By , Uluhlu lwezahlulo, UDisemba 13, 2023
Kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu eyadlulayo, uPhilip Roth wabhala inoveli enzulu, ehlekisayo, ephazamisayo malunga noSirayeli, iPalestine, kunye nentiyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-antisemitism. Ukusebenza Shylock. Kweli bali umbhali ongumYuda waseMelika ogama linguPhilip Roth ufumanisa ukuba omnye umbhali okwazibiza ngokuba nguPhilip Roth unika abantu bakwaSirayeli ithuba lokushumayela “iDiasporism” – imfundiso ethi kumaYuda akwaSirayeli abuyele kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu apho wona okanye amazwe abo. abazali beza kuqala. I-Roth #2 ithatha iYurophu kunye neMelika njengezizwe zamaYuda zokwenyani: iindawo apho inkcubeko yamaYuda enobuntu, yokuyila yakha yakhula, kwaye ngoku ezifunekayo njengeendawo ezingcwele ngenxa yokusilela kukaSirayeli ukwenza uxolo namaPalestina kunye nobutshaba behlabathi lobuSilamsi kuSirayeli. . Ingcamango yenkohliso enikwe ilizwi yi-Roth doppelganger kwaye yaxoxwa ngepro kunye ne-con ngumnyele wabanye abalinganiswa kwinoveli kukuba i-experiment yeZionist - ilinge lokuseka iLizwe lamaYuda elinobulungisa nelikhuselekileyo - liye lasilela.
Ukusebenza Shylock, endabela abafundi abaphumeleleyo kwizifundo ezibizwa ngokuba “Ungquzulwano Noncwadi,” ngokucacileyo yayingaphezu kwentlekisa—kodwa noRoth wayengayilindelanga ukuba ibe sisiprofeto. Omnye uyazibuza ukuba umbhali, owasweleka kwiminyaka emihlanu eyadlulayo, angathini malunga nemfazwe ekhoyo eGaza, eyaqala ngohlaselo lwabalweli beHamas ababulala, badlwengula, benzakalisa malunga nabemi abangama-900 abangamaYuda kunye namajoni angama-350 kwaye bathatha abantu abangaphezu kwama-240 ukubanjwa. , exhokonxa uthotho lweziqhushumbisi zokuziphindezela nokuhlaselwa komhlaba yimikhosi yakwaSirayeli esele ibulele abantu basePalestina abangaphezu kwe-16,000, uninzi lwabo ingabemi, yaye ubuncinane abangama-5,000 XNUMX kubo ingabantwana. Loo mfazwe iqhubeka ngesantya esiyingozi, isoyikisa ngokubulala ize ingxwelerha amashumi amawaka angakumbi, yaye ihenda ezinye iintlanga ukuba zingenelele ukuze zinqande ukubulawa kwabantu.
Ngokuqinisekileyo uPhilip Roth wayeya kuluqonda uloyiko oluphakathi kwamaYuda akwa-Israel oluveliswe luhlaselo olubi lweHamas kunye nomnqweno wabo wokuphelisa isoyikiso sokuhlaselwa okuphindaphindiweyo ngokuqhuba iphulo lentshabalalo yobulungisa. Kwinoveli, uRoth #1 uzimasa ityala likaJohn Demjanjuk, ummi waseUkraine-waseMelika otyholwa ngokuba ngumlindi wenkampu yoxinaniso ekhohlakeleyo, kwaye ubonakalisa ukubanjwa kwentlungu yokuBulawa Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo kusesengqondweni yamaSirayeli. Kodwa kukho rhoqo ubuncinane "iiRoth" ezimbini - ii-dialogists ezimbini kumbhali kwaye ngamnye wethu - ukuntsonkotha imicimbi ngokubuza imibuzo enzima. Imibuzo efana nale:
+ Yintoni, ngaphandle kobuqhophololo, eyaqhubela iHamas ukuba “iqhambuke” eGaza ngo-Oktobha 7? Ngaba ubundlobongela obukhoyo ekuhlaleni, oko kukuthi, ukuvalelwa okusebenzayo kwezigidi ezi-2.5 zamaPalestina iminyaka eli-17 kwindawo ehlwempuzekileyo yommandla wasezidolophini, kuyanceda ekucaciseni (nokuba oko akuthetheleleki) ubundlobongela obunempindezelo babaqhweshileyo?
