NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Septemba 29, 2014
Ngokuqinisekileyo ngekhe sazi ukuba yintoni i-Musteite, kodwa ndinomdla wokucinga ukuba inganceda ukuba siyenzile. Ndisebenzisa igama elithetha "ukuba nolwalamano oluthile kwezopolitiko zika-AJ Muste."
Ndandinabantu bandixelela ukuba ndinguMusteite xa bendinombono ongacacanga wokuba ngubani u-AJ Muste. Ndiyabona ukuba yayiyincoma, kwaye ukusuka kumxholo ndayithatha ukuba ndithethe ukuba ndingumntu ofuna ukuphelisa imfazwe. Ndicinga ukuba ndiba ngathi ndiyayicoca into yokuba ayisiyiyo ncomo. Kutheni le nto kufanele ukuba ithathelwe ingqalelo njengodumo ngokukodwa okanye ngokungaqhelekanga ukufuna ukuphelisa imfazwe? Xa umntu efuna ukukuphelisa nya udlwengulo okanye ukuxhatshazwa kwabantwana okanye ubukhoboka okanye obunye ububi, asibabizi ngokubaxeka okanye sibancome njengabangcwele. Kutheni imfazwe yahlukile?
Ithuba lokuba imfazwe ingangafani, inokuthi ipheliswe ngokupheleleyo, inokuba yingcinga yokuba ndithathe isandla sesithathu ku-AJ Muste, njengoko uninzi lwethu luthathe okuninzi kuye, nokuba siyayazi okanye hayi. Impembelelo yakhe igcwele kwimibono yethu yezabasebenzi kunye nolungiselelo kunye namalungelo oluntu kunye nokuzabalazela uxolo. Ibhayiloji yakhe entsha, American Gandhi: AJ Muste kunye neMbali yeRadicalism kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini NguLeilah Danielson kufanelekile ukuba ufundwe, kwaye undinike uthando olutsha kuMuste ngaphandle kwencwadi yakhe engenalo uthando.
UMartin Luther King Jr. uxelele umbhali ngobomi bamandulo waseMuste, uNat Hentoff, “Ugxininiso lwangoku lokungathathi cala kwibala lobudlelwane kubuhlanga kubangelwe ngu-AJ kunaye nawuphi na umntu kweli lizwe.” Kukwaziwa ngokubanzi ukuba ngaphandle kukaMade ngekhe kwakhiwe umanyano olubanzi kangaka ngokuchasene nemfazwe yaseVietnam. Amatshantliziyo eIndiya ambiza ngokuba ngu "American Gandhi."
I-American Gandhi yazalwa ngo-1885 yaza yafudukela nosapho lwayo eneminyaka eyi-6 ukusuka eHolland ukuya eMichigan. Wafunda eHolland, eMichigan, kwakule dolophu sifunda ngayo kumaphepha ambalwa okuqala Amanzi amnyama: Ukunyuka koMkhosi oMandla weHlabathi weMikhosi yeMikhosi, Kwaye kwikholeji kamva yaxhaswa kakhulu yiNkosana yoSapho, apho kwavela khona iBlackwater. Amabali omabini uMade kunye neNkosana aqala ngeCalvinism yaseDatshi kwaye aphele ngokwahlukana ngokungathi ucinga. Emngciphekweni wokucaphukisa amaKrestu endoda, ndicinga ukuba akukho bali-kwaye nobomi-ngekhe bube buhlungu xa inkolo ishiywe ngaphandle.
U-Muste ngewayengavumelani nam, ewe, kuba uhlobo oluthile lwenkolo lwaluphambili ekucingeni kwakhe ngexesha elininzi lobomi bakhe. Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I wayengumshumayeli kwaye elilungu loMbutho woXolelwaniso (FOR). Wayeyichasa imfazwe ngo-1916 xa imfazwe eyamkelekileyo yamkelekile. Kwaye xa uninzi lwelizwe lonke lawela emgceni emva kukaWoodrow Wilson kwaye ngokuthobela wayethanda imfazwe ngo-1917, uMuste akazange atshintshe. Wayeyichasa imfazwe nokuya emkhosini. Uwuxhase umzabalazo wenkululeko yoluntu, uhlala ehlaselwa ngexesha lemfazwe. I-American Civil Liberties Union (i-ACLU) yenziwa ngoo-Muste KWABASEBENZISANA nabo ngo-1917 ukunyanga iimpawu zemfazwe, njengoko kusenzeka nanamhlanje. UMuste akazange avume ukushumayela exhasa imfazwe, kwanyanzeleka ukuba ayishiye inkonzo yakhe, esithi kwincwadi yakhe yokurhoxa ecaweni kufuneka ijolise ekudaleni "imeko zokomoya ezimise imfazwe kwaye zenze ukuba zonke iimfazwe zingacingeki." UMuste waba livolontiya kunye ne-ACLU ekhuthaza abo bangafuniyo ukuya emkhosini ngenxa yesazela kunye nabanye abatshutshiswa ngenxa yenkcaso yemfazwe eNew England. Kwakhona waba yiQuaker.
