liphela'.
- Ngo-2015: UK IQhinga loKhuseleko lweSizwe kunye noPhononongo lweSicwangciso soKhuselo noKhuseleko. Ubiza utshintsho lwemozulu umqhubi wokungazinzi.
- 2016: IPhepha leNgcacisonkqubo kuMgaqo-nkqubo woKhuseleko waseJamani kunye neKamva leBundeswehr.
- 2016: Iphepha leNgcaciso yoMgaqo-nkqubo wase-Australia ibhala utshintsho lwemozulu njengento ephindaphinda ingozi kwaye iqikelela ukungazinzi kumazwe akuMzantsi Pasifiki.
- 2018: Umgaqo-nkqubo woKhuselo lobuChule waseNew Zealand.
- 2020: EU Utshintsho lwemozulu kunye neMephu yendlela yoKhuselo. Ivavanya izakhono zemishini ye-EU phantsi kweemeko zemozulu ezinzima kwaye ikhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa okungcono kokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nemiba yokusingqongileyo ekucwangcisweni nasekuphunyezweni kwemishini ye-EU.
- 2021: Umphathiswa wezoKhuselo wase-UK Utshintsho lweMozulu kunye neNdlela eCwangcisiweyo yokuzinza. Iveliswe njengenxalenye yokwazisa ngokwazisa kuka-COP26 kurhulumente wase-UK, ikhuthaza icandelo lezokhuseleko lase-UK njengomdlali ophambili ekusombululeni utshintsho lwemozulu kunye nemingcipheko yezokhuseleko.
- 2021: I-NATO Utshintsho lwemozulu kunye nesiCwangciso sokuSebenza koKhuseleko. Iphakamisa izicwangciso zokuvavanya ngcono umngcipheko wemozulu kunye nokulungiselela i-asethi kunye nokusebenza kweempembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nezithembiso ezibuthathaka zokujongana nokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yasemkhosini.
3. Zicwangciswa njani ii-arhente zokhuseleko kuzwelonke kwaye zilungelelanisa utshintsho lwemozulu?
Iiarhente zokhuselo zikazwelonke, ngakumbi ezomkhosi kunye neenkonzo zobuntlola, zamazwe atyebileyo acwangcisa ukutshintsha kwemozulu ngeendlela ezimbini eziphambili: ukuphanda nokuqikelela iimeko ezizayo zemingcipheko kunye nezisongelo ezisekwe kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu; nokumiliselwa kwezicwangciso zokuhlengahlengiswa kwemozulu emkhosini. I-US ibeka umgaqo wokucwangciswa kokhuseleko lwemozulu, ngenxa yobukhulu bayo kunye nolawulo (i-US ichitha ngaphezulu kwezokhuselo kunamazwe alandelayo ali-10 edibene).
1. Ukuphanda kunye nokuqikelela iimeko zexesha elizayo
Oku kubandakanya zonke iiarhente ezifanelekileyo zokhuseleko, ngakumbi ezomkhosi nezobuntlola, ukuhlalutya iimpembelelo esele zikho nezilindelweyo kubuchule bezomkhosi belizwe, iziseko zophuhliso kunye nemeko yezopolitiko yelizwe elisebenza kuyo. Ngasekupheleni kwegunya lakhe ngo-2016, uMongameli Obama waya phambili iyalela onke amasebe kunye neearhente zayo 'ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimpembelelo ezinxulumene nokutshintsha kwemozulu ziqwalaselwa ngokupheleleyo kuphuhliso lwemfundiso yokhuseleko lwesizwe, imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nezicwangciso'. Ngamanye amagama, ukwenza isikhokelo sokhuseleko lukazwelonke sisembindini wesicwangciso sayo sonke semozulu. Oku kubuyiselwe umva nguTrump, kodwa uBiden uye wathatha apho u-Obama wayeyeke khona, eyalela iPentagon ukuba isebenzisane neSebe lezoRhwebo, iNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lokusiNgqongileyo, uMlawuli woBukrelekrele beSizwe, iOfisi yeSayensi. kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo weTekhnoloji kunye nezinye ii-arhente zokuphuhlisa uHlalutyo loMngcipheko weMozulu.
Izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokucwangcisa ziyasetyenziswa, kodwa ekucwangcisweni kwexesha elide, umkhosi kudala uthembele ekusetyenzisweni kweemeko ukuvavanya ikamva elinokubakho kwaye uvavanye ukuba ingaba ilizwe linazo na izakhono eziyimfuneko zokujongana namanqanaba ngamanqanaba ezoyikiso ezinokubakho. Obenempembelelo ngo-2008 Ubudala beZiphumo: Umgaqo-nkqubo wamanye amazwe kunye noKhuseleko lweSizwe kuTshintsho lwemozulu Ingxelo ingumzekelo oqhelekileyo njengoko ichaza iimeko ezintathu zeempembelelo ezinokwenzeka kukhuseleko lwesizwe lwase-US ngokusekelwe ekunyuseni okunokwenzeka kobushushu behlabathi nge-1.3°C, 2.6°C, kunye ne-5.6°C. Ezi meko zitsala zombini kuphando lwezifundo - ezifana nePhaneli yoRhulumente kuTshintsho lweMozulu (IPCC) kwisayensi yemozulu - kunye neengxelo zobuntlola. Ngokusekwe kwezi meko, umkhosi uphuhlisa izicwangciso kunye nezicwangciso kwaye uqala ukudibanisa utshintsho lwemozulu kwimodeli yayo, ukulinganisa kunye nokuzilolonga kwemidlalo yemfazwe. Umzekelo, i-US European Command ilungiselela ukonyuka kokudibana kwezopolitiko kunye nokungqubana okunokubakho e-Arctic njengokunyibilika komkhenkce wolwandle, ukuvumela ukubhola kweoyile kunye nokuthumela kumazwe aphesheya kulo mmandla kunyuke. KuMbindi Mpuma, i-US Central Command iye yanika ukunqongophala kwamanzi kwizicwangciso zayo zephulo elizayo.
Amanye amazwe atyebileyo alandele ngokulandelayo, amkela i-lens yase-US yokubona utshintsho lwemozulu 'njengesoyikiso esiphindaphindayo' ngelixa igxininisa imiba eyahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, i-EU, engenagunya lokuzikhusela ngokudibeneyo kumazwe angamalungu angama-27, igxininisa isidingo sophando olungaphezulu, ukubeka iliso kunye nohlalutyo, ukudityaniswa ngakumbi kwizicwangciso zengingqi kunye nezicwangciso zozakuzo kunye nabamelwane, ukwakha ulawulo lweengxaki kunye nokuphendula kwintlekele amandla, nokomeleza ulawulo lokufuduka. Iqhinga leSebe lezoKhuselo lase-UK lika-2021 libeka njengeyona njongo yalo iphambili 'ukwazi ukulwa nokuphumelela kwiindawo ezinobutshaba nezingaxoleliyo', kodwa likwanomdla wokugxininisa intsebenziswano kunye nomanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe.
2. Ukulungiselela umkhosi wezulu ukuba utshintshe umhlaba
Njengenxalenye yamalungiselelo awo, umkhosi ukwafuna ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwawo kwixa elizayo eliphawulwa yimozulu embi kunye nokunyuka kolwandle. Le ayisiyonto encinci. Umkhosi wase-US ichonge iziseko ezili-1,774 eziphantsi kokunyuka komgangatho wolwandle. Isiseko esinye, Isikhululo soMkhosi wamanzi waseNorfolk eVirginia, sesinye sezona zixhobo zikhulu zemikhosi ehlabathini kwaye sihlaselwa zizikhukula zonyaka.
Njengo ifuna ukulungelelanisa izixhobo zayo, i-US kunye neminye imikhosi yomkhosi kumanyano lwe-NATO baye banomdla wokubonakalisa ukuzibophelela kwabo 'ekwenzeni uhlaza' amaziko kunye nokusebenza kwabo. Oku kukhokelele kufakelo olukhulu lweepaneli zelanga kwiziseko zomkhosi, ezinye izibaso kwiinqanawa kunye nezixhobo ezisebenza ngamandla avuselelekayo. Urhulumente wase-Bhritane uthi ubeke iithagethi kwi-50% 'yokulahla' ukusuka kwimithombo yamafutha ezinzileyo kuzo zonke iinqwelomoya zomkhosi kwaye ubophelele uMphathiswa wakhe wezoKhuselo 'ukukhutshwa kweqanda elingu-zero ngo-2050'.
Kodwa nangona ezi nzame zivuthelwa ngamaxilongo njengemiqondiso yokuba umkhosi 'uluhlaza' ngokwawo (ezinye iingxelo zikhangeleka kakhulu njengokuhlanjululwa luhlaza kwenkampani), eyona mpembelelo icinezelayo yokwamkela izinto ezihlaziyiweyo Ukuba semngciphekweni kokuxhomekeka kumafosili uye wadala emkhosini. Ukuhanjiswa kwalo mafutha ukugcina ukungcungcutheka, iitanki, iinqanawa kunye neejets zibaleka yenye yezona ntloko zentloko yasemkhosini wase-US kwaye yayingoyena mngcipheko mkhulu ngexesha lephulo e-Afghanistan njengoko iitanki zeoyile ezazibonelela ngemikhosi yase-US zazihlala zihlaselwa yi-Taliban amandla. I-US Uphononongo lomkhosi lufumene ixhoba elinye kuzo zonke iinqwelo zamafutha ezingama-39 e-Iraq kunye nenye yazo zonke iinqwelo zamafutha ezingama-24 eAfghanistan.. Kwixesha elide, ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla, ezinye izibaso, iiyunithi zonxibelelwano oluqhutywa ngamandla elanga kunye nobuchwepheshe obunokuhlaziywa bubonke bubonisa ithemba lomkhosi obuthathaka, obhetyebhetye ngakumbi kwaye osebenzayo ngakumbi. Owayesakuba ngunobhala woMkhosi wase-US uRay Mabus uyibeke ngokungafihlisiyo: 'Siya kwezinye iindlela zokubasa kwiNavy and Marine Corps ngesona sizathu siphambili, kwaye oko kusenza ukuba sibe ngabalwi abangcono'.
Nangona kunjalo kuye kwafumaniseka kunzima ngakumbi ukutshintsha ukusetyenziswa kweoyile kwezothutho lomkhosi (umoya, umkhosi wenqanawa, izithuthi zomhlaba) ezenza uninzi lokusetyenziswa komkhosi wezibaso. Ngo-2009, uMkhosi wamanzi wase-US wabhengeza 'I-Green Fleet enkulu', izibophelela kwinjongo yokunciphisa amandla ombane kwimithombo ye-non-fossil-fuel ngo-2020 inyathelo liza kutyhilwa kungekudala, njengoko kwacaca ukuba akukho nto ifunekayo yee-agrofuels nangotyalo-mali olukhulu kwezomkhosi ukwandisa ishishini. Ngexesha lokunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nenkcaso yezopolitiko, eli nyathelo labulawa. Nokuba ibiphumelele, kukho ubungqina obubambekayo bokuba Ukusetyenziswa kwe-biofuel kuneendleko zokusingqongileyo nezentlalo (njengokunyuka kwamaxabiso okutya) elijongela phantsi ibango lalo 'eliluhlaza' endaweni yeoyile.