+ Ukucinga ukuba abalweli beHamas bayazifihla phakathi kwabemi, bangaphi abantu abamsulwa basePalestina abamele bafe okanye benzakaliswe ubomi bonke ukuze uSirayeli atshabalalise loo mbutho? Ngaba umlinganiselo ongaphezulu kwe-5: 1 wamajoni kumaxhoba omkhosi (ukuba awukho ngaphezulu) ugqithise ngokucacileyo? Kwaye ngaba umzekeliso kunye neMfazwe Yehlabathi II ayisiyiyo abo balinganisa uhlaselo lweHamas kunye nohlaselo lwamaNazi ePoland, uhlaselo lwaseJapan kwiPearl Harbor, okanye ukuBulawa Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo ngokwako kuyabaxwa?
+ Ngapha koko, ngaba ezi ngxwelerha zingalinganiyo zabemi kunye nezifaniso zibaxiweyo zicebisa ukuba ezona njongo zokuqhubekeka kokubulawa kwabantu basePalestina yindibaniselwano yoloyiko nempindezelo, exhaswa yimvakalelo yesizwe yokuba omnye “wethu” uxabisa ishumi, ikhulu; okanye iwaka “lazo”?
+ Yaye okokugqibela, ngaba asingomgudu omanyeneyo wokufuna ukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kotshaba lukabani ukuze kufunyanwe amalungu phakathi kwalo anokuthethathethana nawo ukuze enze uxolo nawo? AmaSirayeli akafuni ukuxoxisana "nabanqolobi" okanye amaPalestine "nabaphuli-mthetho bemfazwe," kodwa ekugqibeleni, ngaphandle kokuba ukubulawa kufikelele kumanqanaba okubulala, kufuneka bobabini benze njalo.
Imibuzo enjalo ikhokelela ekugqibeleni kwintandabuzo ekhoyo evakaliswe nguRoth #2 - umbuzo wokuba semthethweni kweLizwe lamaJuda. Imfazwe yaseGaza ngokucacileyo iyintlekele kumaSirayeli aphulukene nosapho kunye nabahlobo ngenxa yezenzo zenkohlakalo zeHamas, kunye nakwabasePalestine abanezihlobo kunye nabahlobo bafa. bunzima kwelona dabi linamandla lokuqhushumba kweebhombu kunye namadabi asemhlabeni enkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye. Ngeendlela ezibalulekileyo, nangona kunjalo, umzabalazo uyonakalisa ngakumbi kwaSirayeli kunasePalestina. Ngelixa izigidi zixhasa abantu baseGaza, iLizwe lamaJuda likwiphulo lokuphulukana nebango lalo lokuba lilizwe eliquka izithethe zamaYuda, hayi nje “ilizwe eliphakathi. kwezopolitiko umbutho onyanzelisa kwaye unyanzelise imithetho phezu a labantu ngaphakathi kwintsimi"(Wikipedia) okanye “ilungu lengcinezelo yodidi oluthile ngolunye” ( uKarl Marx ). EGaza, u-Israyeli wenza kanye njengazo zonke ezinye ingqokelela yee-ethno-nationalists ezinemipu. Ngokwenza oko, iphulukana novelwano lwezizwe ngezizwe olwanceda ekuyidaleni kunye nenkxaso yamaYuda amaninzi kunye nabanye abangaphandle kwaSirayeli abancedileyo ukuyixhasa.
Umbuso njengendawo yokhuseleko ngokumelene nombuso njengomxhasi kunye ne-avatar yemilinganiselo yoluntu: bekusoloko kukho obu mbini entliziyweni yeZiyonism. Amatshantliziyo afana nalawo aseka iqela likaNetanyahu iLikud ayekholelwa ukuba amaYuda afanele abe nelizwe, naliphi na ilizwe: indawo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziziphi ezinye iimpawu, apho ayeza kuba nelungelo lokuhlala khona, nomkhosi owawuya kuwakhusela kwiintshaba. Ngaba urhulumente kufuneka ube yintando yesininzi? Ubuninzi bezinto? Othanda uxolo? Mhlawumbi, mhlawumbi akunjalo. Abalandeli belizwe abafana noZe'ev Jabotinsky babezinikele ngokupheleleyo kwixabiso lokhuseleko kunye nelungelo labantu abangamaYuda lokuhlala kwindawo efana naleyo ilawulwa zezinye iintlanga okanye unqulo oluthile. (Le ngcinga, isekelwe kwilungelo ekucingelwa ukuba lilo lokuzilawula ngokobuhlanga, ikhokelele kumlinganiso ongeyonyani wokuchasa iZionism nokuchasa amaYuda.)