Ngo-1919 uMuste wazifumanisa eyinkokeli yesitrayikhi sabasebenzi bempahla eyayi-30,000 eLawrence, eMassachusetts, efunda emsebenzini - nakumgca wokuthimba, apho wabanjwa wahlaselwa ngamapolisa, kodwa wabuya kwangoko emgceni. Ngexesha lokuphumelela umzabalazo, uMuste wayengunobhala jikelele wabasebenzi abasandula ukusekwa beAmalgamated Textile Workers of America. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, wayekhokela iBrookwood Labor College ngaphandle kweKatonah, eNew York. Phakathi kwe-1920s, njengoko iBrookwood yaphumelela, uMuste wayeyinkokeli yentshukumo yabasebenzi eqhubela phambili kwilizwe liphela. Kwangelo xesha, wayekhonza kwikomiti yesigqeba sikazwelonke ukusuka ngo-1926-1929 nakwikomiti yesizwe ye-ACLU. U-Brookwood wazabalaza ebhulorho kwizahlulo ezininzi de i-American Federation of Labor yatshabalalisa ngohlaselo oluvela ngasekunene, incediswa kancinci ngohlaselo oluvela ngasekhohlo ngamaKomanisi. U-Muste wasebenzela abasebenzi, esenza iNkomfa yeNkqubela phambili yaBasebenzi, kunye nokuququzelela uMzantsi, kodwa "ukuba sifuna ukuba nenkuthalo kumbutho wabasebenzi," utshilo, "kufuneka sibe nenqanaba lobumbano, kwaye, ukuba kukuba, okulandelayo, yinto enye, yokuba asinakho ukuchitha lonke ixesha lethu ekuphikisaneni nasekulweni - mhlawumbi iipesenti ezingama-99 zexesha, kodwa hayi iipesenti ezili-100.
Umbhali ngobomi bomntu kaMuste ulandela le fomula yeepesenti ezingama-99 yenani lezahluko, ezibandakanya ukubambana kwabaphembeleli, ukuququzelelwa kwabangaphangeliyo, ukusekwa kweAmerican Workers Party ngo-1933, nango-1934 isitrayikhi se-Auto-Lite eToledo, eOhio, oku kukhokelele ekusekweni kwabasebenzi beUnited Auto. Abangaphangeliyo, bazimanya noqhankqalazo egameni labasebenzi, babaluleke kakhulu kwimpumelelo, kwaye ukuzibophelela kwabo ekwenzeni njalo kungabanceda abasebenzi bathathe isigqibo sokugwayimba kwasekuqaleni. UMuste wayengumbindi wayo yonke le nto kunye nenkqubela phambili yokuchasa i-fascism kule minyaka. Isitrayikhi sokuhlala phantsi e-Goodyear e-Akron sasikhokelwa ngabafundi bangaphambili base-Muste.
UMuste wayefuna ukubeka phambili umzabalazo wobulungisa bobuhlanga kunye nokusebenzisa ubuchule baseGandhian, egxininisa kutshintsho kwinkcubeko, hayi kurhulumente kuphela. "Ukuba siza kuba nehlabathi elitsha," watsho, "kufuneka sibe nabantu abatsha; ukuba ufuna inguquko, kufuneka wenze iinguqulelo. ” Ngo-1940, uMuste waba ngunobhala wesizwe we-FOR kwaye wasungula iphulo laseGandhian ngokuchasene nocalucalulo, ezisa abasebenzi abatsha kubandakanya uJames Farmer noBayard Rustin, kwaye bencedisa ekufumaneni iCongress of Racial Equality (CORE). Izenzo ezingenabundlobongela ezinxulunyaniswa nee-1950s kunye nee-1960s zaqala nge-1940s. Uhambo loXolelwaniso lwakhokelela kwi-Freedom Rides kwiminyaka eli-14.