Ngaphandle kokuzibandakanya emkhosini, amaqhinga okhuseleko kuzwelonke ajongana nokusasazwa 'kwamandla athambileyo' - idiplomacy, umanyano lwamazwe aphesheya kunye nokusebenzisana, umsebenzi wobuntu. Ke uninzi lokhuseleko lwesizwe amacebo asebenzisa ulwimi lokhuseleko lomntu njengenxalenye yeenjongo zabo kwaye bathetha ngamanyathelo othintelo, ukuthintela ungquzulwano njalo njalo. Isicwangciso-qhinga sokhuselo lwesizwe sase-UK 2015, umzekelo, sikwathetha ngesidingo sokujongana nezona zinto zingunobangela wokungazithembi: 'Injongo yethu yexesha elide kukomeleza ukomelela kwamazwe ahlwempuzekileyo nabuthathaka kwintlekele, ukothuka kunye notshintsho lwemozulu. Oku kuya kusindisa ubomi kwaye kunciphise umngcipheko wokungazinzi. Kukwalixabiso elingcono kakhulu lemali ukutyala ulungiselelo lwentlekele kunye nokomelela kunokuphendula emva komsitho '. La ngamagama anobulumko, kodwa akabonakali kwindlela oovimba abathengiswa ngayo. Ngo-2021, urhulumente wase-UK walunqumla uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwaphesheya nge-4 yezigidigidi ukusuka kwi-0.7% yengeniso yelizwe (i-GNI) ukuya kwi-0.5%, ekucingelwa ukuba yeyokwexeshana ukunciphisa umthamo wokuboleka ukuze umelane ne-COVID-19 ingxaki -kodwa kungekudala emva kokunyusa kwayo inkcitho yomkhosi nge-£ 16.5 yezigidigidi (unyuso lwe-10% ngonyaka).
Ifoto mboleko I-Cpl uNeil Bryden RAF / iLungelo lokushicilela iLungelo lokushicilela ngo-2014 (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
4. Zeziphi iingxaki eziphambili ekuchazeni utshintsho lwemozulu njengomba wokhuseleko?
Ingxaki engundoqo ekwenzeni utshintsho lwemozulu lube ngumba wokhuseleko kukuba luphendula kwintlekele ebangelwa kukungabikho kobulungisa kwenkqubo kunye nezisombululo 'zokhuseleko', i-hardwired kwi-ideology kunye namaziko ayilelwe ukufuna ulawulo kunye nokuqhubekeka. Ngexesha apho ukunciphisa ukuguquka kwemozulu kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho olufanelekileyo lufuna ukwabiwa kwakhona ngamandla kunye nobutyebi, indlela yokhuseleko ifuna ukuqhubela phambili imeko. Kule nkqubo, ukhuseleko lwemozulu lunempembelelo ezintandathu eziphambili.
1. Ukuqaphela okanye ukuphambukisa ingqalelo koonobangela botshintsho lwemozulu, kuthintela utshintsho oluyimfuneko kwimeko engekho sikweni. Ekugxininiseni kwiimpendulo kwiimpembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nongenelelo lokhuseleko olunokuthi lufunwe, luphambukisa ingqwalaselo kunobangela wobunzima bemozulu - the amandla eenkampani kunye namazwe abenegalelo elikhulu ekubangeleni utshintsho lwemozulu, indima yomkhosi lelinye lawona mazwe makhulu akhupha i-GHG, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho efana nezivumelwano zorhwebo olukhululekileyo ezenze ukuba abantu abaninzi babesemngciphekweni ngakumbi kutshintsho olunxulumene nemozulu. Abaluhoyi ubundlobongela obumiliselwe kwimodeli yoqoqosho olukhutshelweyo kwihlabathi liphela, bathathe ngokungagungqiyo kwaye baxhase ukuqhubekeka kwamandla kunye nobutyebi, kwaye bafuna ukumisa ukungqubana okukhoyo kunye 'nokungazithembi'. Kananjalo abayithandabuzi indima yee-arhente zokhuselo ngokwazo ekuxhaseni inkqubo engenabulungisa-ke ngelixa iingcali kwezokhuseleko lwemozulu zinokuthi zalatha kwisidingo sokujongana nokukhutshwa komkhosi we-GHG, oku akunakuze kufikelele kumnxeba wokuvala iziseko zomkhosi okanye ukunciphisa ezomkhosi kunye nokhuseleko uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali ukuze kuhlawulwe izibophelelo ezikhoyo zokubonelela ngezimali zemozulu kumazwe asaphuhlayo ukuba atyale kwezinye iinkqubo ezinje ngeNtengo eNtsha yeGlobal Green.
2. Yomeleza izixhobo zomkhosi nezokhuseleko kunye noshishino esele lifumene ubutyebi namandla angazange abonwa ngaphambili kwi-9/11. Ukungaqiniseki kwemozulu kuye kwaba sisizathu esitsha sokuphelisa inkcitho kwezomkhosi nakwezokhuseleko kunye nemilinganiselo engxamisekileyo edlula kwimigaqo yedemokhrasi. Phantse zonke izicwangciso zokhuseleko lwemozulu zizoba umfanekiso wokungazinzi okwandayo, okufuna impendulo kwezokhuseleko. Njenge-Admiral yangemva komkhosi wamanzi UDavid Titley wayibeka: 'Kufana nokubandakanyeka emfazweni ehlala iminyaka eli-100'. Uyile oku njenge-pitch yesenzo semozulu, kodwa ikwakhona ngokungagungqiyo inqanaba lokuchitha inkcitho kwezomkhosi nakwezokhuseleko. Ngale ndlela, kulandela ipateni ende yomkhosi ukufuna izizathu ezitsha zemfazwe, kubandakanya ukulwa nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, ubunqolobi, imigewu njalo njalo, ekhokelele Uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali olukhulayo kwinkcitho yomkhosi nezokhuseleko kwihlabathi jikelele. Umbuso ufuna ukhuseleko, olufakwe kulwimi lweentshaba kunye nosongelo, lukwasetyenziselwa ukuthethelela amanyathelo kaxakeka, njengokuthunyelwa kwemikhosi kunye nokumiselwa komthetho ongxamisekileyo ogqitha kwimibutho yedemokhrasi kwaye kuthintela inkululeko yoluntu.
3. Utshintsho kuxanduva lwentlekele yemozulu kumaxhoba otshintsho lwemozulu, bephosa 'njengeengozi' okanye 'izoyikiso'. Xa kuqwalaselwa ukungazinzi okubangelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu, abameli bokhuseleko lwemozulu balumkisa ngeengozi zamazwe azifakayo, iindawo ezinokuhlalwa, kunye nabantu abanobundlobongela okanye abafudukayo. Kwinkqubo, abo bangabona baphantsi koxanduva lokutshintsha kwemozulu ayisiyiyo kuphela echaphazeleka yiyo, kodwa bajongwa 'njengezisongelo'. Kukungabi nabulungisa okuphindwe kathathu. Kwaye ilandela isiko elide lamabali okhuseleko apho utshaba luhlala lukhona kwenye indawo. Njengoko umphengululi uRobyn Eckersley ephawula, 'izoyikiso zokusingqongileyo yinto eyenziwa ngabantu basemzini kubantu baseMelika okanye kumhlaba waseMelika', kwaye aziyonto ebangelwa yimigaqo-nkqubo yasekhaya yase-US okanye yaseNtshona.
4. Ukuqinisa umdla wamashishini. Ngamaxesha obukoloniyali, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ngaphambili, ukhuseleko lwesizwe luchongiwe ngokukhusela iimfuno zomdibaniso. Kwi-1840, uNobhala Wezangaphandle wase-UK u-Lord Palmerston wayengathandabuzeki: 'Lishishini likaRhulumente ukuvula nokukhusela iindlela zomrhwebi'. Le ndlela isakhokela uninzi lomgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle-kwaye iyaqiniswa ngamandla akhulayo eempembelelo kurhwebo ngaphakathi kurhulumente, kwizifundo, kumaziko emigaqo-nkqubo nakwimibutho yoorhulumente efana ne-UN okanye iBhanki yeHlabathi. Kubonakalisiwe kwizicwangciso ezininzi ezinxulumene nemozulu yokhuseleko lwesizwe ezibonisa inkxalabo ethile malunga nefuthe lotshintsho lwemozulu kwiindlela zokuhambisa ngenqanawe, imixokelelwano yokubonelela, kunye nefuthe elibi lemozulu kwiindawo zoqoqosho. Ukhuseleko lweyona nkampani inkulu yamazwe aphesheya (i-TNCs) iguqulelwa ngokuzenzekelayo njengokhuseleko kwilizwe liphela, nokuba ezo TNCs zinje, njengeenkampani zeoyile, inokuba yeyona nto inegalelo kwezokhuseleko.
5. Kuyila ukungazithembi. Ukuthunyelwa kwemikhosi yezokhuseleko kuhlala kudala ukungakhuseleki kwabanye. Oku kuyacaca, umzekelo, kwiminyaka eyi-20 ekhokelwa yi-US kunye ne-NATO exhaswa ngumkhosi kunye ne-Afghanistan, eyasungulwa ngesithembiso sokhuselo kubunqolobi, kodwa yaphela isenza imfazwe engapheliyo, ungquzulwano, ukubuya kweTaliban kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba kunyuke imikhosi emitsha yabanqolobi. Ngokufanayo, umsebenzi wobupolisa e-US nase kwenye indawo isoloko idala ukungakhuseleki okwandileyo kuluntu oluhlelelekileyo olujongene nocalucalulo, ukubekw' esweni kunye nokufa ukuze kugcinwe iiklasi ezityebileyo ezinepropati zikhuselekile. Iinkqubo zokhuselo lwemozulu ezikhokelwa yimikhosi yezokhuseleko aziyi kuphuncuka kolu tshintsho. Njengoko UMark Neocleous ushwankathela: 'Lonke ukhuseleko luchazwe ngokunxulumene nokungakhuseleki. Akufunekanga nje ukuba nasiphi na isibheno kukhuseleko siqukathe ukuchazwa koloyiko olulubangelayo, kodwa olu loyiko (ukungakhuseleki) lufuna amanyathelo okuthintela (ukhuseleko) okunciphisa, ukuphelisa okanye ukunyanzela umntu, iqela, into okanye imeko ebangela uloyiko'.
6.Ijongela phantsi ezinye iindlela zokujongana neempembelelo zemozulu. Nje ukuba ukhuseleko lubeyilo, umbuzo uhlala uhlala ungakhuselekanga, kangakanani, kwaye loluphi ungenelelo ngoncedo olunokuthi lusebenze- kungaze nokuba ukhuseleko kufuneka lube yindlela. Umcimbi ubekwa kubhanana wesoyikiso ngokuchasene nokukhuseleka, kufuna ungenelelo lukarhulumente kwaye uhlala ethethelela amanyathelo angaqhelekanga ngaphandle kwemigaqo yokuthathwa kwesigqibo ngentando yesininzi. Iyalela ezinye iindlela-ezinje ngezo zifuna ukujonga izizathu, okanye zigxile kumaxabiso ahlukeneyo (umz. Ubulungisa, ulawulo oludumileyo, ulungelelwaniso lwendalo, ubulungisa bokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo), okanye esekwe kwiiarhente ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela (umz. , isisombululo esisekwe kwisekhonsoni okanye esisekwe eluntwini). Ikwacinezela ezona ntshukumo zifuna ezi ndlela zingezinye kunye nokucela umngeni kwiinkqubo ezingenabulungisa eziqhubela phambili utshintsho lwemozulu.
Bona kwakhona: Dalby, S. (2009) Ukhuseleko kunye noTshintsho lokusiNgqongileyo, Ipolitiki. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Ukhuseleko+nje+UkusiNgqongileyo+Change-p-9780745642918
Patriarchy kunye nokhuseleko lwemozulu
Ngaphantsi kwendlela yomkhosi yokhuseleko lwemozulu kukho inkqubo yoosolusapho eye yalungisa iindlela zomkhosi ukusombulula impixano kunye nokungazinzi. I-Patriarchy ifakwe ngokunzulu kwizakhiwo zomkhosi kunye nezokhuseleko. Ibonakala kakhulu kubunkokheli bamadoda kunye nolawulo lomkhosi kunye nemikhosi yomkhosi wamajoni, kodwa ikwayinxalenye yendlela ukhuseleko oluqikelelwa ngayo, ilungelo elinikezelwe emkhosini ngeenkqubo zopolitiko, kunye nendlela inkcitho yasemkhosini kunye neempendulo zinqabile. nokuba ibuzwa nokuba iyasilela ekufezekiseni izithembiso zayo.
