UFredrik S. Heffermehl (1938-2023)

NguPeter van den Dungen, World BEYOND War, Februwari 9, 2024

Umlweli woxolo waseNorway kunye negqwetha elaqhuba iphulo elide ngokuchasene neNorwegian Nobel Committee ngokungayihloniphiyo intando ka-Alfred Nobel.

Ukukhathazeka okukhulayo okuba abantu u-Alfred Nobel awayecinga ukuba bafanele baphumelele ibhaso loxolo babephulukene nabo kwaye izigqibo zeKomiti yeNobel yaseNorway zazihlala zisilela ukuhlonipha iinjongo zikaNobel (njengoko kuchaziwe kumyolelo wakhe), igqwetha elikhokelayo laseNorway kunye nomlweli woxolo uFredrik. S. Heffermehl ukuqalisa iphulo lokunyanzelisa iKomiti ukuba izise amabhaso ayo ngokuhambelana neemfuno zomyolelo. Ngezizathu ezivakalayo waxoxa ukuba iiKomiti ezilandelelanayo azizange ziluphonononge ngokusemthethweni (ngokubhekiselele kwibhaso loxolo) okanye zithathele ingqalelo iimeko ezibangele ukuba kufumaneke ibhaso.

UHeffermehl, osweleke kwikhaya lakhe kufutshane ne-Oslo nge-21 kaDisemba (kwiiveki kuphela emva kokubhiyozela iminyaka yakhe engama-85.^th usuku lokuzalwa nge-11^th NgoNovemba), wayelilungu eliphambili lombutho woxolo waseNorway, we-International Association of Lawyers against Nuclear Arms (IALANA), kunye nosekela-mongameli we-International Peace Bureau (1910 Nobel laureate). Njengomxhasi osebenzayo wamaphulo oluntu amaninzi malunga nokupheliswa kwemfazwe, ukuchithwa kwezixhobo, ukusonjululwa kwengxabano ngoxolo, ukuqiniswa kweZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, kunye nentsebenziswano yehlabathi, wayesazi kakuhle ukuba ukungabikho kwenkxaso-mali ngokuqinisekileyo kuthintele ubungakanani kunye nempumelelo yoko. iinzame apho ukuhlanganiswa kwamanani amakhulu abantu kuxhomekeke ekunyuseni ulwazi, ithemba elikhuthazayo, kunye nokukhuthaza uthethathethwano. Umahluko phakathi komkhosi kunye nobutyebi obuninzi obukhoyo awunakuba mkhulu. Oku ngoku kuqulathe ukuphuma kulawulo olusandayo lweJuggernaut, umbutho wezomkhosi-zemizi-mveliso awathi uMongameli wase-US uDwight Eisenhower (umkhosi weMfazwe Yehlabathi II weenkwenkwezi ezine) wayelumkise ngokuchasene naye kwintetho yakhe yokuvalelisa ngo-1961 kubantu baseMelika. Ekupheleni kwe19^th kwinkulungwane u-Alfred Nobel waye waxela kwangaphambili ukubuyela eburheletyweni kwisithuba seminyaka embalwa ukuba amagunya asilelayo ukuguqula inkqubo yezizwe ngezizwe ukuze ukubhenela emfazweni kungabi yinto yokukhetha. Zombini iimfazwe zehlabathi, kunye neemfazwe ezingenakubalwa ukususela ngoko neziqhubekayo namhlanje, ziye zasiqinisekisa isilumkiso sakhe. Kunyaka wesibini ngokulandelelana, iClock yeDoomsday yeBulletin of the Atomic Scientists imi ngokothusayo kwimizuzwana engamashumi alithoba ukuya ezinzulwini zobusuku – ixesha lengozi engazange ibonwe ngaphambili.