U-Muste waxela kwangaphambili ukunyuka kwe-Military Industrial Complex kunye ne-adventurism yasemkhosini emva kweMfazwe yesibini (II) ye-United States ngo-1941. Endaweni engaphaya kokuqonda kwabaninzi baseMelika, nditsho nembali yakhe yobomi, uMuste wafumana ubulumko bokuqhubeka nokulwa imfazwe ngexesha lesibini lehlabathi. Imfazwe, ixhasa endaweni yokhuselo olungenabundlobongela kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle onoxolo, osebenzisanayo kunye nesisa, ukhusela amalungelo amaJapan aseMelika, kwaye waphinda wachasa ukuhlaselwa ngokubanzi kwenkululeko yoluntu. "Ukuba andimthandi uHitler, andingekhe ndithande konke konke," utshilo uMuste, echaza ubukho jikelele bokuba umntu kufuneka athande iintshaba zakhe, kodwa esenza njalo kwimeko apho phantse wonke umntu, unanamhla, exhasa ngokulunga kobundlobongela obunoburhalarhume nenzondo.
Ewe, abo babephikisana neMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala kunye nendawo yokuhlala eyoyikisayo eyayiqukumbelayo, kunye nokuxhokonxa i-fascism iminyaka- kwaye ngubani owaziyo ukuba ukuphela kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi kuza kuzisa ntoni, kwaye ngubani obone ukubakho kweendlela zeGandhian- kufuneka ndibenexesha elinzima kunoninzi ekwamkeleni ukuba imfazwe ayinakuphepheka kwaye iMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi yayifanelekile.
Ndiqinisekile, khange ndikwanelise ukubukela urhulumente wase-US esenza imfazwe ebandayo kunye nobukhosi behlabathi ngokuhambelana nokuqikelela kwakhe. UMuste uqhubekile nokutyhalela emva kulo lonke iziko lemfazwe, esithi, “eyona nto izizwe ziyisebenzisayo ukuzibonelela 'ngokuzikhusela' okwexeshana kunye 'nokhuselo' zenza owona mqobo mikhulu ekufikeleleni kukhuseleko oluhlangeneyo okanye olusisigxina. Bafuna oomatshini bamanye amazwe ukuze ugqatso lwezixhobo zeatom luphele; kodwa ukhuphiswano lwezixhobo zeatomiki kufuneka lume okanye usukelo lwehlabathi luye luyelela ngaphaya kokufikelela komntu. ”
Kwakungeli xesha, ngo-1948-1951 apho uMLK Jr. wayeye eCrozer Theological Seminary, esiya kwiintetho, efunda neencwadi, zikaMuste, owayeza kuthi kamva amcebise emsebenzini wakhe, kwaye ngubani owayeza kudlala indima ephambili ekukhuthazeni urhulumente iinkokheli zamalungelo zokuphikisa imfazwe eVietnam. UMuste usebenze ne-American Friends Service Committee, kunye neminye imibutho emininzi, kubandakanya neKomiti yokuMisa uvavanyo lwe-H-Bomb, oluya kuba yiKomiti kaZwelonke yoMgaqo-nkqubo weNyukliya weSane (SANE); kunye ne-World Peace Brigade.
UMuste walumkisa ngemfazwe yaseMelika eVietnam ngo-1954. Wayekhokelene nayo ngo-1964. Wazabalaza ngempumelelo enkulu ekwandiseni umanyano olwa imfazwe ngo-1965. inzame yokufumana isibheno esibanzi. Wayekholelwa ukuba "ukwahlulahlula" kuzisa "impikiswano kunye nokwahluka" ngaphezulu kwaye kwavumela ukuba kubekho impumelelo enkulu. UMuste waba ngusihlalo weKomiti yokuHambisa kaNovemba 8 (MOBE) ngo-1966, ecwangcisa inyathelo elikhulu ngo-Epreli 1967. Kodwa xa ebuya kuhambo oluya eVietnam ngoFebruwari, enika iintetho ngohambo, kwaye ehleli ubusuku bonke ebhala ukubhengezwa komboniso ka-Epreli. , waqala ukukhalaza ngentlungu yomqolo kwaye akazange aphile ixesha elide.