Abasetyhini kunye ne-LGBT + abantu abachaphazeleka ngokungafaniyo yimfazwe exhobileyo kunye neempendulo zomkhosi kwiingxaki. Baphinde bathwale umthwalo omkhulu wokujongana nefuthe leengxaki ezinje ngokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Abasetyhini ngokuqaphelekayo nabo baphambili kuzo zombini imozulu kunye neentshukumo zoxolo. Kungenxa yoko le nto sifuna i-feminist critique yokhuseleko lwemozulu kwaye sijonge kwizisombululo zabasetyhini. Njengoko uRay Acheson kunye noMadeleine Rees we-Women's International League for Peace and Freedom bathi, 'Ukwazi ukuba imfazwe yindlela yokugqibela yokungakhuseleki kwabantu, abafazi baxhasa izisombululo zexesha elide kwiingxabano kunye nokuxhasa i-ajenda yoxolo kunye nokhuseleko olukhusela bonke abantu. .
Bona kwakhona: Acheson R. kunye noRees M. (2020). Indlela yabasetyhini yokujongana nomkhosi ogqithileyo
ukuchitha 'kwi UkuCinga ngokutsha inkcitho yasemkhosini enganyanzelekanga, Amaphepha amaNzululwazi e-UNODA angama-35, iphepha 39-56 https://front.un-arm.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/op-35-web.pdf
Abafazi abalahliwe bephethe izinto zabo bafika eBossangoa, kwiRiphabliki ekuMbindi weAfrika, emva kokubaleka ubundlobongela. Ityala lemifanekiso: I-UNHCR / B. Intetho (I-CC BY-NC 2.0)
5. Kutheni imibutho yoluntu namaqela ezendalo ekhuthaza ukhuseleko lwemozulu?
Ngaphandle kwezi nkxalabo, uninzi lwendalo esingqongileyo kunye namanye amaqela anyanzelise imigaqo-nkqubo yokhuseleko lwemozulu, njenge INgxowa-mali yeHlabathi yeZilwanyana, iNgxowa-mali yoKhuselo lokusiNgqongileyo kunye noLondolozo lweNdalo (i-US) kunye ne-E3G eYurophu. Iqela elidlala indima ephambili kwi-Extinction Rebellion yaseNetherlands yade yamema injengele yomkhosi wamaDatshi ukuba ibhale malunga nokhuseleko lwemozulu kwincwadi yabo 'yemvukelo'.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele apha ukuba ukutolikwa okwahlukeneyo kokhuseleko lwemozulu kuthetha ukuba amanye amaqela asenokungachazi umbono omnye neearhente zokhuselo zesizwe. Isazinzulu sepolitiki uMatt McDonald uchonga imibono emine eyahlukeneyo yokhuseleko lwemozulu, eyahluka ngokujonga ukhuseleko abajolise kulo: 'abantu' (ukhuseleko loluntu), 'ilizwe-ilizwe' (ukhuseleko lwesizwe), 'uluntu lwamanye amazwe' (ukhuseleko lwamanye amazwe) kunye 'indalo' (ukhuseleko lwendalo). Ukudibana ngokudibanisa le mibono kukwavela neenkqubo ze- iinkqubo zokhuselo lwemozulu, kwimizamo yokubeka imephu nokuchaza imigaqo-nkqubo enokukhusela ukhuseleko lomntu kunye nokuthintela ungquzulwano.
Iimfuno zamaqela oluntu zibonisa uninzi lwale mibono eyahlukeneyo kwaye bahlala bechaphazeleka kukhuseleko lwabantu, kodwa abanye bafuna ukubandakanyeka emkhosini njengamahlakani kwaye bazimisele ukusebenzisa 'ukhuseleko lwesizwe' ukufezekisa oku. Oku kubonakala ngathi kusekelwe kwinkolelo yokuba obu budlelwane bunokuphumeza ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-GHG yasemkhosini, kuncede ekufumaneni inkxaso yezopolitiko evela kwimikhosi yezopolitiko egcinayo ukuze inyanzelise imozulu, kwaye inyanzelise utshintsho lwemozulu isekethe ezinamandla 'zokhuselo' zamandla apho ziya kuthi ekugqibeleni zibekwe phambili ngokufanelekileyo.
Ngamanye amaxesha, amagosa karhulumente, ngokukodwa urhulumente kaBlair e-UK (1997-2007) kunye nolawulo luka-Obama e-US (2008-2016) nabo babona amabali 'wokhuseleko' njengeqhinga lokufumana isenzo semozulu kubadlali belizwe abangafuniyo. NjengoNobhala Wezangaphandle wase-UK uMargaret Beckett ba phi kisana ngowama-2007 xa babeququzelela ingxoxo-mpikiswano yokuqala ngokhuseleko lwemozulu kwiBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, “xa abantu bethetha ngeengxaki zokhuseleko bakwenza oko ngokomgangatho owahlukileyo kulo naluphi na olunye uhlobo lwengxaki. Ukhuseleko lubonwa njengento eyimfuneko. ... ukuphawula imiba yokhuseleko yokutshintsha kwemozulu kunendima ekukhuthazeni abo rhulumente kusafuneka bathathe amanyathelo. ”
Nangona kunjalo ngokwenza njalo, imibono eyahlukeneyo yokhuseleko iye ifiphale kwaye idityaniswe. Kwaye ukunikwa amandla anzima omkhosi kunye nezixhobo zokhuseleko lwesizwe, ezixhasa kude enye into, oku kuphelisa ukomeleza ingxelo yezokhuseleko kuzwelonke-ihlala ikwabonelela ngezopolitiko 'kuluntu' okanye 'okusingqongileyo' kwizicwangciso zomkhosi nezokhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kunye nemidla yequmrhu abafuna ukuyikhusela nokukhusela.
6. Ziziphi iingqikelelo eziyingxaki ezenzayo izicwangciso zokhuseleko lwemozulu yasemkhosini?
Izicwangciso zokhuseleko lwemozulu yasemkhosini zibandakanya iingcamango eziphambili ezithi zimise imigaqo-nkqubo kunye neenkqubo zazo. Iseti enye yeengqikelelo ezifumaneka kuninzi lwezicwangciso zokhuseleko lwemozulu kukuba utshintsho lwemozulu luya kubangela ukunqongophala, ukuba oku kuya kubangela ungquzulwano, kwaye izisombululo zokhuseleko ziya kufuneka. Kwesi sikhokelo saseMalthusian, abona bantu bahluphekayo kwihlabathi, ngakumbi abo bakwimimandla yetropiki efana ne-Afrika ekwi-sub-Saharan, babonwa njengowona mthombo wongquzulwano. Le Ukunqongophala>Ungquzulwano> Ukhuseleko paradigm ibonakaliswa izicwangciso ezininzi, ngokumangalisayo kwiziko eyenzelwe ukubona ihlabathi ngokusebenzisa izoyikiso. Isiphumo, nangona kunjalo, yintambo eqinile ye-dystopian kwisicwangciso sokhuseleko lwesizwe. Eqhelekileyo Ividiyo yoqeqesho lwePentagon iyalumkisa yehlabathi 'lezisongelo ezingumxube' ezivela kwiimbombo ezimnyama zezixeko apho imikhosi ingazukukwazi ukuyilawula. Oku kuyenzeka ngokwenyani, njengoko kungqinwe eNew Orleans emva kweNkanyamba uKatrina, apho abantu abazama ukuphila kwiimeko ezinxungupheleyo baphathwe njengamajoni otshaba kwaye wadubula waza wabulala kunokuba ahlangulwe.
Njengoko uBetsy Hartmann esitsho, oku ingena kwimbali ende yekoloniyalizim kunye nobuhlanga eliye lagweba ngabom abantu kunye nelizwekazi liphela- kwaye bonwabile ukwenza iprojekthi leyo kwikamva lokuthethelela ukuqhubeka kokuhluthwa kunye nomkhosi. Ithintela amanye amathuba anje nge Ukunqongophala kokukhuthaza intsebenziswano okanye ungquzulwano lusonjululwe ngokwezopolitiko. Kwakhona, njengoko kubonisiwe ngaphambili, kuthintela ngabom ukujonga iindlela zokunqongophala, nangamaxesha okungazinzi kwemozulu, okubangelwa yimisebenzi yabantu kwaye kubonakalisa ukusasazwa kakubi kwemithombo kunokuba kunqongophele ngokupheleleyo. Kwaye ithethelela ingcinezelo yeentshukumo ukuba imfuno kunye nokuququzelela utshintsho lwenkqubo njengezisongelo, njengoko ithatha ukuba nabani na ophikisana nale nkqubo ikhoyo yezoqoqosho uzisa umngcipheko ngokufaka isandla kuzinzo.
Bona kwakho: UDeudney, D. (1990) 'Ityala elichasene nokudibanisa ukonakaliswa kwendalo esingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe', Millennium: Ijenali yezifundo zamanye amazwe. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298900190031001
7. Ngaba imeko yemozulu ikhokelela kungquzulwano?
Ukucinga ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu luya kukhokelela kungquzulwano lubonakalisiwe kumaxwebhu ezokhuseleko kuzwelonke. Uphononongo luka-2014 lweSebe lezoKhuselo e-US, umzekelo, luthi iimpembelelo zotshintsho lwemozulu '… zizoyikiso eziphindaphindayo eziya kuthi zibangele uxinzelelo kumazwe aphesheya njengentlupheko, ukonakaliswa kwendalo, ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko, kunye noxinzelelo kwezentlalo-iimeko ezinokwenza imisebenzi yobunqolobi kunye nezinye iintlobo zobundlobongela '.
Inkangeleko ebonakalayo ibonisa amakhonkco: I-12 kumazwe angama-20 asesichengeni sokutshintsha kwemozulu okwangoku afumana ukungqubana kwezixhobo. Ngelixa unxibelelwano alufani kunonobangela, kuvavanyo olungaphezulu Izifundo ezingama-55 ngalo mbandela ngoonjingalwazi baseCalifornia uBurke, Hsiang noMiguel izamile ukubonisa amakhonkco, ukubanga ukuba i-1 ° C inyuke kwiqondo lobushushu, ungquzulwano phakathi kwabantu lonyuke nge-2.4% kunye nokudibana phakathi kwe-11.3%. Inkqubo yabo ine ukusukela oko kwacelwa umngeni ngokubanzi. I-2019 ingxelo kwi indalo gqityiwe: 'Uyantlukwano lwemozulu kunye/okanye utshintsho luphantsi kuluhlu olumiselweyo lwabona bantu baqhuba impixano enempembelelo kuwo wonke amava ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kwaye iingcali ziwubeka njengowona ungaqinisekanga kwimpembelelo yawo'.
Ngokwenyani, kunzima ukwahlukanisa utshintsho lwemozulu ukusuka kwezinye izinto ezibangela ungquzulwano, kwaye akukho bungqina buncinci bokuthi iimpembelelo zotshintsho lwemozulu ziya kuthi zikhokelele abantu ukuba babhenele kubundlobongela. Ewe ngamanye amaxesha ukunqongophala kunokubunciphisa ubundlobongela njengoko abantu benyanzelwa ukuba basebenzisane. Uphando kwimimandla eyomileyo yeSithili seMarsabit kuMantla eKenya, umzekelo, ifumanise ukuba ngexesha lembalela kunye nokunqongophala kwamanzi ubundlobongela bebungaxhaphakanga njengoko abahlali abangathathi ntweni babengenamdla kangako wokuqala ungquzulwano ngala maxesha, kwaye babenolawulo olomeleleyo kodwa oluguquguqukayo amanzi anceda abantu baziqhelanise nokunqaba kwawo.