Imibuzo yokuba yintoni uxolo, kwaye ngubani ofanelwe koko kugqalwa ngokubanzi njengelona bhaso libalaseleyo emhlabeni, iphakanyiswa rhoqo ngo-Okthobha xa iNorwegian Nobel Committee ibhengeza amagama (aba)bawo abatsha. Elinye ithuba lengxoxo-mpikiswano liziveza kwiinyanga ezimbini kamva xa itheko lembasa liqhutywa e-Oslo nge-10^th UDisemba, usuku awasweleka ngalo uAlfred Nobel ngowe-1896. Ibhaso loko wayekubiza ngokuba ‘ziintshatsheli zoxolo’ lelinye lamabhaso amahlanu onyaka athe umqambi nosomashishini ophumeleleyo waseSweden awabandakanyileyo kumyolelo wakhe wokugqibela nakwitestamente eyayiyilwe kunyaka ophelileyo. Umyolelo uchaze ukuba uninzi lobutyebi bakhe obuninzi kufuneka butyalwe kwingxowa-mali, inzala ekufuneka isetyenziselwe ukunika amabhaso minyaka le kwabo banike 'inzuzo enkulu eluntwini'. Ngokungafaniyo namabhaso e-physics, chemistry, physiology okanye amayeza, kunye noncwadi, ibhaso loxolo lali (kwaye lihlala) liyimpikiswano. UHeffermehl wayengoyena mgxeki uqatha, ozingisayo nonenzondelelo ngelixa wayengoyena toliki ocikozayo wento ekufanele ukuba ibhaso libe yiyo kwaye lisenokuba yiyo.

Kwakusele kukho unxunguphalo phakathi kwabo babenolwazi ngo-1901 (xa kwanikezelwa ibhaso lokuqala) lokuba uFrédéric Passy, ​​ixhego elikhulu lombutho woxolo waseFransi nowamazwe ngamazwe, kwafuneka abelane ngebhaso noHenry Dunant, umseki woMnqamlezo oBomvu. . Umyolelo uchaze ukuba ibhaso loxolo kufuneka liye 'kumntu owenze owona msebenzi mkhulu okanye owona msebenzi ubalaseleyo wobuzalwana phakathi kwezizwe, ukuphelisa okanye ukuncitshiswa kwemikhosi emileyo kunye nokubamba kunye nokukhuthaza iikongolo zoxolo'. Nangona umsebenzi woMnqamlezo oBomvu uncomeka kakhulu, nokuba uyahlangabezana nemigaqo echazwe nguNobel kuyaxoxwa kakhulu. Eli bhaso lalingenzelwanga ukunceda amaxhoba emfazwe, kodwa lalilungiselelwe imigudu ekhokelela ekubhangisweni kwayo. Kukwanjalo nakumabhaso abeke imbeko ekukhuthazeni umsebenzi, umzekelo, amalungelo oluntu, inkululeko yamajelo eendaba, unxulumano lwabasebenzi, ukhuseleko lokutya, ukukhathalela indalo esingqongileyo.

Ayinakuthandabuza into yokuba uNobel waphenjelelwa kakhulu bubuhlobo bakhe nendoda yase-Austrian uBertha von Suttner, umbhali weyona inoveli echasene nemfazwe ethengisa kakhulu, Beka phantsi iingalo zakho (1889) eyaguqulelwa kwiilwimi ezininzi zaseYurophu. Ubhale le noveli emva kokuba efunde ngobukho boluntu loxolo (i-International Arbitration and Peace Association, eyadalwa eLondon ngo-1880 nguHodgson Pratt), ukuze izise abantu abaninzi kumbutho woxolo. Kungekudala, naye waba yinkokeli yalo edumileyo nehlonelwa kakhulu. Imali yimisipha yemfazwe, kwaye wamcenga uNobel ukuba nayo yayiyimisipha yoxolo. Waseka i-Austrian Peace Society, waseka i-German Peace Society kwaye wayebandakanyeka kakhulu kwiinkomfa zonyaka zombutho woxolo lwamazwe ngamazwe ezazibanjwe kwikota yenkulungwane ngaphambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I. UNobel wayesoloko ephendula kakuhle kwisicelo sakhe senkxaso-mali ngaphandle kwayo. wayengenakukwazi ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe. Kwileta yakhe yokugqibela, emva kokuba uNobel ekhankanye impilo yakhe enkenenkene, wamcenga ukuba aqhubeke nenkxaso yakhe 'nangaphaya kwengcwaba'. Yayisaziwa ngokubanzi ngelo xesha ukuba inkxaso kaNobel emva kokufa kwakhe kwintshukumo yoxolo (ngokwenza ibhaso loxolo) yayingenxa kaBertha von Suttner owayelindeleke ngokubanzi ukuba abe ngowokuqala umamkeli. Kwafuneka alinde de kwangowe-1905.

