Inkqubo ephikisanayo yePentagon kukukhawulezisa ukuthunyelwa kwezixhobo zomkhosi ezingaphezulu kumasebe amapolisa athi alungiselela iintlekele zemozulu. Imiphumo isenokuba yingozi.
Xa abahlali beva ukuba i-Johnson County, i-Iowa, i-ofisi yenothimba yayifumene imoto enkulu, enganyangekiyo nomgodi, uSheriff Lonny Pulkrabek waqinisekisa uluntu oluthandabuzayo ukuba amagosa azakusebenzisa ngokuyintloko ngexesha leziganeko zemozulu ezibi kakhulu ukusindisa abahlali kwilizwe elingaqhelekanga. Iikhephu okanye izikhukula.
“Ngokwenene sisithuthi sokuhlangula, sokubuyisela kunye nesothutho,” iPulkrabek yatsho kwi2014.
Kodwa kwiminyaka esixhenxe emva koko, isithuthi - esivela kwiPentagon's kakhulu-yanyeliswa 1033 Inkqubo ukuba izixhobo zokunyanzeliswa komthetho wasekhaya ngezixhobo, izixhobo kunye nezithuthi ezishiyekileyo kwiimfazwe zangaphandle zelizwe - zisetyenziswe phantse nantoni na ngaphandle kwaleyo.
Amapolisa eSixeko sase-Iowa, abasebenzisa isithuthi kunye neofisi yesherifu, bayimisa kufutshane nonyaka ophelileyo. uqhanqalazo lobulungisa bobuhlanga, apho amagosa wadubula irhasi kubaqhankqalazi abanoxolo ngenxa yokwala ukusasazeka. Kwaye ngoMeyi, abahlali bavutha ngumsindo emva kwamapolisa waqhuba umatshini wangaphambili wemfazwe kwindawo enabantu abaninzi abaNtsundu ukunika iziqinisekiso zokubamba.
Umsindo ukhuthaze amalungu ebhunga leSixeko sase-Iowa kweli hlobo ukuba afune ukuba idolophu ibuyisele isithuthi kwi-Pentagon.
“Sisithuthi esenzelwe iimeko zemfazwe, kwaye ngokoluvo lwam olunyanisekileyo, asiyondawo yalapha,” ilungu lebhunga lesixeko uJanice Weiner uxelele iHuffPost.
I-Ofisi ka-Johnson County Sheriff ayisiyiyo kuphela i-arhente yonyanzeliso lomthetho ukukhankanya imozulu engaqhelekanga njengesizathu sokuba ifune izixhobo zomkhosi. Kunyaka ophelileyo, iCongress yenza i-tweak encinci kwiNkqubo ye-1033 ukunika ufikelelo oluphambili kwiimoto ezixhobileyo kumapolisa kunye namasebe asherifu athi ayazifuna kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo ezinxulumene nentlekele, i-HuffPost ifundile - ngeetshekhi ezimbalwa malunga nokuba zinjani izithuthi. ekugqibeleni isetyenziswe.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuye kwakho ugqabhuko-dubulo kwinani lamapolisa kunye namasebe oonothimba abacaphula izaqhwithi eziyingozi, izitshingitshane zeqhwa, kwaye ngakumbi izandyondyo zemvula ukuthethelela ukuba kutheni kufuneka bafumane isithuthi esixhotyisiweyo.
I-HuffPost ifunyenwe kuphela amakhulu ezicelo zeemoto ezixhobileyo ukuba ii-arhente zasekuhlaleni zabhalela iSebe lezoKhuselo ngo-2017 no-2018. Kwaye ngokungafaniyo neminyaka embalwa ngaphambili, xa phantse akukho arhente zogcino-mthetho ekhankanya iintlekele zemvelo, kwakukho amaziko aphuma phantse kuwo onke amazwe awayecela uncedo ekulungiseleleni iintlekele.
Sisithuthi esenzelwe iimeko zemfazwe, kwaye ngokoluvo lwam olunyanisekileyo, asiyiyo apha.Ilungu lebhunga leSixeko sase-Iowa uJanice Weiner
Kukho izizathu ezimbalwa zokutshintsha kwentetho yonyanzeliso-mthetho. Kwilizwe lonke, utshintsho lwemozulu lubangela iintlekele ezitshabalalisayo nezibulalayo. I-US ayizange ityale imali ekulungiseleleni intlekele enkulu, inyanzelisa oorhulumente basekhaya kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuba balungiselele iintlekele - kwaye bazihlawulele - ubukhulu becala ngokwabo.