Into ecace gca yeyokuba eyona nto igqiba ugqabhuko lweengxabano kuko konke ukungalingani okukhoyo kwihlabathi lehlabathi (Ilifa leMfazwe ebandayo kunye nokudibana okungalinganiyo ngokubanzi) kunye neempendulo eziyingxaki zezopolitiko kwiimeko zobunzima. Iimpendulo zeHam-fisted okanye ezikhohlisayo ngabaphezulu zihlala zezinye zezizathu zokuba kutheni iimeko ezinzima zijika zibe yingxabano kwaye ekugqibeleni iimfazwe. An Isifundo esixhaswa ngemali yi-EU seengxabano kwiMeditera, eSahel naseMbindi Mpuma wabonisa, umzekelo, ukuba oonobangela abaphambili bongquzulwano kuyo yonke le mimandla yayingezizo iimeko ze-hydro-climatic, kodwa kunokuba intsilelo yedemokhrasi, uphuhliso loqoqosho olugqwethekileyo nolungenabulungisa kunye neenzame ezimbi zokuziqhelanisa nokutshintsha kwemozulu eziphela zisenza mandundu imeko.
I-Syria yenye into ebalulekileyo. Amagosa amaninzi omkhosi abalisa indlela imbalela kulo mmandla ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu ekhokelele ekufudukeleni ezilalini-ezidolophini kunye nesiphumo semfazwe yamakhaya. Ukanti abo abaye bayifunda ngokusondeleyo imeko ibonakalisile ukuba yayiyimilinganiselo ye-Assad ye-neoliberal yokunciphisa inkxaso-mali yezolimo ibinempembelelo enkulu kakhulu kunembalela ebangela ukufuduka kwabantu basemaphandleni. Ukanti uyakucinezelwa nzima ukuba ufumane umhlalutyi wezomkhosi osola umlo kwi-neoliberalism. Ngapha koko, abukho ubungqina bokuba ukufuduka kunendima emfazweni. Abaphambukeli abavela kummandla ochaphazeleke yimbalela khange babandakanyeke kakhulu kuqhankqalazo lwentwasahlobo lowama-2011 kwaye akukho nalinye ibango labaqhankqalazi elinxulumene ngqo nembalela okanye ukufuduka. Yayisisigqibo sika-Assad sokukhetha ingcinezelo ngaphezulu kohlengahlengiso ekuphenduleni imemelelo yolawulo lwentando yesininzi kunye nendima yabadlali bakarhulumente bangaphandle kubandakanya i-US eyajika imibhikisho yoxolo yaba yimfazwe yamakhaya.
Kukho ubungqina bokuba ukuqinisa iparadigm yongquzulwano lwemozulu kunokonyusa ukubakho kwempixano. Inceda ukhuphiswano lweengalo zokubasa, ukuphambuka kwezinye izinto ezibangela ukungqubana, kwaye kujongela phantsi ezinye iindlela zokusombulula ungquzulwano. Indawo ekhulayo yokuya intetho yomkhosi kunye nekarhulumente egxile kurhulumente mayela nokuhamba kwamanzi anqamlezayo phakathi kweIndiya ne China, umzekelo, kujonge iinkqubo ezikhoyo zozakuzo zokwabelana ngamanzi kwaye zabangela ungquzulwano kummandla ngakumbi.
Bona kwakho: 'Ukucinga ngokutsha ngoTshintsho lweMozulu, ungquzulwano kunye noKhuseleko', I-Geopolitics, INkupho eYodwa, 19(4). https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/fgeo20/19/4
Dabelko, G. (2009) 'Kuphephe ukubaxa, ukwenza lula kakhulu xa imozulu nokhuseleko zidibana', I-Bulletin ye-Atomic ScientistsNge-24 Agasti 2009.
Ifoto mboleko UChristiaan Triebert (CC BY 2.0)
8. Lithini ifuthe lokhuseleko lwemozulu kwimida kunye nokufuduka?
Ukulandelwa kukhuseleko lwemozulu kulawulwa 'sisoyikiso' sokufuduka kwabantu abaninzi. Ingxelo ka-2007 yase-US, Ubudala beZiphumo: Umgaqo-nkqubo wamanye amazwe kunye noKhuseleko lweSizwe kuTshintsho lwemozulu, ichaza imfuduko enkulu 'mhlawumbi yeyona ngxaki iphambili enxulunyaniswa nokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kunye namanqanaba olwandle', ilumkisa ukuba iya 'kubangela inkxalabo enkulu yezokhuseleko kunye nokuqina kwempixano yommandla'. Ingxelo ye-EU ye2008 Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokhuseleko lwamazwe ngamazwe idwelise imfuduko ebangelwa yimozulu njengeyesine eyona nkxalabo yokhuseleko ibalulekileyo (emva kongquzulwano malunga nemithombo, ukonakaliswa kwezoqoqosho kwizixeko/unxweme, kunye neengxabano zemimandla). Ibize 'uphuhliso olungaphaya lomgaqo-nkqubo wemfuduko waseYurophu' ekukhanyeni 'uxinzelelo olongezelelekileyo lokufuduka olubangelwa yindalo'.
Ezi zilumkiso ziyomelezile Imikhosi kunye ne-dynamics endaweni yomkhosi wemida ukuba nangaphandle kwezilumkiso zemozulu ziye zaba hegemonic kwimigaqo-nkqubo yomda kwihlabathi liphela. Iimpendulo ezithe kratya zokufuduka zikhokelele ekujongeleni phantsi okucwangcisiweyo kwelungelo lamazwe ngamazwe lokufuna indawo yokukhosela, kwaye kubangele ukubandezeleka okungathethekiyo kunye nenkohlakalo kubantu abagxothiweyo abajongana nohambo oluyingozi ngakumbi njengoko bebaleka amazwe abo besiya kufuna indawo yokukhosela, kwaye basoloko 'banobutshaba. ' iindawo ezisingqongileyo xa ziphumelela.
Uloyiko malunga 'nabafuduki bemozulu' luye lwadibana neMfazwe yeHlabathi kwiNgcungcuthekiso ethe yanegunya kwaye yamisela ukuhlengahlengiswa kwamanyathelo okhuseleko kukarhulumente kunye nenkcitho. Ewe, iindlela ezininzi zokukhusela imozulu zilinganisa ukufuduka nobunqolobi, zisithi abafuduki baseAsia, eAfrika, eLatin America naseYurophu baya kuba yindawo echumileyo yokuqesha ngenkani kunye nokuqeshwa ngamaqela aneengcwangu. Kwaye baqinisa amabali abafuduki njengezisongelo, becebisa ukuba ukufuduka kunokwenzeka ukuba kunqamleze ungquzulwano, ubundlobongela kwanobugrogrisi kwaye oku kuyakwenza ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba amazwe asileleyo kunye neengxwabangxwaba apho amazwe azizityebi kuyakufuneka azikhusele.
Bayasilela ukukhankanya ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu ngokwenyani lunokuthintela kunokuba lubangele ukufuduka, njengoko iimeko zemozulu ezigabadeleyo zisingela phantsi ezona meko zisisiseko zobomi. Bayasilela ukujonga oonobangela bokufuduka kunye noxanduva lwamazwe amaninzi atyebileyo emhlabeni ngokunyanzela abantu ukuba bahambe. Imfazwe nongquzulwano sesinye sezizathu eziphambili zokufuduka kunye nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho. Nangona kunjalo izicwangciso zokhuseleko lwemozulu ziyayiphepha ingxoxo ngezivumelwano zoqoqosho nezorhwebo ezenza ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kunye nokuphulukana nokuxhomekeka kwiziseko zokutya, ezinje nge-NAFTA eMexico, iimfazwe ezilwelwe iinjongo zasebukhosini (kunye nezorhwebo) ezinjengeLibya, okanye ukonakaliswa koluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo okubangelwe zii-TNC, ezinje ngeefemu zaseCanada zemigodi kuMbindi nase Mzantsi Melika- zonke ezi zinto zihamba mafutha. Bayasilela ekuqaqambiseni indlela amazwe anezona zibonelelo zoncedo lwezezimali abamba nazo nelona nani lincinci leembacu. Kumazwe alishumi aphezulu afumana iimbacu ngokwamanani alinganayo, inye kuphela, iSweden, sisizwe esisityebi.
Isigqibo sokugxila kwizisombululo zomkhosi wofuduko kunokuba sisisombululo esakhelweyo okanye esinovelwano sikhokelele ekunyukeni okukhulu kwenkxaso-mali kunye nokulwa kwemida kwihlabathi liphela ngolindelo lokonyuka okukhulu kokufuduka okubangelwa yimozulu. Inkcitho kumda wase-US kunye nenkcitho yokufuduka isuke kwi-9.2 yezigidigidi ukuya kwi-26 yezigidigidi phakathi ko-2003 no-2021. IFrontex inyuselwe uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali ukusuka kwi-5.2 yezigidi kwi-2005 ukuya kwi-460 yezigidi kwi-2020 kunye ne-5.6 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ezigcinelwe i-arhente phakathi kwe-2021 kunye ne-2027. Imida ngoku 'ikhuselwe' yi. Iindonga ezingama-63 kwihlabathi liphela.
kwaye Imikhosi yasemkhosini ihlala ibandakanyeka ekuphenduleni abafuduki kokubini kwimida yelizwe kunye nangakumbi kude nasekhaya. I-US ihlala ithumela iinqanawa zaselwandle kunye nonxweme lwase-US ukujikeleza i-Caribbean, i-EU ukusukela ngo-2005 yasebenzisa iarhente yayo yemida, iFrontex, ukusebenza namalungu elwandle kunye namazwe angabamelwane ukujikeleza iMeditera, kwaye i-Australia isebenzise umkhosi wayo. imikhosi yokuthintela ababaleki ukuba bafike kunxweme lwayo. I-India isebenzise inani elonyukayo lamagosa oKhuseleko lweMida yase-Indiya (i-BSF) avunyelwe ukusebenzisa ubundlobongela kumda wasempuma kunye ne-Bangladesh eyenza ukuba ibe yenye yezona ndawo zibulalayo emhlabeni.
Bona kwakho: uthotho lwe-TNI malunga nokulwa komda kunye nomzi mveliso wokhuseleko lwemida: Imida yeeMida https://www.tni.org/en/topic/border-wars
Boas, I. (2015) UkuFuduka kweMozulu kunye noKhuseleko: Ukhuseleko njengeQhinga lezoPolitiko zoTshintsho lweMozulu. Indlela. Ulwabiwo-mali
9. Yintoni indima yomkhosi ekudaleni ingxaki yemozulu?
Endaweni yokujonga emkhosini njengesisombululo kwingxaki yemozulu, kubaluleke ngakumbi ukuvavanya indima yawo ekufakeni igxalaba kwingxaki yemozulu ngenxa yamanqanaba aphezulu okukhutshwa kwe-GHG kunye nendima yawo ebalulekileyo ekuxhaseni uqoqosho lwefosili-fuel.
Ngokwengxelo yase-US DRM, IPentagon yeyona nto isebenzisa ipetroleum kumbutho ehlabathini, ukanti phantsi kwemithetho yangoku akufuneki ukuba uthathe naliphi na inyathelo eliqatha lokunciphisa izinto ezikhutshwayo ngokuhambelana nolwazi lwenzululwazi. A kufunda kwi 2019 kuqikelelwa ukuba ukukhutshwa kwe-PentH's GHG yayizizigidi zezigidi ezingama-59, ngaphezulu kokukhutshwa kwe-2017 yiDenmark, iFinland neSweden. Izazinzulu zoXanduva lweHlabathi baye babala ukukhutshwa kwemikhosi yase-UK ukuba ibe yi-11 yezigidi zeetoni, ezilingana ne-6 yezigidi zeemoto, kunye ne-EU ekhutshwayo ibe yi-24.8 yezigidi zeetoni kunye neFransi igalelo kwisithathu kwitotali. Olu phononongo lulo lonke uqikelelo lolondolozo olunikwa ukunqongophala kwedatha elubala. Iinkampani ezintlanu zezixhobo ezizinze kumazwe angamalungu e-EU (Airbus, Leonardo, PGZ, Rheinmetall, kunye neThales) nazo zafunyaniswa ukuba kunye zenze i-1.02 yezigidi zeetoni zeGHGs.