Kwiphulo elimangalisayo elibuyela umva malunga namashumi amabini eminyaka kwaye libhalwe kumanqaku amaninzi kunye neencwadi ezininzi (uhlelo lwesiNgesi ngo-2010 kunye no-2023), uHeffermehl waxoxa ukuba ibhaso likaNobel lenzelwe ukuxhasa intshukumo yoxolo kunye nokuvumela abantu abancinci nabaneetalente ababesebenzela ukufezekisa. ihlabathi elingenamfazwe ukuba lingazikhathazi ngokuziphilisa. Kweyona ncwadi yakhe yamva nje neyantlandlolo, Ibhaso lokwenyani likaNobel loXolo: Ithuba elichithiweyo lokuphelisa iMfazwe (jonga https://realnobelpeace.org/), wavavanya onke amabhaso, kunye nawo onke amagama atyunjiweyo afunyenwe yiKomiti, ngale lens, esebenzisa kakhulu oovimba bayo. Uphando lwakhe olucokisekileyo lwaphumela kuluhlu apho ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sabo bonke abo bawongwayo (kuquka abongameli nabaphathiswa bamazwe angaphandle) bathatyathelw’ indawo ngabakhuthazi abaphambili boxolo nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ubonise indlela, ngokuphindaphindiweyo, iingcamango ezithembisayo kunye namanyathelo okukhuthaza ukuchithwa kwezixhobo, ukuchithwa kwemfazwe kunye nokupheliswa kwemfazwe kuye kwangahoywa ngokuthanda umsebenzi wokukhuthaza, umzekelo, umgaqo-nkqubo welizwe langaphandle laseNorway, okanye malunga neendawo ezinonxibelelwano olunzima ekusukeleni ihlabathi. uxolo kunye nolungelelwaniso olutsha lwentsebenziswano yehlabathi, hayi ukujongana ngezikhondo zamehlo. U-Heffermehl naye wabonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba iKomiti ayinakuba iphosakele ngakumbi xa, kwizihlandlo ezilishumi elinesihlanu (ngaphandle kweminyaka yeMfazwe Yehlabathi II xa iNorway yayihlala), yagqiba ekubeni ingenzi bhaso kumhlaba ongekho ngqiqweni wokuba akukho mviwa uthathwa njengofanelekile. Akukho ziganeko zesi senzo sibi emva ko-1972.

Igama eliphakathi likaHeffermehl yayinguStang; wayehlobene noFredrik Stang, unjingalwazi wezomthetho owayekwangusopolitiki okhokelayo kwakunye nosihlalo weKomiti yeNobel yaseNorway phantse iminyaka engamashumi amabini (1921-1940). UHeffermehl waya kumsitho wonyaka webhaso loxolo leNobel eOslo okokuqala ngo-1964 xa uMartin Luther King wayesenza intetho yakhe yeNobel. Wayemenywa rhoqo kuyo yonke iminyhadala kwiminyaka ezayo kodwa oku kwafikelela esiphelweni ngesiquphe xa wayeqalisa iphulo lakhe emva kokuphonononga ngocoselelo itestamente kaNobel. Njengoko kubaliswa ngeenkcukacha ezinkulu kwincwadi yakhe yamva nje, wafumana ezona mbono zilungileyo zoxolo kunye nabantu kugcino lweKomiti yaseNorway yeNobel (ngenxa yolawulo lwemfihlo lweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu, uHeffermehl wayenokudibana nabo kuphela ixesha elisusela kwi-1901 kude kube ekuqaleni. 1970s). Noko ke, ngokufuthi babetyeshelwa okanye babekwe ecaleni ngabom xa kufikelelwa kumbandela wokukhetha abo bawonga. Nangona iZizwe eziManyeneyo zamiselwa 'ukusindisa izizukulwana ezilandelayo kwisibetho semfazwe' - eyayikwayinjongo kaBertha von Suttner noAlfred Nobel - eso sithembiso asikazalisekiswa. Inkolelo kunqabiseko lwamandla omkhosi isaqhubeka isongamela, nakwixesha lenyukliya. Owayesakuba nguNorwegi weNorwegian Consumer Ombudsman, uHeffermehl waphawula ukuba into awayedla ngokuyifumana ilahlekile kwicandelo lomkhosi yayikukukhuselwa kwabathengi. Ngoxa izixhobo nezixhobo zezona zinengeniso kuzo zonke iimarike, wafumana inyaniso encinane kwizithembiso zayo zonqabiseko. Ngokwenene, waxoxa ukuba ishishini lezixhobo lithengisa izisombululo kwiingxaki elizidalayo. Izizwe zisabela ekoyikeni ezinye iintlanga ngokuzenza zoyike ngakumbi, ziqinisekisa ukunyuka okungapheliyo kwiindleko nakwingozi.