Kodwa esona sizathu sikhulu inokuba sesokuba iSebe lezoKhuselo likwaqalisile ukunyanzela amapolisa asekuhlaleni kunye noosherifu ukuba benze into enkulu ngendima yabo ekuphenduleni intlekele. Kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, kwiifom ekufuneka amapolisa kunye noonothimba bazingenise ukuze baqinisekise izicelo zabo zezithuthi ezixhobileyo, iPentagon yaqala ukudwelisa iintlekele zendalo njengomzekelo wokuthethelela. (INkqubo ye-1033 yadalwa ngo-1996.)
Ii-arhente zasekuhlaleni zibambe ngomdla kule ngqiqo. Kumaxwebhu afunyenwe nguHuffPost, i-bevy yamapolisa kunye namasebe oonothimba ecaleni kweGulf Coast, ukusuka eFlorida ukuya eGeorgia ukuya eLouisiana, bakhankanye ixesha lenkanyamba elidumileyo kumazwe abo, ngelixa amasebe amapolisa aseNew Jersey akhumbula ukungakwazi kwabo ngokupheleleyo emva kwe2012's Superstorm Sandy.
"Izixhobo zethu zoyiswa ngokukhawuleza kwaye ukungakwazi ukuphendula ngeenqwelo zokuhlangula zamanzi aphakamileyo kwayiphazamisa kakhulu imisebenzi yokuhlangula," umphathi wamapolisa kwilokishi yaseLacey, ilali yasePine Barrens eNew Jersey, wabhala kwisicelo sokunyusa- uxhobile uHumvee ngo-2018. (Ebuzwa ukuba ahlomle, usekela wale lokishi uthe akanankumbulo ngesi sicelo.)
Ke, kulo nyaka uphelileyo, iCongress yenze utshintsho kwiNkqubo ye-1033 eyongeze inkuthazo yokudibanisa iintlekele zemozulu kwizixhobo zomkhosi. Kuyo inkcitho yonyaka yokhuselo, ICongress yayala iPentagon ukuba inike eyona nto iphambili "kwizicelo ezicela izithuthi ezisetyenziselwa ukulungiswa kongxamiseko olunxulumene neentlekele, ezifana neenqwelo zokuhlangula zamanzi aphezulu."
Iingcali zokulungela iintlekele eziye zathetha ne-HuffPost zaphikisana nombono wokukhukulisa ilizwe kunye neenqwelo zomkhosi ezingaphezulu phantsi kweendlela zokulungiselela ukutshintsha kwemozulu.
Abanye baqaphele ukuba amapolisa akhululekile ukusebenzisa izixhobo zomkhosi kwi-Pentagon nangona kunjalo bafuna kuba akukho mntu uhlawuliswa ngokuqinisekisa ukuba ii-arhente zogcino-mthetho ziyisebenzisa kuphela ukuphendula intlekele. Abanye bachaza ukuba ngokwenene amapolisa anoxanduva lokukhusela uluntu xa kukho intlekele yemozulu - kwaye iimoto zomkhosi azenzi nto ingako ukunceda amapolisa ukuba alungiselele loo ndima.
"Ndiyakuqinisekisa ukuba akukho nalinye kula masebe amapolisa abeka imozulu okanye imozulu embi kakhulu enezicwangciso zolawulo olungxamisekileyo lokuyisebenzisa [ngaloo ndlela]," watsho uLeigh Anderson, umphandi weYunivesithi yaseChicago kunye nomphicothi-zincwadi ojongene namasebe amapolisa e-Illinois naseMissouri.
Kangangeminyaka, uqeqesho lwamagosa onyanzeliso lomthetho kwilizwe lonke luye lwagxininisa amaqhinga akhubekisayo, afana nokuziqhelanisa nohlaselo lwe-SWAT kunye noqheliselo lokudubula olusebenzayo. Amagosa kwiindawo ezininzi azilungiselelanga ngokulusizi imisebenzi yokuhlangula, utshilo uAnderson, ubunkokeli bugxile endaweni yoko ekuqokeleleni izixhobo ezifanelekileyo.
“Xa kufikwa kwiintlekele zendalo, amagosa akalungiselelanga nantoni na eyenzekayo ngaphandle kwemeko yesiqhelo yesebe lamapolisa,” utshilo.