Inqanaba eliphezulu lokukhutshwa kwe-GHG yasemkhosini kungenxa yesibonelelo esandayo (umkhosi ngowona ungumnini-mhlaba omkhulu kumazwe amaninzi), ukufikelela kwihlabathi ngokubanzi-ngakumbi i-US, eneziseko zomkhosi ezingaphezu kwama-800 kwihlabathi liphela, uninzi lwazo lubandakanyekayo imisebenzi yokulwa nabaphembeleli bokuxhomeka-kunye nokusetyenziswa okuphezulu kwe-fossil-petroli yokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo ezininzi zothutho lomkhosi. Inqwelomoya enye yokulwa i-F-15, umzekelo, itshisa imiphanda engama-342 (iilitha ezili-14,400) yeoyile ngeyure, kwaye phantse akunakwenzeka ukuba ithathe indawo yamandla ahlaziyekayo. Izixhobo zomkhosi ezinjengeenqwelomoya kunye neenqanawa zinemijikelo yobomi ende, itshixela ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni iminyaka emininzi ezayo.
Impembelelo enkulu ekukhutshweni, nangona kunjalo, yeyona njongo iphambili yomkhosi kukhuseleko lwesizwe sayo ukufikelela kwimithombo yobuchule, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkunzi nokulawula ukungazinzi nokungalingani okukubangelayo. Oku kukhokelele kumkhosi wemimandla etyebileyo yobutyebi efana noMbindi Mpuma kunye neGulf States, kunye neendlela zokuhamba ngeenqanawa ezijikeleze iTshayina, kwaye yenze nomkhosi waba yintsika yokunyanzela yoqoqosho olwakhiwe kusetyenziso lwamafutha amandulo kunye nokuzibophelela kokungenasiphelo. ukukhula koqoqosho.
Okokugqibela, umkhosi uyaluchaphazela utshintsho lwemozulu ngeendleko zamathuba okutyala emkhosini kunokuba utyale imali ekuthinteleni ukonakala kwemozulu. Uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomkhosi luphantse lwaphindeka okoko waphela uMlo obandayo nangona zingabonisi sisombululo kwezona ngxaki zinkulu namhlanje ezinje ngokutshintsha kwemozulu, ubhubhane, ukungalingani kunye nentlupheko. Ngexesha apho iplanethi ifuna olona tyalo mali lukhulu kutshintsho lwezoqoqosho ukunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu, uluntu luxelelwa rhoqo ukuba akukho zixhobo zokwenza oko kufunwa yisayensi yemozulu. ECanada, umzekelo u-Nkulumbuso u-Trudeau waziqhayisa ngezibophelelo zakhe zemozulu, ukanti urhulumente wakhe wasebenzisa i-27 yezigidigidi zeedola kwiSebe lezoKhuseleko kuZwelonke, kodwa kuphela i-1.9 yezigidigidi zeedola kwiSebe lezeNdalo noTshintsho lweMozulu ngo-2020. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini eyadlulayo, iCanada yachitha I-9.6 yezigidigidi zeedola ukukhusela kunye ne-730 yezigidi zeedola kwindalo esingqongileyo kunye notshintsho lwemozulu. Ke kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo njengoko imeko yemozulu isiba mandundu, amazwe achitha imali eninzi kwezomkhosi nakwizixhobo zawo kunokuthatha amanyathelo okuthintela ukutshintsha kwemozulu nokukhusela umhlaba.
Bona kwakho: ILorincz, T. (2014), Ukususwa kwimikhosi ye-decarbonisation enzulu, IPB.
UMeulewaeter, uC. Et al. (2020) I-Militarism kunye neNgxaki yokusiNgqongileyo: umboniso oyimfuneko, Centre Delas. http://centredelas.org/publicacions/miiltarismandenveloalcrisis/?lang=en
10. Umkhosi kunye nongquzulwano ludibana njani ne-oyile kunye ne-extractive economy?
Ngokwembali, imfazwe ibisoloko ivela kumzabalazo wabaphetheyo wokulawula ukufikelela kwimithombo yamandla yeqhinga. Oku kuyinyani ngokukodwa kuqoqosho lweoyile kunye nolwembumbulu olubangele iimfazwe zamanye amazwe, iimfazwe zamakhaya, ukwanda kwamaqela asemkhosini kunye nabanqolobi, ungquzulwano malunga nokuhambisa ngenqanawa okanye imibhobho, kunye nokulwa okukhulu kwezopolitiko kwimimandla ephambili ukusuka kuMbindi Mpuma ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kulwandle lweArctic (njengoko ukunyibilika komkhenkce kuvula ufikelelo koovimba begesi abatsha kunye neendlela zokuhambisa ngenqanawa).
Olunye uphononongo lubonisa oko phakathi kwekota kunye nesiqingatha seemfazwe zamazwe ngamazwe Ukusukela ekuqaleni kwexesha elibizwa ngokuba lixesha leoli kwi-1973 lalinxulumene ne-oyile, kunye nohlaselo olukhokelwa yi-US e-Iraq ngo-2003 ngumzekelo ombi. I-oyile nayo - ngokoqobo nangokwezekeliso - ithambisa ishishini lezixhobo, ibonelela ngezixhobo kunye nesizathu sokuba amazwe amaninzi aqhubele phambili ekuchitheni izixhobo. Ngokwenene, lukho ubungqina bokuba ukuthengiswa kweengalo kusetyenziswa amazwe ukunceda ukukhusela kunye nokugcina ukufikelela kwioyile. Esona sivumelwano sikhulu seengalo sase-UK- 'isivumelwano seAl-Yamamah' - kuvunyelwene ngo1985, ba ndakanya i-UK ibonelela ngeengalo ngaphezulu kweminyaka emininzi eSaudi Arabia - hayi ngokuhlonipha amalungelo oluntu- ukubuyisela i-600,000 yemiphanda yeoyile ekrwada ngosuku. Iinkqubo ze-BAE zifumene amashumi ezigidi kwezi ntengiso, ezinceda ukuxhasa ukuthengwa kweengalo zase-UK.
Ehlabathini jikelele, ukunyuka kwemfuno yezinto ezingundoqo kukhokelele ekubeni ukwanda koqoqosho oluthabathayo kwimimandla nakwimimandla emitsha. Oku kusongele ubukho boluntu kunye nokuzimela kwaye ke oko kukhokelele kwinkcaso kunye nongquzulwano. Impendulo ibisoloko ilunyanzelo olunoburhalarhume lwamapolisa kunye nogonyamelo lwamapolisa, oluthi kumazwe amaninzi lusebenze ngokusondeleyo namashishini asekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. EPeru, umzekelo, Amalungelo oMhlaba oMhlaba jikelele (I-ERI) izise ekuhleni izivumelwano ezili-138 ezityikitywe phakathi kweenkampani ezikhuphayo kunye namapolisa ngexesha lika-1995 ukuya ku-2018 'ezivumela amaPolisa ukuba abonelele ngeenkonzo zokhuselo zabucala ngaphakathi kwezibonelelo nakwezinye iindawo… zeeprojekthi ezikhutshelwa ukubuyisa inzuzo'. Ityala lokubulawa komzabalazi wase-Honduran u-Berta Cáceres ngama-paramilitaries anxulumene norhulumente asebenza nenkampani yedama i-Desa, yenye yeemeko ezininzi kwihlabathi liphela apho uxinzelelo lweemfuno zongxowankulu behlabathi, amashishini akhupha ubundlobongela kunye nezopolitiko zenza imeko ebulalayo kumatshantliziyo. kunye nabahlali abanobuganga bokumelana. Ingqina leHlabathi lilandelela oku kunyuka kobundlobongela kwihlabathi liphela-laxela ukuba irekhodi lama-212 lomhlaba kunye nabakhuseli bommandla babulawa kwi-2019-umndilili ongaphezulu kwesine ngeveki.
Bona kwakho: Orellana, A. (2021) I-Neoextractivism kunye nobundlobongela belizwe: Ukukhusela abakhuseli eLatin America, iState of Power 2021. EAmsterdam: Iziko leZizwe ngezizwe.
Ifoto mboleko icoulloud/flickr (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
Ubukhosi kunye neoyile eNigeria
Mhlawumbi akukho ndawo unxibelelwano phakathi kweoli, impi kunye nengcinezelo ibonakala ngakumbi kuneNigeria. Ulawulo lwamakholoniyali kunye noorhulumente abalandelelanayo ukususela kwinkululeko basebenzisa amandla ukuqinisekisa ukuhamba kweoli kunye nobutyebi kubantu abancinci. Ngo-1895, umkhosi waselwandle waseBritani wayitshisa iBrass ukuze uqinisekise ukuba iRoyal Niger Company ifumana urhwebo lweoli yesundu kuMlambo iNiger. Bamalunga nama-2,000 1994 abantu abaphulukana nobomi babo. Kutshanje, ngo-2,000 urhulumente waseNigeria waseka i-Rivers State Internal Security Task Force ukuze ithintele uqhanqalazo olunoxolo e-Ogoniland ngokuchasene nezenzo zokungcolisa iShell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC). Izenzo zabo zenkohlakalo e-Ogoniland kuphela zakhokelela ekufeni kwabantu abangaphezu kwama-XNUMX kunye nokukatswa, ukudlwengulwa kunye nokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu kwabanye abaninzi.
I-oyile ibangele ubundlobongela eNigeria, okokuqala ngokubonelela ngemithombo yolawulo lomkhosi kunye nolawulo olugunyazisiweyo ukuthatha amandla kunye nokuhambelana kweefemu zeoli zamazwe ngamazwe. Njengoko omnye umlawuli wenkampani yakwaShell waseNigeria wathi, 'Kwinkampani yorhwebo ezama ukwenza utyalo-mali, udinga indawo ezinzileyo … Ubuzwilakhe bunokukunika oko'. Bubudlelwane be-symbiotic: iinkampani zibaleka kuphononongo lwedemokhrasi, kwaye umkhosi uyomelezwa kwaye uyatyetyiswa ngokubonelela ngokhuseleko. Okwesibini, idale izizathu zongquzulwano malunga nokusasazwa kwengeniso yeoli kunye nokuchasana nokonakala kwendalo okubangelwa ziinkampani zeoyile. Oku kwagqabhuka kwaba luchaso lwezixhobo kunye nongquzulwano e-Ogoniland kunye nempendulo eqatha nekhohlakeleyo yomkhosi.
Nangona uxolo olubuthathaka luye lwahlala ukususela ngo-2009 xa urhulumente waseNigeria wavuma ukuhlawula amajoni angaphambili imali yenyanga, iimeko zokuphinda zivele kwakhona kwingxabano zihlala kwaye ziyinyani kwezinye iindawo zaseNigeria.
Oku kusekwe kwiBassey, N. (2015) 'Sasicinga ukuba yioyile, kodwa ligazi: Ukuchasana nomtshato we-Corporate-Military eNigeria nangaphaya.', kwingqokelela yezincoko ezihamba noN.Buxton noB.Hayes (Eds.) (2015) AbaKhuselekileyo nabaLahliweyo: Indlela uMkhosi kunye neeNkampani eziLibumba ngayo iLizwe eliTshintshwa yiMozulu.. I-Pluto Press kunye ne-TNI.
Ungcoliseko lweoyile kwingingqi yeNiger Delta. Ityala lemifanekiso: Ucheke/Wikimedia (CC BY-SA 4.0)
11. Umkhosi kunye nemfazwe zinayiphi impembelelo kwindalo esingqongileyo?
Ubume bemfazwe kunye nemfazwe kukuba ibeka phambili iinjongo zokhuseleko lwesizwe ngaphandle kwayo yonke enye into, kwaye iza nohlobo olukhethekileyo oluthetha ukuba umkhosi uhlala unikwe inkululeko. ungayihoyi nemimiselo elinganiselweyo kunye nezithintelo zokukhusela okusingqongileyo. Ngenxa yoko, zombini imikhosi yasemkhosini kunye neemfazwe ziye zashiya ilifa elitshabalalisayo lokusingqongileyo. Ayingomkhosi kuphela osebenzise amanqanaba aphezulu e-fossil fuels, baye basasaza izixhobo ezinetyhefu enzulu nezingcolisekileyo kunye nezixhobo zokulwa, iziseko ezijoliswe kuzo (ioyile, ishishini, iinkonzo zogutyulo, njl.njl kunye nezixhobo.