Kwamanye amaZionists, nangona kunjalo, ukhuseleko oluhlangeneyo lwalunxulunyaniswa kwaye kwiimeko ezithile lunokuthi lufaneleke ngamanye amaxabiso, njengokubaluleka komanyano lwabasebenzi, ipolitiki yedemokhrasi, kunye nenkcubeko ezininzi. Uqheliselo neengcamango zonqulo lwamaYuda obuOthodoki zathotyelwa kwaSirayeli, kodwa amaqela onqulo akazange amkelwe kulawulo olungaphakathi de kwasemva “kweMfazwe Yeentsuku Ezintandathu” ngowe-1967. Nangona kunjalo, xa ukutyhala kutyhutyha, ukhuseleko lwaluthande ukugxeka ezinye izinto ezixabisekileyo, nto leyo eyaphumela ekubeni ngaphambi kokuba uNetanyahu kunye nenkampani balawule, uRhulumente wamaYuda waba ngumbuso oqhelekileyo, oxhobileyo, wandisa impembelelo yawo nanini na. kunokwenzeka, kwaye ngokucwangcisiweyo kunelungelo longxowankulu phezu kwabasebenzi, abangaphakathi kwezopolitiko phezu kwenkitha, amaYuda aseYurophu phezu Mizrahim, kunye namaYuda phezu kwamaPalestina nabanye abangengomaYuda.
“Awuqondi na?” omnye wabahlobo bam abangama-Israeli ongumYuda watsho ngomsindo omkhulu xa ndandibuza lo mnqweno wokhuseleko kwaye ndaphawula ulwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene noluntu olwalubonakala lusenzeka eGaza. “Kukusinda kwamaYuda okusemngciphekweni. Asizange sisinde kwiNkohlakalo ukuze sibulawe ngabanqolobi beHamas. "
Ndaqala ukuphendula ukuba uSirayeli lilizwe elinezixhobo zenyukliya, ukuba amaYuda ngoku lelinye lawona maqela anamandla ehlabathini, kwaye iHamas ingaphezu kombutho wabanqolobi, nangona kunjalo iphambene ngokucacileyo namalungu ayo. Kodwa into endiyikhumbuleyo ngelo xesha yayililizwi elikhunjulwayo lendoda ebizwa ngokuba ngu-Israel Shahak - usokhemisti wase-Israel kunye nomlweli wezopolitiko owatyelela iWashington DC kwiminyaka engamashumi amathandathu. Ekunye nomfundisi wezakwalizwi uMartin Buber, uJudah Magnes weYunivesithi yesiHebhere, kunye nabanye abambalwa abadumileyo, uSirayeli wayengumthetheleli welizwe-mbini-abahlali ababini abanamalungelo adityanisiweyo okwabelana ngamandla kwipolitiki enye-kwaye kwakucacile. hayi iZiyoni. Ndathetha okuthile kuye malunga nesisongelo sokusinda kwamaYuda abantu abaninzi ababecinga ukuba senziwe ngama-Arabhu, kwaye waphendula wathi, “Richard! Ngubani okuxelele ukuba ukusinda kulixabiso lamaYuda?”
Yandothusa loo nto. Ngaba asikokuphila – lilungelo lobomi – kokubini lixabiso lobuYuda nelithi jikelele? Ngaba yayingekuko ukusilela kwamaYuda aseYurophu ukumisela nokukhusela elo lungelo kwaba ngunobangela wokuBulawa Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo? Kodwa emva kwethuba ndayiqonda into awayeqhuba ngayo uSirayeli. yethu ekunene, wayesithi, ayikho ngaphezulu zabo. Nantoni na abalandeli bakaYoshuwa abasenokuba bayenza kumaKanan kwi-15th Ngenkulungwane Ngaphambi Kwexesha Eliqhelekileyo, amaYuda akagunyaziswanga ukuthenga ukusinda kwawo ngokutshabalalisa amanye amaqela. Kunokuba sibe nesimilo kunabanye, njengoko abaProfeti bafundisayo, ukusilela kwethu ukwenza ubulungisa nokuphumeza okusesikweni kwezentlalo bekuya kuxhokonxa uThixo onobulungisa ukuba asohlwaye.
