NguPeter van den Dungen, Ijenali yentatheli yoxolo, Oktobha 5, 2020
Ubukho bamaziko, izifundo, iinkomfa kunye neejenali, iincwadana, kunye nolunye upapasho olunikezelwe kubuntatheli boxolo bekuya kwamkelwa kakhulu nguAlfred Hermann Fried (1864-1921). Ngokuqinisekileyo ebeya kuyibona imfuneko engxamisekileyo yolu hlobo lobuntatheli namhlanje. I-Austrian yaba yintatheli yokuqala ukuwongwa ngebhaso leNobel Peace Prize (1911). Namhlanje, iintatheli ezininzi ziye zatshutshiswa ngenxa yokusukela uxolo, inyaniso nokusesikweni.
Uzalelwe eVienna, uFried waqala njengomthengisi kunye nompapashi eBerlin ngaphambi kokuba abe lilungu elisebenzayo nelikhokelayo lombutho woxolo wezizwe ngezizwe owavela emva kokupapashwa kwenoveli kaBertha von Suttner echasene nemfazwe, Lay Down Your Arms! (1889). Ebudeni beminyaka elishumi yokugqibela yenkulungwane ye-19, uFried wapapasha inkcaso encinane kodwa ebalulekileyo nyanga nganye yoxolo ayihlelayo u-von Suttner. Ngo-1899 yathatyathelw’ indawo yi-Die Friedens-Warte (I-Peace Watch) awathi uFried wayihlela de wafa.
Usihlalo weNobel Nobel Committee wayibiza ngokuba 'yeyona lindixesha ibalaseleyo kumbutho woxolo, enamanqaku abalaseleyo akhokelayo neendaba ezingeengxaki zehlabathi.' Phakathi kwabaxhasi bayo ababalaseleyo kwakukho izifundiswa ezivela kuluhlu olubanzi lwezifundo (ingakumbi izifundiswa zomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe), amatsha ntliziyo, kunye nabezopolitiko.
Kuyo yonke imibhalo yakhe emininzi, uFried wayesoloko enika ingxelo kwaye ehlalutya imiba yezopolitiko yosuku ngendlela egxile kwimfuno kunye nokwenzeka kokuthomalalisa iimvakalelo ezivuthayo kunye nokuthintela ungquzulwano olunobundlobongela (njengoko wenzayo u-von Suttner, intatheli yezopolitiko yokuqala yaseJamani eJamani. ulwimi). Basoloko bekhuthaza indlela ekhanyiselweyo, yentsebenziswano kunye neyakhayo.
UFried wayengoyena mbhali unesiphiwo kunye noqhankqalazo owayesebenza ngokulinganayo njengentatheli, umhleli, kunye nombhali weencwadi, ezidumileyo nezifundiswayo, kwimixholo enxulumeneyo efana nentshukumo yoxolo, intlangano yamazwe ngamazwe, kunye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ubuchule bakhe njengentatheli bubonakaliswa ngumqulu awawupapasha ngo-1908 eneenkcukacha ze-1,000 zamanqaku akhe ephephandaba malunga nentshukumo yoxolo. Wazahlula ngokucacileyo kubuntatheli obuqhelekileyo bomhla wakhe - ngokuvusa kakubi uloyiko, intiyo, kunye nokukrokrelana phakathi kwamazwe - ngokubhekisa kuye njengentatheli yoxolo. 'Phantsi kweFlegi eMhlophe!', incwadi awayipapasha eBerlin ngo-1901, yayinamanqaku akhethiweyo kunye nezincoko kwaye yayinomxholo othi 'Ukusuka kwiifayile zentatheli yoxolo' (Friedensjournalist).
Kwintshayelelo yesincoko kumaphephandaba kunye nentshukumo yoxolo, wayigxeka indlela le yokugqibela eyayingahoywa ngayo okanye igculelwa. Kodwa ukukhula kwayo okuthe gqolo nempembelelo yayo, kuquka nokwamkelwa ngokuthe ngcembe kwenkqubo yentlangano (ngokukodwa ukusetyenziswa kolamlo) ngamazwe ukuze azinzise ungquzulwano lwawo, kwamenza wakholelwa ukuba inguqulelo enkulu kwiimbono zoluntu yayisemnyango. Ezinye izinto ezibe negalelo kolu tshintsho luyimbali yayikukukhula kokuqonda komthwalo kunye neengozi zoxolo oluxhobileyo, kunye neemfazwe ezixabisa kakhulu nezitshabalalisayo eCuba, eMzantsi Afrika nase China. UFried waxoxa ngokuchanekileyo ukuba iimfazwe zenziwa zaba nokwenzeka, ngokwenene azinakuthintelwa, ngenxa yesiphithiphithi esasibonakalisa ubudlelwane bezizwe ngezizwe. Isaci sakhe – 'Lungiselela iHlabathi!' – ibingumqathango phambi kokuthotywa kwezixhobo (njengoko kuchaziweyo ku-Bertha von Suttner's 'Beka Phantsi Izixhobo Zakho!') yayiza kuba yinto enokwenzeka ngokwenene.
Nangona wachitha ixesha elininzi namandla ehlela iijenali zombutho woxolo, uFried waqonda ukuba zazifikelela iqaqobana labaphulaphuli yaye ‘ukushumayela kwabo baguqukileyo’ kwakungancedi nganto. Elona phulo lokwenene kwafuneka lenziwe ngoonondaba abaqhelekileyo.
Isidingo sobuntatheli boxolo sikhulu kunangaphambili, nangenxa yokuba iziphumo zongquzulwano ezinobundlobongela kunye nemfazwe ziyingozi kakhulu kunenkulungwane eyadlulayo. Umbutho kunye nokumiselwa kobuntatheli boxolo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21 ke ngoko kwamkelwa kakhulu. UFried uzame into efanayo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 xa wathabatha inyathelo lokuqala lokudala iManyano yeZizwe ngeZizwe yoXolo Loxolo. Phezu kwayo nje imigudu yakhe emihle, yahlala isengqondweni kwaye xa ubuntatheli boxolo bavuselelwa emva kweemfazwe ezimbini zehlabathi, imigudu yakhe yobuvulindlela yalityalwa ubukhulu becala.
Nakwilizwe lakhe lokuzalwa eOstriya, iNobel Peace Laureate 'yacinezelwa kwaye yalityalwa'-isihloko sebhayografi yokuqala kaFried, eyapapashwa ngo-2006.
UPeter van den Dungen wayengumhlohli/ondwendweleyo kwizifundo zoxolo kwiYunivesithi yaseBradford,
UK (1976-2015). Umbhali-mbali woxolo, ungumququzeleli jikelele ohloniphekileyo we-International Network of Museums for Peace (INMP).