Imbali ye-impiriyalizim yase-US ikwayenye yokutshatyalaliswa kwendalo esingqongileyo kubandakanya nongcoliseko oluqhubekayo lwenyukliya kwiiMarshall Islands, ukuthunyelwa kweAgent Orange eVietnam kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-uranium e-Iraq kunye neYugoslavia yangaphambili. Uninzi lweendawo ezingcolisekileyo e-US zizixhobo zomkhosi Kwaye zidwelisiwe kuluhlu lweNgxowa-mali yokuKhuselwa kokusiNgqongileyo kuZwelonke.
Amazwe achaphazeleka yimfazwe nongquzulwano nawo aneengxaki zexesha elide ezivela ekonakaleni kolawulo okusingela phantsi imigaqo yendalo esingqongileyo, enyanzela abantu ukuba batshabalalise iindawo zabo ukuze baphile, kwaye bakhuthaza ukunyuka kwamaqela omkhosi ahlala ekhupha izixhobo (ioyile, izimbiwa njl.njl. iinkqubo ezonakalisa indalo esingqongileyo kunye nokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu. Akumangalisi ukuba, ngamanye amaxesha imfazwe ibizwa ngokuba 'uphuhliso oluzinzileyo ngasemva'
Bona kwakho: Ungquzulwano kunye nokuqala kokujongwa kwendalo: Imfazwe iwonakalisa njani okusingqongileyo
12. Ingaba umkhosi awufuneki kwiimpendulo zobuntu?
Isizathu esibalulekileyo sokutyalomali emkhosini ngexesha lobunzima bemozulu kukuba kuya kufuneka ukuba baphendule kwiintlekele ezinxulumene nemozulu, kwaye amazwe amaninzi sele ehambisa umkhosi ngale ndlela. Emva kwenkanyamba uHaiyan eyabangela umonakalo kwiiPhilippines ngoNovemba 2013, umkhosi wase-US isasazwe kwincopho yayo, iinqwelo-moya zomkhosi ezingama-66 kunye neenqanawa zomkhosi wasemanzini ezili-12 kunye namajoni aphantse abe li-1,000 2021 ukuze asuse iindlela, abasebenzi boncedo lokuthutha, asasaze izinto zokunceda aze akhuphe abantu. Ngexesha lezikhukula eJamani ngoJulayi XNUMX, umkhosi waseJamani [Bundeswehr] bancedise ukhuseleko lwezikhukhula, ukuhlangula abantu kunye nokucoca njengoko amanzi ehla. Kumazwe amaninzi, ngakumbi kumazwe anengeniso esezantsi kunye nephakathi, okwangoku umkhosi inokuba kuphela kweziko elinamandla, abasebenzi kunye netekhnoloji yokuphendula kwiziganeko eziyintlekele.
Inyaniso yokuba umkhosi unokudlala indima yobuntu ayithethi ukuba lelona ziko libalaseleyo kulo msebenzi. Ezinye iinkokeli zomkhosi ziyakuchasa ukubandakanyeka komkhosi kwimigudu yokunceda abantu zikholelwa ukuba oko kuphazamisana namalungiselelo emfazwe. Nokuba bayayamkela indima, kukho iingozi zokufudukela emkhosini ukuya kwiimpendulo zobuntu, ngakumbi kwiimeko zongquzulwano okanye apho iimpendulo zobuntu zihambelana neenjongo zobuchule bomkhosi. Njengoko ingcaphephe yomgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle wase-US u-Erik Battenberg evuma ngokuphandle kwimagazini ye-Congressional, iNduli ukuba 'intlekele ekhokelwa ngumkhosi ayisiyonyanzelo yoluntu kuphela - inokuthi isebenze ngokubaluleka njengesicwangciso somgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle wase-US'.
Oku kuthetha ukuba uncedo lwabantu luza ne-ajenda efihliweyo- ubuncinci beprojekti yamandla athambileyo kodwa bahlala befuna ukubumba imimandla kunye namazwe ukuba akhonze ilizwe elinamandla nakwindleko yedemokhrasi kunye namalungelo oluntu. I-US inembali ende yokusebenzisa uncedo njengenxalenye yemizamo yokulwa novukelo 'iimfazwe ezimdaka' ezininzi eLatin America, e-Afrika nase-Asiya ngaphambi, ngexesha kunye nasemva kweMfazwe Yomlomo. Kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo, imikhosi yase-US kunye ne-NATO ibandakanyeke kakhulu kwimisebenzi yasemkhosini-yasekuhlaleni e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq ethumela izixhobo kunye nemikhosi kunye nemizamo yoncedo kunye nokwakhiwa kwakhona. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni benze okuchasene nomsebenzi wobuntu. E-Iraq, ikhokelele ekuphathweni kakubi emkhosini njenge Ukuxhatshazwa okuxhaphakileyo kwababanjiweyo kwiziko lomkhosi e-Bagram e-Iraq. Nditsho nasekhaya, ukuthunyelwa kwemikhosi ku INew Orleans ibakhokele ukuba badubule abahlali abanomdla ziqhutywa luhlanga noloyiko.
Ukubandakanyeka emkhosini nako kunokujongela phantsi inkululeko, ukungathathi cala kunye nokukhuseleka kwabasebenzi abanceda abantu, kubenza ukuba babe lixhoba lamaqela avukelayo emkhosini. Uncedo lomkhosi zihlala ziphela zibiza kakhulu kunemisebenzi yokuncedisa eluntwini, ukuphambukisa oovimba abambalwa kurhulumente emkhosini. Inkqubo ye- Umkhwa ubangele inkxalabo enzulu phakathi kweearhente ezinje ngeRed Cross / Crescent kunye noGqirha ngaphandle kweMida.
Nangona kunjalo, ezomkhosi zicinga ngendima eyandisiweyo yokunceda ngexesha lengxaki yemozulu. Ingxelo ka-2010 yeZiko loHlolo lwaManzi, Utshintsho lwemozulu: Iziphumo ezinokubakho kwiimfuno zoNcedo lwaBasebenzi baseMerika kunye neMpendulo yeNtlekeleUxoxa ukuba uxinzelelo lotshintsho lwemozulu aluzukufuna kuphela uncedo olungaphezulu kwezomkhosi, kodwa luya kufuna ukuba lungenelele ukuzinzisa amazwe. Utshintsho lwemozulu luye lwaba sisizathu esitsha semfazwe esisigxina.
Akukho mathandabuzo okuba amazwe aya kufuna amaqela asebenzayo okusabela kwiintlekele kwakunye nomanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe. Kodwa oko akunyanzelekanga ukuba kubotshelelwe emkhosini, kodwa endaweni yoko kunokubandakanya umkhosi owomeleziweyo okanye omtsha wasekuhlaleni onenjongo eyodwa yobuntu engenanjongo ziphikisanayo. I-Cuba, umzekelo, kunye nezixhobo ezinqongopheleyo kwaye phantsi kweemeko ze-blockade, inakho iphuhlise imeko esebenzayo yoKhuselo loLuntu Ukufakwa kuluntu ngalunye oludibene nonxibelelwano olusebenzayo lukarhulumente kunye neengcebiso ngemozulu yezobuchwephesha kuyincedile ukuba isinde kwiinkanyamba ezininzi ezinokwenzakala okumbalwa kunye nokufa kunabamelwane bazo abazizityebi. Xa iNkanyamba uSandy yabetha zombini i-Cuba kunye ne-US ngo-2012, kwasweleka abantu abali-11 kuphela eCuba ukanti abayi-157 basweleka eMelika. IJamani nayo inesakhiwo saseburhulumenteni, Iingcali zeHilfswerk / THW(I-Arhente yeFederal yoNcedo lobuGcisa) ikakhulu enabasebenzi bokuzithandela ahlala esetyenziselwa ukuphendula kwintlekele.
13. Iinkampani zezixhobo kunye nezokhuseleko zifuna njani ukwenza ingeniso kwintlekele yemozulu?
'Ndicinga ukuba [utshintsho lwemozulu] lithuba lokwenyani le-aerospace kunye nezokhuselo', utshilo u-Lord Drayson ngo-1999, owayengumphathiswa wesizwe wase-UK wezeNzululwazi noBuchule kunye noMphathiswa weSizwe kuQuquzelelo lokuFunyanwa koKhuselo. Wayengalunganga. Icandelo lezomkhosi kunye nokhuseleko liye lakhula kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Ukuthengiswa kwemboni iyonke, umzekelo, iphindwe kabini phakathi kuka-2002 no-2018, Ukusuka kwi-202 yezigidigidi ukuya kwi-420 yezigidi zeedola, kunye nemizi-mveliso emikhulu yezixhobo ezifana U-Lockheed Martin kunye no-Airbus behambisa ishishini labo ngokubonakalayo kuwo onke amabala okhuseleko kulawulo lwemida ukugadwa kwasekhaya. Kwaye ishishini lilindele ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu kunye nokungaqiniseki okuza kuyidala kuya kuyonyusa ngakumbi. Kwingxelo kaMeyi 2021, Iimarike zentengiso zixele kwangaphambili ukuba ziya kufumana inzuzo kumzi mveliso wezokhuseleko kwilizwe ngenxa 'yemozulu eguqukayo, ukwanda kweentlekele zendalo, ugxininiso kurhulumente kwimigaqo-nkqubo yezokhuseleko'. Icandelo lokhuseleko lomda kulindeleke ukuba ikhule rhoqo ngonyaka nge-7% kwaye kubanzi ishishini lokhuseleko lwelizwe nge-6% ngonyaka.
Ishishini lenza ingeniso ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Okokuqala, ifuna ukwenza imali kwiinzame zemikhosi emikhulu yomkhosi ukuphuhlisa ubugcisa obutsha obungaxhomekekanga kumafutha ezilwanyana nezityalo ezikwaziyo ukumelana neempembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-2010, i-Boeing iphumelele isivumelwano se-89 yezigidi zeedola ukusuka kwi-Pentagon ukuphuhlisa i-drone ebizwa ngokuba yi-'SolarEagle', kunye ne-QinetiQ kunye neZiko le-Advanced Electrical Drives evela kwiYunivesithi yaseNewcastle e-UK ukwakha indiza yangempela - leyo. inoncedo lokubonwa zombini njengetekhnoloji 'eluhlaza' kunye namandla okuhlala phezulu ixesha elide njengoko kungafuneki ukuba igalele amafutha. Lockheed Martin e-US basebenza ne-Ocean Aero ukwenza iinkwili ezisetyenziswa elangeni. Njengoninzi lwee-TNCs, iinkampani zezixhobo zikwanomdla wokukhuthaza iinzame zabo zokunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo, ubuncinane ngokweengxelo zabo zonyaka. Ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kwendalo esingqongileyo, ukuhlanjwa kwabo luhlaza kugqityiwe ngamanqaku ngePentagon ngo-2013 kutyalo-mali I-5 yezigidi zeerandi ukuphuhlisa iimbumbulu ezikhokelayo ukuba ngamazwi esithethi somkhosi wase-US 'unokubulala okanye ungadubula ujoliso kwaye ayisiyongozi yokusingqongileyo'.