Akakhange ayibone intetho kaKing eRiverside Church ngo-Epreli 4. Akakhange abone kuhlanganiswa abantu abaninzi okanye kwimingcwabo emininzi kunye nezikhumbuzo kuye. Akazange abone ukuba imfazwe iphelile. Akazange abone umatshini wemfazwe kunye nokucwangciswa kwemfazwe kuqhubeka ngokungathi kuncinci okufundiweyo. Khange abone ukurhoxa kubulungisa bezoqoqosho kunye nokusebenza ngokuqhubekayo kumashumi eminyaka ezayo. Kodwa uAJ Muste wayekhona ngaphambili. Wabona ukunyuka kwee-1920s kunye nee-1930s kwaye waphila ukunceda ukuzisa uxolo ngo-1960. Xa, ngo-2013, uxinzelelo loluntu lwanceda ukumisa uhlaselo lwemijukujelwa eSyria, kodwa akukho nto intle yathatha indawo, kwaye uhlaselo lwemijukujelwa lwasungulwa kunyaka olandelayo ngokuchasene nelinye icala kwimfazwe yaseSyria, uMuste ngekhe othuke. Isizathu sakhe yayingekokuthintela imfazwe ethile kodwa yayikukuphelisa iziko lemfazwe, unobangela wephulo elitsha kwi-2014 World Beyond War.
Yintoni esinokuyifunda kumntu ofana noMuste oye wanyamezela ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuba abone ezinye, kodwa ayizizo zonke, zeengcinga zakhe eziqinisekileyo ezihamba phambili? Khange azikhathaze ngonyulo okanye nokuvota. Ubeka phambili amanyathelo angqalileyo angenabundlobongela. Wazama ukwenza olona manyano lubanzi, kubandakanya nabantu abangavumelaniyo naye kunye nemibuzo ebalulekileyo kodwa abavumayo kumba obalulekileyo. Ukanti wayefuna ukugcina loo manyano engalalanisi kwimicimbi ebaluleke kakhulu. Wazama ukuqhubela phambili iinjongo zabo njengesizathu sokuziphatha kunye nokuphumelela ngokuchasene nabachasi ngengqondo nangokweemvakalelo, hayi amandla. Usebenze ukutshintsha iimbono zehlabathi. Usebenze ekwakheni iintshukumo zehlabathi, hayi eyasekhaya okanye eyelizwe kuphela. Kwaye, ewe, wayefuna ukuphelisa imfazwe, hayi nje ukubuyisela enye imfazwe yenye eyahlukileyo. Oko kwakuthetha ukuba uzabalaze ngokuchasene nemfazwe ethile, kodwa ukwenza njalo ngendlela efanelekileyo ejolise ekunciphiseni okanye ekupheliseni oomatshini abasemva kwayo.
Andikho, emva kwayo yonke loo nto, uMusteite olunge kakhulu. Ndivuma kakhulu, kodwa ayizizo zonke. Ndiyazikhaba iinjongo zakhe zonqulo. Kwaye andifani no-AJ Muste, engenazo izakhono, umdla, amandla kunye nezinto azifezileyo. Kodwa ndiziva ndisondele kuye kwaye ndiyayixabisa ngakumbi kunangaphambili into yokubizwa ngokuba yi-Musteite. Kwaye ndiyayixabisa into yokuba uAJ Muste kunye nezigidi zabantu abawuxabisileyo umsebenzi wakhe ngandlela thile bawudlulisele kum. Impembelelo kaMuste ebantwini wonke umntu uyazi, njengoMartin Luther King, Omnci., Kunye nabantu abaphembelela abantu wonke umntu owaziyo, njengoBayard Rustin, ibalulekile. Usebenze nabantu besasebenza kwimibutho yoxolo njengoDavid McReynolds noTom Hayden. Usebenze noJames Rorty, utata womnye woonjingalwazi bam kwikholeji, uRichard Rorty. Wachitha ixesha kwi-Union Theological Seminary, apho abazali bam bafunda khona. Wayehlala kwibloko enye, ukuba ayakhi, apho bendihlala khona okwethutyana e-103 Street nase West End Avenue eNew York, kwaye uMuste wayetshatile nomfazi obalaseleyo ogama linguAnn owayehamba noAnna, nam ngokunjalo. Ndiyamthanda umfana. Kodwa into endinika ithemba bubungakanani apho i-Musteism ikhoyo kwinkcubeko yethu xa iyonke, kunye nokuba kungenzeka ukuba ngenye imini sonke sibe ngama-Musteites.
