Sihlala sinika ikhosi ekwi-intanethi kwimfazwe nendalo.
Bukela ividiyo okanye ufunde malunga AkukhoWar2017: Imfazwe kunye neNkomfa yeNdalo.
Tyikitya le khalazo: Misa ngaphandle kokuNgcolisa uMkhosi kwizivumelwano zeMozulu.
Imfazwe kunye namalungiselelo emfazwe akusiyo nje umgodi apho zigidi zeedola ezingasetyenziselwa ukuthintela umonakalo ongqongileyo zilahlekisiwe, kodwa kunye neyona nto ibangela ngqo umonakalo ongqongileyo.
Umkhosi wase-US yenye yezona zinto zingcolisa umhlaba. Ukusukela kwi2001, umkhosi wase-US uye ikhutshiwe I-1.2 yezigidigidi zeetoni zegesi yegreenhouse, elingana nokukhutshwa kweemoto ezizigidi ze-257 ezigidi endleleni. ISebe Lezokhuselo laseMelika lelona lithengi likhulu leoyile ($ 17B / ngonyaka) kwihlabathi, kwaye lelona lizwe likhulu emhlabeni jikelele umnini mhlaba ngeziseko zomkhosi wezangaphandle we-800 kumazwe e-80. Ngqikelelo olunye, umkhosi wase-US ezisetyenzisiweyo I-1.2 yezigidi ze-barrel zeoyile e-Iraq ngenyanga enye ye-2008. Uqikelelo olunye lomkhosi kwi-2003 yayikukuba isibini kwisithathu semikhosi yokusebenzisa amafutha e-US Army yenzekile kwizithuthi ezazihambisa ipetroli kwindawo yedabi.
Njengoko iingxaki zemvelo zibuhlungu, ukucinga ngemfazwe njengesixhobo ekujonganeni nayo kusongela umjikelezo onobuqili. Ukumemezela ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu lubangela ukuba imfazwe ilahleke into yokuba abantu bayabangela imfazwe, kwaye ukuba ngaphandle kokuba sifunde ukujongana neengxaki ngokungenasiphelo, siza kwenza kube nzima.
Iinjongo eziphambili emva kweemfazwe kukuba umnqweno wokulawula izixhobo ezisetyha umhlaba, ingakumbi ioli kunye negesi. Enyanisweni, ukuqaliswa kweemfazwe ngeentlanga ezicebileyo kumahlwempu akuhambelani nokuphulwa kwamalungelo oluntu okanye ukungabikho kwentando yesininzi okanye ukusongelwa kobugqugquzela, kodwa luhambelana ngokuthe ngqo ubukho beoli.
Imfazwe ininzi yemonakalo yayo yendalo esingqongileyo apho kwenzeka, kodwa iphinda ichithe indawo yendalo yemimandla yasemkhosini kumazwe angaphandle nakwamanye amazwe.
Umkhosi waseMelika nguwe wesithathu-esikhulu kunazo zonke i-polluter yamanzi ase-US.
Okungenani ukususela kuba amaRoma atyala ityuwa kwiindawo zaseCarthaginian ngexesha leMfazwe yesiThathu yePalic, iimfazwe zonakalise umhlaba, zombini ngenjongo kwaye-ngokuphindaphindiweyo-njengento engabalulekanga.
Jikelele uFilipu uSheridan, ngokutshabalalisa iifama eVirginia ngexesha leMfazwe yombango, wabhubhisa iimazi zezilwanyana njengeendlela zokukhawulela amaMerika aseMerika ukugcina indawo. Imfazwe Yehlabathi I yabona umhlaba waseYurophu ubhujiswe ngamatye kunye negesi yetyhefu. Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II, amaNorway aqala ukukhukhula kwemifula kwiidlambo zawo, ngelixa amaDutch aphuphuma isithathu kwisimilo sawo, amaJamani awonakalisa amahlathi aseCzech, kwaye amaBrithani atshisa amahlathi eJamani naseFransi.