U-Israel Shahak usenokuba wongeze ukuba, nangayiphi na imeko, iLizwe lakwaSirayeli lanamhlanje linento encinci yokwenza nokusinda kwabantu bamaYuda. Ngaphandle kwenkxaso yamaYuda aseYurophu naseMelika, mhlawumbi ngekhe angabikho - ngokuqinisekileyo ayikho kwimo yayo yangoku. Ngeli xesha, i-craziness ebonakalayo yeRoth #2 kwi Ukusebenza Shylock Iba yinto eyoyikisayo, kuba eyona nto ibeka emngciphekweni ukhuseleko lwamaYuda akwa-Israel namhlanje lubudlelwane obubi phakathi kuka-Israyeli kunye nabemi basePalestina, benziwa mandundu yindima yokudumba kwe-United States esebenza njengendlalifa yabakhi bobukhosi base-Bhritane ne-Frentshi ababefudula belawula. ummandla. Iinukes okanye iindonga okanye iibhombu ezina eGaza aziyi kwenza uSirayeli akhuseleke. Olo khuseleko luthenjiweyo luya kuxhomekeka kubuchule beenkokeli zabo zokwenza uxolo nabantu basePalestine ekhaya kwaye bayeke ukusebenza njengee-arhente zasebukhosini zase-US phesheya. Kwaye, de ezi mfuno zaneliswe, urhulumente akanakubanga ukuba lilizwe apho amaYuda aya kukhuselwa khona.
Ukungabikho koxolo ke, kudala ingxaki yeZiyon. Kutheni le nto amaYuda akwilizwe ekuthiwa yi-diaspora kufuneka aqhubeke exhasa iLizwe lamaYuda ukuba alikho njengendawo engcwele okanye imbonakaliso yemilinganiselo yamaYuda? Ukuba iZionism ithetha nje ilizwe elilawulwa ngamaYuda, akusekho sizathu sokuba amaYuda ayixhase ngokwemali okanye ngokwezopolitiko kunokuba "i-diaspora" yaseTaliyane yenze iminikelo eRoma. Kwelinye icala, ukuba i-Israel/iPalestine yayiza kuba lilizwe elingazinikeli kubungangamsha bamaJuda kodwa kuluntu lwezizwe ezimbini, bekuya kubakho izizathu ezinyanzelisayo kumaJuda, amaPalestina, kunye nabanye ukuba bayinike inkxaso enkulu yokuziphatha kunye nezinto eziphathekayo.
Ekugqibeleni, into esijongene nayo kwi-Israel-Palestine yingxabano ye-fratricidal - umzabalazo phakathi kwabazalwana abahlobene nembali, ulwimi, inkolo, izithethe, kwaye, ukuba umntu ubuyela umva ngokwaneleyo ngexesha, ngegazi. Iingxabano ezinjalo kunzima kakhulu ukuzicombulula; kunjengokuba uLewis Coser ekubeka kuhlolisiso lwakhe oluqhelekileyo longquzulwano lwasentlalweni, “okukhona iqela lisondelelana, kokukhona ungquzulwano luqina ngakumbi.”
Abantu basePalestina kunye namaYuda akwaSirayeli bafana ngeendlela ezinzulu. Bathanda usapho kunye nemfundo, kumakhaya asezidolophini, kwaye bayathanda ukuxambulisana kunye nokurhweba. NjengoKayin noAbheli, banabazali abafanayo; Iimbali zabo ziyadibana, kodwa omnye ngumntwana othandwayo kwaye omnye akathandwa. Ubundlobongela bukaKayin sisono ngenxa yokuba uyalityeshela icebiso likaThixo kwaye unqwenela ukufa komntakwabo, kodwa kukho isakhiwo esikhethekileyo esinamandla ngokulinganayo kwaye sisisiseko njengonobangela wobundlobongela. Into ebangela loo ngquzulwano ikrakra ayikokusondelelana nje kwamaqela kodwa ngumxube wokusondelelana nokungalingani.