Owona msebenzi ubalulekileyo welizwe kukuhlaziya iziseko zophuhliso - ukwakha iindawo zokuhlala ezingakhukulayo kunye neendlela ezingabhubhiyo kwasekuqaleni - ukuze uluntu lukwazi ukumelana nokwanda kweentlekele zendalo, utshilo uRune Storesund, umlawuli olawulayo. IYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, iZiko leBerkeley loLawulo loMngcipheko weNtlekele.
Ilizwe liyishiyile indima yokusabela kwiintlekele kumapolisa angalungiswanga kunye namasebe oothimba endaweni yokuphuhlisa izakhono zokusabela ezibanzi, ukungabikho kokulungela okuya kuba yingozi ngakumbi njengoko utshintsho lwemozulu lubasa izikhukhula ezigqithisileyo, imililo, umkhenkce, amaza obushushu kunye nezaqhwithi. Urhulumente wobumbano unokukhokela inkxaso-mali yesiqhelo yokuphuculwa kweziseko zophuhliso kunye nokongamela, ukomeleza isicwangciso sokhuseleko endaweni yokuthumela iilori ezixhobileyo.
“Ndinobunzima bokucinga ukuba ezi zithuthi zomkhosi zinxulumana njani ngqo neziganeko ezinxulumene nemozulu,” utshilo uStoresund.
Asikuko ukuba izithuthi zomkhosi ziya kuba lilize ngexesha leentlekele zendalo. Amapolisa anoxanduva lokhuseleko loluntu xa imozulu imbi kakhulu. Bahlala behlawuliswa ngokubaleka ukukhutshwa ekuqaleni kwenkanyamba okanye umlilo, ukubuyisela abantu abashiywe ngasemva, kunye nokugcina ucwangco kwiindawo zentlekele. Kuloo meko inzima, isibongozo selori eyenziwe ukuba imelane neziqhushumbisi ecaleni kwendlela sicacile. Iinqwelo-mafutha ezininzi ezikwaziyo ukuqhushumba, ezifana neenqwelo-mafutha ezikwaziyo ukumelana nomgodi, okanye ii-MRAPs, zinokuqhuba phezu kwemithi ewileyo, zimelane nemimoya ebhudla ngamandla, zityhutyhe iinyawo ezininzi zamanzi kwaye ziqhubeke zihamba ngesantya esiphakathi ukuba amavili azo agqabhukile.
Kodwa isiphumo esicacileyo sokunika amapolisa izixhobo zomkhosi phantsi koncedo lokulungiselela iintlekele zendalo kukuba amapolisa akhululekile ukuzisebenzisa. iyingozi ngakumbi Iinjongo.
Izixhobo zemfazwe ezithe chatha iPentagon doles ukuya kumapolisa asekuhlaleni ibangele ukunyuka kokusetyenziswa kwamaqhinga e-SWAT atshabalalisayo, njengokugqogqa iminyango kunye nokusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali, ukwenza umsebenzi wamapolisa njengokwenza iziqinisekiso kunye nokukhangela iziyobisi.
Izixhobo zomkhosi sele ziyinto edlalwa kuqhanqalazo lwasekuhlaleni. Ngempoxo embi, ii-arhente zogcino-mthetho ziye bade basebenzise neenqwelo zomkhosi ukwenza ngenkohlakalo abantu ababeqhankqalazela ukutshatyalaliswa kwemozulu, njengohlaselo luka-2016 eStanding Rock, eMntla Dakota, kubaqhankqalazi bemibhobho yamaNative American.
Ndiyakuqinisekisa ukuba akukho nalinye kula masebe amapolisa abeka imozulu okanye imozulu embi kakhulu enezicwangciso zolawulo olungxamisekileyo lokuyisebenzisa [ngaloo ndlela].ULeigh Anderson, umphandi weYunivesithi yaseChicago kunye nomphicothi-zincwadi olawula amasebe amapolisa e-Illinois naseMissouri.
Kwizicelo ezifunyenwe nguHuffPost, ii-arhente ezininzi zavuma ukuba ziya kusebenzisa izithuthi zomkhosi zombini ukuhlangula iintlekele kunye neminye imisebenzi eyonakalisayo.