Iimfazwe kule minyaka idlulileyo zenze ukuba iindawo ezinkulu zingabinakuhlala kwaye zavelisa amashumi ezigidi zeembacu. Imfazwe "ikhuphisana nezifo ezasulelayo njengonobangela wokufa kunye nokusweleka," ngokukaJennifer Leaning weHarvard Medical School. Ukoyama ukwahlula impembelelo yokusingqongileyo kwemfazwe kwiindawo ezine: “ukuveliswa nokuvavanywa kwezixhobo zenyukliya, ukuqhushumbiswa komoya ojikeleze umhlaba kunye nolwandle, ukusasazeka nokuzingisa kwemigodi yomhlaba kunye nokungcwatywa komngcwabo, kunye nokusetyenziswa okanye ukugcinwa kwezikhohlakali zomkhosi, iityhefu kunye nenkunkuma.”
Nangona I-33,480 US abasebenzi bezixhobo zenuzi abafumene umvuzo wemonakalo yempilo sele befile.
Ukuvavanywa kwezixhobo zenyukliya yi-United States kunye neSoviet Union kubandakanye okungenani iimvavanyo zemozulu ezingama-423 phakathi kowe-1945 nowe-1957 nowe-1,400 kuvavanyo lwasemhlabeni phakathi kowe-1957 nowe-1989. Umonakalo wale radiation awukaziwa ngokupheleleyo, kodwa usasazeka, Ulwazi lwexesha elidlulileyo. Uphando olutsha ngo-2009 lwacebisa ukuba iimvavanyo zenyukliya zaseTshayina phakathi kowe-1964 nowe-1996 zabulala abantu abaninzi ngokuthe ngqo kunovavanyo lwenyukliya lwalo naliphi na ilizwe. UJun Takada, ugqirha wezobuchwephesha waseJapan, wabala ukuba ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1.48 yezigidi zabantu abachaphazeleka ekuweni kwaye i-190,000 yabo inokuba isweleke kwizifo ezinxulumene nemitha evela kuvavanyo lwaseTshayina. E-United States, ukuvavanywa kwii-1950s kukhokelele kumawakawaka abantu ababhubha ngumhlaza eNevada, eUtah, naseArizona, eyona ndawo iphantsi kovavanyo.
Kwi-1955, inkwenkwezi ye-movie uJohn Wayne, owakwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II ngokukhetha ukwenza iifilimu ezizukisa imfazwe, wagqiba ekubeni kufuneka adlale uGenghis Khan. Umqhatyisi yafota eUtah, kwaye umoyisi woyiswa. Kubantu abangama-220 ababesebenza kwifilimu, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1980, abangama-91 kubo babenomhlaza kwaye abangama-46 babhubha ngawo, kuquka uJohn Wayne, uSusan Hayward, uAgnes Moorehead, kunye nomlawuli uDick Powell. Iinkcukacha-manani zibonisa ukuba ama-30 kuma-220 ayenokufumana umhlaza, hayi ama-91. Ngo-1953 umkhosi wavavanya iibhombu ze-athomu ezili-11 ezikufutshane nase-Nevada, kwaye ngo-1980s isiqingatha sabemi base-St. George, e-Utah, apho ifilimu yadutyulwa khona, umhlaza. Ungabaleka ubaleka emfazweni, kodwa awunakufihla.
Umkhosi wazi ukuba izixhobo zamandla enyukliya ziza kubachaphazela abo behla, kwaye bahlolisise iziphumo, ngokuzibandakanya ngokufanelekileyo kwimvavanyo yoluntu. Kwezinye iindidi ezininzi kwixesha kunye nasemashumi eminyaka emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ngokuphula umthetho we-Nuremberg we-1947, umkhosi kunye ne-CIA baye baxhomekeka kubalindi beemfazwe, amabanjwa, abahlwempuzekileyo, abakhubazekile ngengqondo kunye nabanye abantu ukuba bafune ukuzama injongo yokuvavanya izixhobo zenyukliya, iikhemikhali kunye ne-biological, kunye neziyobisi ezifana ne-LSD, apho i-United States ihambe ukuya ekufakeni umoya kunye nokutya kwidolophana yonke yaseFransi kwi-1951, kunye neziphumo ezinobungozi kwaye ezibulalayo.