Okwesibini, ilindele iikhontrakthi ezitsha ngenxa yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali olwandisiweyo lukarhulumente kulindelo lokungakhuseleki kwexesha elizayo okuvela kwintlekele yemozulu. Oku konyusa ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo, izixhobo zomda kunye nokucupha, amapolisa kunye neemveliso zokhuseleko lwelizwe. Kwi-2011, inkomfa yesibini ye-Energy Environmental Defense kunye noKhuseleko (E2DS) eWashington, DC, yayivuyayo malunga nethuba loshishino elinokubakho lokwandisa imboni yezokhuselo kwiimarike zendalo, ibango lokuba baphindwe kabhozo ubukhulu bemarike yokhuselo, kwaye oko. 'i-aerospace, icandelo lezokhuselo kunye nokhuseleko lizilungiselela ukujongana neyona nto ikhangeleka ngathi iza kuba yeyona marike ibalulekileyo ekufuphi ukusukela oko kwathi kwavela ngamandla ishishini lokhuseleko loluntu/lwelizwe malunga neshumi leminyaka eyadlulayo'. Lockheed Martin ngaphakathi ingxelo yayo yozinzo yowama-2018 ibhengeza amathuba, besithi 'icandelo labucala nalo linendima ekuphenduleni ukungazinzi kwelizwe kunye neziganeko ezinokubeka emngciphekweni uqoqosho noluntu'.
14. Lithini ifuthe lamabali okhuseleko lwemozulu ngaphakathi nakwipolisa?
Imibono yokhuseleko kuzwelonke ayinakuze ibe malunga nezoyikiso zangaphandle, ikwayiyo malunga nezoyikiso zangaphakathi, kubandakanywa kwizinto eziphambili zezoqoqosho. UMthetho weNkonzo yoKhuseleko yaseBritane ka-1989, umzekelo, ucacile ekugunyaziseni inkonzo yokhuseleko umsebenzi ʻwokukhusela impilo-ntle yezoqoqosho' yesizwe; Umthetho i-US National Security Education Act ka-1991 ngokufanayo wenza unxulumano oluthe ngqo phakathi kokhuseleko lwesizwe kunye ʻnempilo-ntle yezoqoqosho yase-United States'. Le nkqubo yakhawuleza emva kwe-9/11 xa amapolisa ayebonwa njengomgca wokuqala wokukhusela ilizwe.
Oku kuye kwatolikwa ukuba kuthetha ulawulo lweziphithiphithi zoluntu kunye nokulungela nakuphi na ukungazinzi, apho utshintsho lwemozulu lubonwa njengento entsha. Ngoko ke ibe ngomnye umqhubi wokonyuka kwenkxaso-mali yeenkonzo zokhuseleko ukusuka kubupolisa ukuya ezintolongweni ukuya koonogada bemida. Oku kufakwe phantsi kwentetho entsha 'yolawulo lwentlekele' kunye 'nokusebenzisana', ngeenzame zokudibanisa ngcono ii-arhente zikarhulumente ezibandakanyeka kukhuseleko ezifana nocwangco loluntu kunye 'nezidubedube' (amapolisa), 'ukwazisa ngemeko' (ubuntlola). ukuqokelela), ukomelela/ukulungela (ucwangciso loluntu) kunye nempendulo kaxakeka (kubandakanywa abaphenduli bokuqala, ukulwa nobunqolobi; ukhuselo lwekhemikhali, lwebhayoloji, lweradiyoloji nenyukliya; ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo lweziseko ezingundoqo, ucwangciso lomkhosi, njalo njalo) phantsi komyalelo nolawulo omtsha. ' izakhiwo.
Ngenxa yokuba oku kukhatshwa kukonyuka komkhosi wemikhosi yokhuseleko yangaphakathi, oku kuthetha ukuba amandla okunyanzeliswa aye ajolisa ngakumbi ngaphakathi njengangaphandle. E-US, umzekelo, iSebe lezoKhuselo liye kudluliselwe ngaphezulu kwe-1.6 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zezixhobo zasemkhosini eziseleyo kumasebe kwilizwe liphela ukusukela nge-9/11, ngenkqubo yayo ye-1033. Isixhobo sibandakanya ngaphezulu kwe-1,114 enganyangekiyo kwimigodi, izithuthi ezikhusela izixhobo, okanye ii-MRAP. Amapolisa nawo athenge inani elonyukayo lezixhobo zokujonga kubandakanya iidrones, iinqwelomoya zokubeka iliso, Itekhnoloji yokulandela umkhondo ngeselula.
Umkhosi womkhosi udlala kwiimpendulo zamapolisa. Uhlaselo lwe-SWAT ngamapolisa e-US luye lwaqhuma ukusuka 3000 ngonyaka ngo-1980 ukuya kuma-80,000 ngonyaka ngo-2015, ikakhulu ngenxa ukhangelo lweziyobisi kunye nabantu bebala ekujoliswe kubo ngokungafaniyo. Kwilizwe liphela, njengoko bekuphononongwa ngaphambili amapolisa kunye neefemu ezikhuselekileyo zabucala zihlala zibandakanyeka ekucinezeleni nasekubulaleni abagqugquzeli bendalo esingqongileyo. Inyani yokuba umkhosi uqhubeka ngokujolise kubaphembeleli bemozulu kunye nabangqongileyo, abazinikele ekunqandeni utshintsho lwemozulu, ugxininisa indlela izisombululo zokhuseleko ezingaphumeleliyo kuphela ukujongana nezizathu ezingunobangela kodwa zinokuqinisa imeko yemozulu.
Lo mkhosi ungena kwiimpendulo zikaxakeka nako. ISebe lezoKhuseleko lweLizwe inkxaso-mali 'yokulungela ubunqolobi' ngo-2020 Ivumela iimali ezifanayo ukuba zisetyenziselwe 'ukuphucula ukulungela ezinye iingozi ezingahambelaniyo nezenzo zobunqolobi'. Inkqubo ye- Inkqubo yaseYurophu yoKhuseleko lweziBonelelo eziBalulekileyo (i-EPCIP) kwakhona ifaka isicwangciso sayo sokukhusela iziseko ezingundoqo kwiimpembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu phantsi kwenkqubo-sikhokelo 'yokulwa nobunqolobi'. Ukususela ekuqaleni kwe-2000, amazwe amaninzi atyebileyo agqithise izenzo zamandla ezingxamisekileyo ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe xa kwenzeka iintlekele zemozulu kwaye zibanzi kwaye zilinganiselwe ekuphenduleni kwedemokhrasi. Umthetho we-Civil Contingencies Act ka-2004 wase-UK ka-2004, umzekelo uchaza 'imeko engxamisekileyo' njengaso nasiphi na 'isiganeko okanye imeko' 'esongela umonakalo omkhulu kwintlalontle yoluntu' okanye 'kummandla' 'wendawo yase-UK'. Ivumela abaphathiswa ukuba bazise 'imimiselo yonxunguphalo' phantse engasikelwanga mda ngaphandle kokubhenela kwipalamente - kubandakanywa nokuvumela urhulumente ukuba athintele iindibano, avale uhambo, kwaye akhuphe umthetho 'eminye imisebenzi echaziweyo'.
15. I-ajenda yokhuseleko lwemozulu izenza njani ezinye iinkundla ezinje ngokutya namanzi?
Ulwimi kunye nesakhelo sokhuseleko siye sangena kuyo yonke indawo yezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho kunye nobomi bentlalo, ngokukodwa ngokumalunga nokulawulwa kwemithombo yendalo engundoqo efana namanzi, ukutya kunye namandla. Njengokhuseleko lwemozulu, ulwimi lokhuseleko lwezixhobo lusetyenziswa ngeentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo kodwa lunemigibe efanayo. Kuqhutywa ngumbono wokuba utshintsho lwemozulu luya kwandisa ubuthathaka bokufikelela kwezi zixhobo zibalulekileyo kwaye ukubonelela 'ngokhuseleko' ke ngoko kubaluleke kakhulu.
Kukho ubungqina obuqinileyo bokuthi ukufikelela ekutyeni nasemanzini kuya kuchaphazeleka kukutshintsha kwemozulu. IPCC's 2019 ingxelo ekhethekileyo yoTshintsho lweMozulu noMhlaba Uqikelela ukonyuka kwabantu abongezelelekileyo abasisichengeni sendlala ngo-183 ngenxa yotshintsho lwemozulu. I Global Water Institute iqikelela ukuba izigidi ezingama-700 zabantu kwihlabathi liphela ziya kufuduswa kukunqongophala kwamanzi okukhulu ngo-2030. Okuninzi koku kuya kwenzeka kumazwe anengeniso ephantsi yetropikhi aza kuchatshazelwa kakhulu kukutshintsha kwemozulu.
Nangona kunjalo, kuyaphawuleka ukuba abadlali abaninzi abadumileyo balumkisa ngokutya, amanzi okanye 'ukungakhuseleki' kwamandla. cacisa ingqiqo efanayo yesizwe, yomkhosi neyoshishino ezongamele iingxoxo ngokhuseleko lwemozulu. Abameli bokhuseleko bacingela ukunqongophala kwaye balumkise ngeengozi zokunqongophala kwelizwe, kwaye bahlala bekhuthaza izisombululo zenkampani ezikhokelwa yimarike kwaye ngamanye amaxesha bakhusela ukusetyenziswa komkhosi ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko. Izisombululo zabo kukungazithembi zilandela iresiphi esemgangathweni egxile ekwandiseni ubonelelo- ukwandisa imveliso, ukukhuthaza utyalomali lwabucala ngakumbi kunye nokusebenzisa itekhnoloji entsha ukoyisa imiqobo. Kwindawo yokutya, umzekelo, oku kukhokelele ekuveleni kweClimate-Smart Agriculture egxile ekwandiseni izivuno zezityalo kwimeko yokutshintsha kwamaqondo obushushu, iqaliswe ngezivumelwano ezifana ne-AGRA, apho iinkampani ezinkulu ze-agroindustry zidlala indima ephambili. Ngokwamanzi, ikwenze ukuba kube lula ukuhlawulwa kwemali nokushishina ngamanzi, kuba inkolelo yokuba imarike ikwindawo efanelekileyo yokulawula ukunqongophala nokuphazamiseka.
Kwinkqubo, ukungabikho kokusesikweni okukhoyo kumandla, ukutya kunye neenkqubo zamanzi akuhoywa, akufundwanga. Ukunqongophala kwamhlanje ekufumaneni ukutya kunye namanzi ngumsebenzi omncinci wokunqongophala, kwaye ngakumbi isiphumo sendlela yokuba iinkqubo ezilawulwa yinkampani yokutya, amanzi kunye namandla abeka phambili inzuzo ngaphezu kokufikelela. Le nkqubo iye yavumela ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo, iinkqubo zokonakalisa indalo, kunye nenkcitho yamatyathanga onikezelo lwehlabathi jikelele alawulwa ziinkampani ezincinci ezikhonza iimfuno zabambalwa kwaye zikwalela ukufikelela ngokupheleleyo kuninzi. Ngexesha lentlekele yemozulu, oku kungabikho kokusesikweni akusayi kusonjululwa ngokunyuka kobonelelo njengoko oko kuya kwandisa intswela-bulungisa. Iinkampani ezine nje iADM, iBunge, iCargill kunye noLouis Dreyfus umzekelo zilawula umyinge wama-75–90 ekhulwini worhwebo oluziinkozo kwihlabathi. Ukanti ayipheleli nje ekuboneleleni ngenkqubo yokutya ekhokelwa yinkampani nangona kukho ingeniso eninzi engaphumeleliyo ekulungiseni indlala echaphazela izigidi ezingama-680, ikwangomnye wabanegalelo elikhulu kukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo, ngoku eyenza phakathi kwe-21-37% yokukhutshwa kweGHG iyonke.
Ukungaphumeleli kombono okhokelwe ngumbutho wezokhuseleko kukhokelele ekuhambeni kwabemi abaninzi ekutyeni nasemanzini befuna ukutya, amanzi nolawulo, idemokhrasi kunye nobulungisa ukuze kujongwane ngqo nemiba yokulingana efunekayo ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela ngokulinganayo kwizibonelelo eziphambili, ngakumbi ngexesha lokungazinzi kwemozulu. Iintshukumo zolawulo lokutya, umzekelo, zimemelela abantu ukuba bavelise, basasaze baze batye ukutya okukhuselekileyo, okunempilo nokufanelekileyo ngokwenkcubeko ngeendlela ezizinzileyo kummandla wabo nakufutshane nemida yabo – yonke imiba engahoywayo ligama elithi 'ukhuseleko lokutya' kwaye ubukhulu becala ichasene nomthetho. kwiphulo loshishino lwezolimo lwehlabathi lokufumana inzuzo.