Ngokungathandabuzekiyo uHeffermehl wayenombono othe kratya wethemba loxolo lokuba negalelo ngokwezinto eziphathekayo ekuphelisweni kwemfazwe (logama nje linikezelwe ngokuhambelana neenjongo zomseki). Njengoko eyibeka ngokufutshane nangenkumbulo, 'ibhaso ebekufanele ukuba libekho kunye nehlabathi elinokubakho'.

Kunanini na ngaphambili, ukusinda kwixesha leathom kufuna 'kuncitshiswe kwaye kupheliswe imikhosi emileyo' eyachazwa nguNobel kwaye isebenzise imfazwe (ngoku enezixhobo zentshabalalo) ngaphaya komthetho. Kungumbulelo kwiphulo lika-Heffermehl ukuba kule minyaka ilishumi elinesihlanu idlulileyo, iKomiti yeNobel yaseNorway yaphuhlisa umkhwa wokuthethelela ukhetho lwayo lokuwongwa ngokubonisa indlela ezalisekisa ngayo isigunyaziso sika-Alfred Nobel – nangona oku kudla ngokulingana nokuhlawula inkonzo yomlomo kuphela. Njengenxalenye yephulo lakhe, uHeffermehl uqulunqa minyaka le uluhlu lwabantu kunye nemibutho eyaziwayo ukuba yonyuliwe kwaye inelungelo, kuqikelelo lwakhe, lokufumana ibhaso. Ugxeke imfihlo ejikeleze inkqubo yokutyumba kwaye wakhuthaza ukubekwa elubala okukhulu kunye nentatho-nxaxheba ebanzi. Kwakhona wathatha umcimbi kunye nenkqubo yokukhethwa kwamalungu amahlanu eKomiti: ngelixa ulwazi, umdla, kunye nenkxaso yombutho woxolo kufuneka ibe yimeko yokufaneleka ubulungu, ezi mpawu azizange zibekho ubungqina. Amalungu atyunjwa yikomiti yepalamente yaseNorway ngendlela ebonisa ukuma kwayo kwezopolitiko; ubulungu beKomiti buthathwa njengembasa yembeko kodwa ayithethi buchule. Kangangexesha elide, amalungu eKomiti ayengengomalungu epalamente kuphela kodwa ngamanye amaxesha eyinkulumbuso, okanye umphathiswa wezangaphandle ekhokela uHeffermehl ukuba aphendule athi, 'Abaphathi bomkhosi waseNorway nabo babelawula ibhaso lokuphelisa umkhosi'.

Nangona iKomiti yalikhaba ngawo omane iphulo lakhe njengesenzo somntu omnye esizicingela ngendlela engeyiyo esekelwe ekufundweni gwenxa komyolelo kaNobel, wonwabele inkxaso yabaphengululi bezomthetho abaninzi baseNorway nangaphaya, kwanabo babesakuba ngabagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseNorway, kuquka nowayesakuba yiJaji eyiNtloko. Kuyacaca ukuba iphulo lakhe likwaxhaswa ngabameli abakhokelayo boxolo lwehlabathi kunye nentshukumo yokuthotywa kwezixhobo, abathi, njengoBertha von Suttner, baxhomekeke kwinkxaso yemali ngaphandle kokuba kube nzima ukufikelela kwinkqubela phambili. Ngokuchasene neKomiti, uHeffermehl uphinde wazoba kwiidayari zabucala ezinomdla zikaGunnar Jahn, igqwetha kunye nosopolitiki ophambili, owayelilungu leKomiti phantse iminyaka engamashumi amathathu kwaye wasebenza njengosihlalo wayo kwikota yenkulungwane (1941-1966). . Kwincwadi yakhe yangaphambili, Umvuzo weNobel woxolo: Yiyiphi iNobel eyayifuna ngempela (2010), uHeffermehl waquka izicatshulwa ezide, eziguqulelwe okokuqala kwiNorway, ebonisa ukuba izihlandlo ezininzi uJahn wayesongela ngokurhoxa ngenxa yokuba wayengenako ukujongana nokukhethwa komgqatswa ngamanye amalungu. Ngezihlandlo ezinjalo, uJahn wakuthethelela ukungazithembi kwakhe, kunye nokukhetha omnye owawongwayo, ngokubhekisa ngokucacileyo kwimigaqo yowiso lukaNobel nokufumanisa ukuba oogxa bakhe endaweni yoko babeka umgqatswa omsebenzi wakhe oncomekayo wawungenanto yakwenza noxolo ekuqondeni kuka-Alfred. Nobel. Kwidayari yakhe uJahn wakhalaza ngelithi amanye amalungu ekomiti ayengenamdla kangako xa ekhankanya uNobel.