Kunjalo ke nakwimeko yakwaSirayeli nePalestina, ngoku ekwimfazwe yokubulala. Olu ngquzulwano luya kuphela, ekugqibeleni, xa uKayin noAbheli bale mihla beqonda ukuba bangamalungu entsapho enye yaye bathembisa ukuba akukho qela liya kukhethwa kunelinye. Yaye xa “umzali” wabo ongumlawuli, iUnited States of America, eyeka ukubasebenzisa bona nabamelwane babo ukuze balondoloze ukongama kwabo, nto leyo ngempazamo ekubiza ngokuba lunqabiseko. Njengoko iingxwelerha eGaza zisanda ngokungalawulekiyo, kufuneka senze ngakumbi ngoku kunokumisela imigaqo-nkqubo ezinokuthi iinkokeli zingayihoyi. Kufuneka sizilele abafileyo nabenzakeleyo, sibawole abaphilayo, sithandaze size senze uxolo.
Izimpendulo ze-2
"Imfazwe yaseGaza ngokucacileyo yintlekele kumaSirayeli aphulukene nosapho kunye nabahlobo ngenxa yenkohlakalo yeHamas, kunye nakwabantu basePalestine abanezihlobo kunye nezihlobo zabo babhubha ngobuninzi kwezona bhombu zinzima kunye namadabi asemhlabeni kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye. ”
Ukuthanda kwakho kuyabonakala. Izenzo zenkohlakalo zakwa-Israyeli ezichasene namaPalestina ukususela ngo-Oktobha 7th ukuya phambili nakwimbali yonke yakwaSirayeli ziye zagqithisa kakhulu ezenziwa ngabantu basePalestina, kodwa awusebenzisi negama elithi "inkohlakalo" ukubhekisela kwizenzo zikaSirayeli. Woyika ukukhubekisa amaYuda? Ngaba awukholelwa ukuba amaYuda ngokwenene angenza ubugwenxa? Nokuba kunjalo, wenza ulwaphulo-mthetho lwase-Israel eluntwini, olungaxolelekiyo. Ndingaqhubeka kodwa ndizoyiyeka.
Nangona ndiyayixabisa imvakalelo yenqaku, umbhali uthatha njengenyaniso yokuba i-Hamas yenza udlwengulo oluninzi, olungakhange luqinisekiswe ukuba luyinyani - akukho uphando, akukho mangqina, kwaye akukho maxhoba. Ngeli xesha, uninzi “lwezenzo zenkohlakalo” ebezikade zixelwa ngaphambili azivunywanga, ezinjengobuxoki beentsana ezinqunyulwe iintloko. Inani lokufa lahlaziywa phantsi kweeveki ezimbalwa kamva kwaye kukho amangqina amaninzi aqinisekisa ukuba inani elikhulu lokufa kwabantu base-Israel ngo-Oct 7 babangelwa ngamatanki ase-Israel kunye nee-airstrikes kwinguqulelo ye-Hannibal Directive. Andikhanyeli ukuba abanye abantu babulawa yi-Hamas ngo-Oct 7, kodwa kucacile kunokuba uphando oluzimeleyo lwalufuneka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba imfazwe nxamnye nabantwana baseGaza yayingaqhutywa ngokusekelwe kwipropaganda kunye nobuhlanga, iingcamango ze-Islamophobic malunga namadoda angama-Arabhu angama-Muslim. . Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, lide kakhulu ixesha kolo phando kwaye impindezelo ihambe kakhulu ngaphaya kwawo nawaphi na amabango okuzikhusela. I-trope yokukhusela ubunyulu babasetyhini abamhlophe ukuze kuthethelele ukubulala abantu bemibala liqhinga elidala, lesitayile sikaJim Crow. Sifanele ukuba ngcono kunale. Ngokwenene akukho sizathu sesohlwayo esihlangeneyo, ukuqhushumbiswa kweebhombu ngokungakhethiyo kunye nokuhlanjululwa kobuhlanga.