Bona kwakhona: Borras, S., Franco, J. (2018) Ubulungisa beMozulu yezoLimo: Okubalulekileyo kunye nethuba, Amsterdam: Transnational Institute.
Izandla kuMhlaba (2016), Ukupholisa iplanethi: Abahlali abaphambili bakhokela umzabalazo: Amazwi avela kwiGlobal Convergence yoMhlaba kunye neMizabalazo yaManzi.
Ifoto mboleko UFelipe Werneck -Ascom / Ibama (CC BY 2.0)
16. Ngaba sinokuhlangula igama lokhuseleko?
Ukhuseleko luya kuba yinto abantu abaninzi abaya kuyifuna njengoko lubonakalisa umnqweno wendalo yonke wokujonga nokukhusela izinto ezibalulekileyo. Kubantu abaninzi, ukhuseleko luthetha ukuba nomsebenzi ophucukileyo, ukuba nendawo yokuhlala, ukufikelela kukhathalelo lwempilo kunye nemfundo, kunye nokuziva ukhuselekile. Kulula ke ukuqonda ukuba kutheni amaqela oluntu engathandabuzi ukuyeka igama elithi 'ukhuseleko', lifuna endaweni yokwandisa inkcazo yayo ukuba ibandakanye kwaye ibeke phambili izoyikiso zokwenyani kwimpilo yabantu kunye nendalo. Kuyaqondakala ngelixesha apho phantse akukho bapolitiki baphendulayo kwingxaki yemozulu ngobuzaza obuyifaneleyo, ukuba ezendalo ziya kufuna ukufumana izakhelo ezitsha kunye namahlakani amatsha ukuzama ukukhusela amanyathelo afanelekileyo. Ukuba singathatha indawo yotoliko lomkhosi lokhuseleko ngombono ojolise ebantwini kukhuseleko lomntu, ngokuqinisekileyo iya kuba yinkqubela phambili ephambili.
Kukho amaqela azama ukwenza oku njenge-UK Ukucinga kwakhona ngoKhuseleko inyathelo, iZiko laseRosa Luxemburg kunye nomsebenzi walo kwimibono yokhuseleko lasekhohlo. I-TNI ikwenzile umsebenzi woku, icacisa elinye iqhinga kwimfazwe yoloyiko. Nangona kunjalo ngumhlaba onzima xa kujongwa imeko yokungalingani kwamandla kwihlabathi liphela. Ukufiphala kwentsingiselo ejikeleze ukhuseleko kusoloko kunceda umdla wabanamandla, kunye netoliko yezomkhosi egxile kurhulumente kunye nequmrhu eliphumelela ngaphezu kweminye imibono efana nokhuseleko lomntu kunye nendalo. Njengoko unjingalwazi wezoBudlelwane baMazwe ngaMazwe u-Ole Weaver ebeka, 'ekubizeni uphuhliso oluthile njengengxaki yokhuseleko, “urhulumente” unokubanga ilungelo elikhethekileyo, elo liya kuthi, ekugqibeleni, lihlale lichazwa ngurhulumente kunye nabaphezulu bakhe’.
Okanye, njengoko umphengululi ochasene nokhuseleko uMark Neocleous exoxa, 'Ukuqinisekisa imibuzo yamandla ezentlalo kunye nezopolitiko kunempembelelo ephazamisayo yokuvumela urhulumente ukuba athathe amanyathelo okwenene ezopolitiko malunga nemiba ekuthethwa ngayo, ukuqinisa amandla eendlela ezikhoyo zolawulo lwentlalo, kunye ukuthethelela ukujikeleziswa okufutshane kweenkqubo zedemokhrasi ezikhululekileyo. Endaweni yokugcinwa kwemicimbi, ke kuya kufuneka sikhangele iindlela zokwenza ipolitiki ngeendlela ezingezizo ezokhuseleko. Kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuba intsingiselo enye yelithi “ukhuseleko” “kukungakwazi ukubaleka”: kufuneka sikuphephe ukucinga ngamandla karhulumente kunye nepropathi yabucala ngokweendidi ezinokusenza singakwazi ukuzibaleka. Ngamanye amagama, kukho impikiswano eqinileyo yokushiya izikhokelo zokhuseleko ngasemva kwaye yamkele iindlela ezibonelela ngezisombululo ezihlala zihleli kwingxaki yemozulu.
Bona kwakho: Neocleous, M. kunye neRigakos, ii-eds ze-GS, 2011. Ukuchasana nokhuseleko. Iincwadi ezibomvu zeQuill.
17. Zeziphi ezinye iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa endaweni yokhuseleko lwemozulu?
Kucacile ukuba ngaphandle kokutshintsha, iimpembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu ziya kuqulunqwa yi-dynamics efanayo eyabangela ingxaki yemozulu kwindawo yokuqala: amandla adibeneyo kunye nokungohlwaywa, umkhosi ogqithisiweyo, urhulumente wokhuseleko okhulayo, ukunyuka kwentlupheko kunye nokungalingani, iindlela ezibuthathaka zedemokhrasi kunye neengcinga zezopolitiko ezivuza ukubawa, ukuthanda abantu ngabanye kunye nokuthanda ukuthenga. Ukuba ezi ziyaqhubeka ukongamela umgaqo-nkqubo, iimpembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu ziya kungalingani ngokulinganayo kwaye zingabi nabulungisa. Ukubonelela ngokhuseleko kuye wonke umntu okwingxaki yemozulu yangoku, ngakumbi abona basesichengeni, kuya kuba bubulumko ukujongana kunokuba someleze loo mikhosi. Yiyo loo nto imibutho emininzi yentlalo ibhekisa kubulungisa bemozulu endaweni yokhuseleko lwemozulu, kuba into efunekayo lutshintsho lwenkqubo - ingekuko nje ukuqinisekisa ubunyani obungenabulungisa ukuba buqhubeke kwixesha elizayo.
Ngaphezu kwako konke, ubulungisa buya kufuna inkqubo engxamisekileyo necokisekileyo yokunciphisa ukungcola lelona lizwe lityebileyo nelona lingcolisa umda kumgaqo weGreen New Deal okanye i-Eco-Social Pact, elamkela ityala lezulu elinetyala labo kumazwe kunye noluntu loMzantsi Afrika. Ingafuna ukwabiwa ngokutsha kobutyebi kwinqanaba lesizwe nakwamanye amazwe kunye nokubekwa phambili kwabo basesichengeni sokuchaphazeleka kukutshintsha kwemozulu. Uqoqosho lwezemali olucekeceke amazwe atyebileyo athembisile (kodwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku) kumazwe anengeniso ephantsi naphakathi awanelanga kwaphela kulo msebenzi. Imali iphambukisiwe yangoku I-1,981 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi inkcitho yehlabathi kumkhosi iya kuba linyathelo lokuqala elifanelekileyo kwimpendulo esekwe kubumbano kwiimpembelelo zotshintsho lwemozulu. Kwangokunjalo, irhafu kwinzuzo yeenkampani ezingaselunxwemeni inokunyusa i-$200–600 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngonyaka ekuxhaseni uluntu olusemngciphekweni oluchatshazelwa kakhulu lutshintsho lwemozulu.
Ngaphandle kolo lwabiwo-mali, sidinga ngokusisiseko ukuqala ukujongana neendawo ezibuthathaka kuqoqosho lwehlabathi olunokuthi lwenze uluntu lube sesichengeni ngakumbi ngexesha lokungazinzi kwemozulu. UMichael Lewis kunye noPat Conaty cebisa izinto ezisixhenxe eziphambili ezenza uluntu lube 'lolomeleleyo': iyantlukwano, ikapitali yentlalo, indalo esempilweni, ukuvelisa izinto ezintsha, intsebenziswano, iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokwenza ingxelo, kunye nemodyuli (le yokugqibela ithetha ukuyila inkqubo apho into enye yaphuka, ayenzi ichaphazele yonke enye into). Olunye uphando lubonakalisile ukuba eyona ndawo inolingano loluntu ikwanokomelela ngakumbi ngamaxesha obunzima. Konke oku kwalatha kwisidingo sokufuna iinguqu ezisisiseko kuqoqosho lwangoku oludibeneyo.
Ubulungisa bemozulu bufuna ukubeka abo baya kuchaphazeleka kakhulu kukungazinzi kwemozulu ngaphambili kunye nobunkokheli bezisombululo. Oku ayikokuqinisekisa nje ukuba izisombululo ziyabasebenzela, kodwa nangenxa yokuba uninzi loluntu oluhlelelekileyo sele lunazo ezinye zeempendulo kwingxaki esijongene nayo sonke. Iintshukumo zabalimi, umzekelo, ngeendlela zabo ze-agroecological ayizizo kuphela iinkqubo zokuziqhelanisa nemveliso yokutya ezingqinwe ukuba ziyakwazi ukumelana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, zikwagcina ikhabhoni eninzi emhlabeni, nokwakha uluntu olunokuthi lume kunye amaxesha anzima.
Oku kuyakufuna ulawulo lwentando yesininzi ekuthathweni kwezigqibo kunye nokuvela kweendlela ezintsha zolawulo eziya kuthi zifune ukuncitshiswa kwamandla nolawulo lomkhosi kunye neenkampani kunye nokwandiswa kwamandla kunye noxanduva kubemi nabahlali.
Okokugqibela, ubulungisa bemozulu bufuna indlela egxile kwiindlela ezinoxolo nezingenabundlobongela zokusombulula impixano. Izicwangciso zokhuseleko lwemozulu zondla amabali oloyiko kunye nelizwe elinguziro-sum apho kuphela iqela elithile elinokusinda. Bacinga ungquzulwano. Ubulungisa bemozulu bujonga endaweni yezisombululo ezisivumela ukuba sihlume ngokudibeneyo, apho iingxabano zisonjululwa ngaphandle kobundlobongela, kwaye nabona basemngciphekweni bakhuselwe.
Kukho konke oku, singafumana ithemba lokuba kwimbali yonke, iintlekele zihlala zikhupha ezona zinto zilungileyo ebantwini, zisenza abantu abancinci, abambalwa, abakhelwe ngokuthe ngqo kubumbano, idemokhrasi kunye noxanduva lokuba neoliberalism kunye nolawulo lobuzwilakhe. URebecca Solnit uyikhathalile le nto kwi IParadesi esihogweni Apho wavavanya khona iintlekele ezintlanu ngokunzulu, ukusukela kwinyikima yaseSan Francisco yowe-1906 ukuya kwizikhukula zaseNew Orleans ngo-2005. Uyaphawula ukuba ngelixa ezi ziganeko zingaze zilunge ngokwazo, banako 'ukutyhila ukuba yintoni enye enokuba linjani ilizwe-kutyhila ukomelela kwelo themba, ububele kunye nokubumbana. Ityhila ukuncedisana njengemigaqo yokusebenza engagqibekanga kunye noluntu njengeyona nto ilinde amaphiko xa ingekho eqongeni '.
Bona kwakho: Ngakumbi kuzo zonke ezi zifundo, thenga incwadi: N. Buxton and B. Hayes (Eds.) (2015) AbaKhuselekileyo nabaLahliweyo: Indlela uMkhosi kunye neeNkampani eziLibumba ngayo iLizwe eliTshintshwa yiMozulu.. I-Pluto Press kunye ne-TNI.
Imibulelo: Enkosi kuSimon Dalby, Tamara Lorincz, Josephine Valeske, Niamh Nakanye UBhriain, uWendela de Vries, uDeborah Eade, uBen Hayes.
Umxholo wale ngxelo unokukhankanywa okanye uphinde uveliswe ngenxa yeenjongo ezingezizo ezentengiso ngaphandle kokuba umthombo ukhankanyiwe ngokupheleleyo. I-TNI ingavuya kakhulu ukufumana ikopi okanye ikhonkco kwisicatshulwa ekubhalwe kuso le ngxelo okanye esetyenzisiweyo.
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