Kuvavanyo lwakhe lwasenkundleni lwentando kaNobel, uHeffermehl waphinda wakwazi ukukhangela ingqiqo kaRagnvald Moe, unobhala wexesha elide weNobel Committee yaseNorway. Kwincwadi eyayingaqhelekanga ekulandeleni imbali yebhaso loxolo likaNobel kunye nentshukumo yoxolo ukusuka kwi-1896 ukuya kwi-1930 (eyapapashwa ngo-1932 ngesiFrentshi), uMoe waphawula iinguqulelo ezenziwa nguNobel ngokuphathelele ibhaso loxolo kwitestamente yakhe yokugqibela xa kuthelekiswa. ngoguqulelo lwangaphambili kwaye bagqibe kwelokuba 'bagubungela ngokwanelisayo imiba eyahlukeneyo yombutho woxolo ngeminyaka yoo-1890'.

Kutshanje iphulo likaHeffermehl lifikelele kwincopho eyothusayo xa owayesakuba ngusihlalo weKomiti (2009-2015) wabhengeza ukuba ukuqonda kukaNobel ngoxolo (kunye 'neentshatsheli zoxolo') kufanele kube ngumgaqo okhokelayo weKomiti kwaye ibeke izithintelo kubume boxolo. umsebenzi onokuthi uqwalaselwe ibhaso. Ungusopolitiki owaziwayo, uThorbjørn Jagland, owayesakuba yinkulumbuso yaseNorway kunye nomphathiswa wezangaphandle. Ngo-2009 wadibanisa izikhundla njengosihlalo wekomiti kaNobel nomongameli wepalamente, emva koko wadityaniswa ukuba lilungu lekomiti kunye nonobhala jikelele weBhunga laseYurophu. Kwiinkumbulo zakhe (2021), wabhala ukuba 'akukho mathandabuzo okuba uAlfred Nobel wayefuna ukuba ilizwe loyise ubuzwe kunye nemfazwe. Umyalelo wehlabathi omtsha kwafuneka uphuhlise - wayefuna ukwenza into nehlabathi. Kucacile ukuba iikhrayitheriya ezikumyolelo zizithintelo zokuba ngubani ibhaso elinokunikwa. Ayinakunikwa bonke abantu abanentando elungileyo abanqwenelela okuhle uluntu. Abaphumelele ibhaso kufuneka babe ne-ajenda ecacileyo ekunokuthiwa ikhokelela kwinjongo yokupheliswa komkhosi kunye nobuzwe kunye nokusekwa komyalelo omtsha wamazwe ngamazwe'. UHeffermehl ucaphule amazwi kaJagland kwintetho yakhe kumsitho owawusembindini weOslo ngoNovemba ophelileyo Ibhaso leNobel loXolo lokwenyani kwaye ngokufanelekileyo wabanga ukuba ngoku wayenomhlobo oneziqinisekiso ezigqibeleleyo. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba uJagland, ekugqibeleni, wacengwa lityala elaliqhutywa nguHeffermehl. UHeffermehl uthe, 'Ndinqwenela ukubhengeza imfazwe yam yeminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu kunye nabawonga beNobel. Singaqhubeka ngesiseko sokutolika okufanayo'. Iyamangalisa into yokuba kwiiveki nje ezimbalwa kamva wasweleka ngeli xesha lotshintsho lubalulekileyo. Kuza kubonakala ukuba iphulo lakhe liya kuba nefuthe elingapheliyo kwizigqibo zeNobel Committee.

(uGqr) uPeter van den Dungen nguMhlohli/uMhlohli wokuTyelela (1976-2015) kwiZifundo zoXolo, kwiYunivesithi yaseBradford, e-UK; Undwendwe olundwendwelayo, iNorwegian Nobel Institute (2000); Umbhali weempapasho ezininzi ngebhaso loxolo leNobel, kubandakanywa nezinye ezipapashwe liZiko.