Northwoods, eMissouri, eyacela isithuthi esixhobileyo ukuze kumapolisa abaqhankqalazi beBlack Life Matter ngo 2017, njengoko HuffPost umbiko ngo-Agasti, yathi kwisicelo sayo ukuba iya kusebenzisa isithuthi ukuphendula izikhukhula, iinkanyamba kunye nezaqhwithi zomkhenkce. Ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo wangoku wawukhona ngelo xesha, iPentagon yayiza kukhawuleza ilandele ulawulo olufana neNorthwoods ukufumana isithuthi.
I-Kit Carson County, indawo ehlaselwe sisivunguvungu saseColorado apho isherifu yacela i-MRAP ukuba ihlangule abaqhubi beemoto kwizikhukula kunye nesichotho, yathi iya kusebenzisa rhoqo isithuthi ukunika izigunyaziso zokukhangela ezinxulumene neziyobisi. Umphathi wamapolisa waseMalden, eMissouri, ibutho elincinane lamagosa ali-14 kuphela, waphawula ukuba lo mmandla wawungomnye wezona ndawo zinzima kakhulu-zikhukula zembali ngo-2017. Wacela u-Humvee oxhobileyo ukuba ahlole abahlali ababanjwe zizivunguvungu ezizayo - kunye nokwenza ugqogqo lweziyobisi.
Kudliwanondlebe no-HuffPost, uBrad Kunkel, isherifu yangoku yaseJohnson County, e-Iowa, ngoku uthi idolophu ibone usetyenziso oluninzi lwe-MRAP yayo ngaphandle nje kokuhlangula intlekele, nangona wathi isebe liyisebenzisile ukuhlangula izikhukula.
Ukwenza ukuba amapolisa abe noxanduva lokujongana neentlekele kukwathetha ukuba impendulo yentlekele inokubotshelelwa kwizenzo zamapolisa ezixhaphazayo. Uninzi lweedolophu zaseNew Jersey zicela iimoto ezixhobileyo, kubandakanya nezo zazigxininisa ukuba ziya kusetyenziswa njengezithuthi zokusabela kwintlekele, ezicetywayo ukuba zihlawulele ukugcinwa kwezithuthi. imali evela ekuhluthweni kwempahla. Nangona iNew Jersey isandula ukuwuphelisa lo mkhwa, umthetho welizwe ngelo xesha wawuwavumela amapolisa ukuba axhase umsebenzi ngokuthi athathe imali kunye nezinto zexabiso kubantu abatyholwa kodwa bengafunyaniswanga bubugebenga.
Ngexesha leentlekele ezidlulileyo, amapolisa aye nzakala kwaye bulawa abantu ababerhanela ukuba bayaphanga. Kwimeko embi kakhulu, amapolisa aseNew Orleans wadubula iiAK-47s kubemi ababebaleka ukutshatyalaliswa kweNkanyamba uKatrina, baza bazama ukuyifihla loo nto. Uphando kamva lwatyhola isehlo esibulalayo kwisebe inkcubeko yorhwaphilizo.
Kwaye ngexesha apho isabelo esikhulu soluntu sicatshukiswa kukungohlwaywa kwamapolisa, iintlekele zemozulu zinika inkcazo enobubele malunga nomkhosi wamapolisa.
Ezinye ii-arhente zogcino-mthetho zisebenzise imozulu embi njengengcaciso yokugqibela xa uluntu luchasa ngokucacileyo ukusetyenziswa kwamapolisa kweenqwelo-mafutha zomkhosi zangaphambili. Ekwindla yokugqibela, amapolisa aseNew London, eConnecticut, afumana iCougar enganyangekiyo kumgodi ngeNkqubo ye-1033 Iziganeko zokubanjwa kunye nezixhobo zokudubula ezisebenzayo. Emva kokuba abantu basekuhlaleni kunye nebhunga lesixeko bengavumi ukuba igcinwe isithuthi, amapolisa bayila impikiswano yabo yokugqibela malunga nesidingo sesithuthi sokuhlangula ngexesha lezaqhwithi kunye neqhwithi.
Ku-Weiner, ilungu lebhunga lesiXeko sase-Iowa, isithuthi kwidolophu yakhe inika isikhumbuzo esimnyama sexesha lakhe esebenza kwindlu yozakuzo yase-US eTurkey ngeminyaka yoo-1990 ngexesha lokuphakama kwemfazwe yelizwe nabavukeli baseKurdish.
“Ndibone iimoto ezininzi ezixhobileyo ezitratweni,” utshilo. “Ngumoya woloyiko hayi umoya endiwufunayo kwidolophu yam.”