Ingxelo elungiselelwe kwi-1994 kwiKomidi yeSenate yase-US yabasebenzi beeMantshi iqala:
Ngethuba leminyaka yokugqibela ye-50, amakhulu eminyaka abasebenzi bezempi baye babandakanyeka ekuhlolweni kwabantu kunye nezinye iziganeko ezizimeleyo ezenziwa yiSebe lezoKhuseleko (iDOD), kaninzi ngaphandle kolwazi lwe-servicemember okanye imvume. Kwezinye iimeko, amajoni avuma ukukhonza njengezifundo zabantu azifumanisa ngokwabo kwiimvavanyo ezichasene nezo zichazwe ngexesha abazinikele ngokuzithandela. Ngokomzekelo, amawaka eemfazwe zeMfazwe Yehlabathi II ezazinikela ngokuvakalayo ukuvavanya iingubo zasehlobo zatshintshana ixesha lokuphumayo, zifumene ngokwamagumbi egesi ukuvavanya umphumo wegesi lwesardard kunye ne-lewisite. Ukongezelela, maxa wambi amajoni amiselwe ngokuyalela amagosa ukuba 'amavolontiya' athathe inxaxheba ekuphandeni okanye abhekane nemiphumo emibi. Ngokomzekelo, amaninzi amabutho e-Persian Gulf aphengululwe ngabaqeshwa beKomiti babika ukuba babeyalelwe ukuba bathathe iigcino zokuhlola ngexesha le-Operation Desert Shield okanye ebanjweni. "
Ingxelo epheleleyo iqulethe izikhalazo ezininzi malunga nomfihlelo wemikhosi kwaye ibonisa ukuba iziphumo zayo zingaphawula kuphela into efihliweyo.
Kwi-1993, uNobhala we-Amandla waseMelika ukhulule iirekhodi ze-US zokuhlola i-plutonium ngokungaboniyo amaxhoba ase-US ngokukhawuleza emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. I-Newsweek ivakalise ngokuqinisekileyo, ngoDisemba 27, 1993:
"Oososayensi abaye baqhuba loo mvavanyo kade kudala babenezizathu ezicacileyo: umzabalazo kunye neSoviet Union, ukwesaba imfazwe yenyukliya, imfuneko esiphuthumayo yokuvula zonke iimfihlelo ze-athomu, ngenjongo yokubambisa impi kunye neyeza."
Owu, kuhle ukuba kunjalo.
Izixhobo zokuvelisa izixhobo zenyukliya eWashington, eTennessee, Colorado, eGeorgia, nakwezinye iindawo zityhefuze imimandla ejikelezileyo kunye nabasebenzi babo, ngaphezu kwe-3,000 kubo abanikezelwa umvuzo kwi-2000. Amaqela amaninzi oxolo e-United States agxininise ekunqandeni umonakalo owenziwe ngumbane wendawo yezixhobo kunye nabasebenzi babo abaneemali ezivela koorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Ngamanye amaxesha lo msebenzi uphelela phambili ekubhikeni kwimfazwe elandelayo.
KwiSixeko saseKansas, abavukeli bezandla baye bazama ukuthintela ukufuduswa nokunyuka kwefayili enkulu yezixhobo. Kubonakala ngathi uMongameli uHarry Truman, owathi wabiza igama lakhe ngokuchasana nenkunkuma kwizahlulo, watshala umzi obuyela ekhaya wamngcolisa umhlaba kunye namanzi ngaphezu kwe-60 iminyaka ngelixa izinto zokuvelisa izixhobo zokufa ezisetyenziswe kuphela nguTruman. Imveliso yecala, kodwa i-fasta-break-subsidized factory iya kuqhubeka ivelisa, kodwa kwinqanaba elikhulu, iipesenti ze-85 zezinto zezixhobo zenukliya.
Ukuveliswa kwezixhobo yeyona nto incinci kuyo. Iibhombu ezingezizo ezenyukliya kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi zatshabalalisa iidolophu, iifama, kunye neenkqubo zokunkcenkceshela, zavelisa iimbacu ezingama-50 ezigidi nabantu abafudukayo. Ibhombu yaseMelika eVietnam, eLaos, naseCambodia ivelise iimbacu ezizizigidi ezili-17, kwaye ukuphela kuka-2008 bekukho i-13.5 yezigidi zeembacu kunye nabafuna indawo yokubalekela kwihlabathi liphela. Imfazwe yamakhaya ende eSudan yakhokelela kwindlala apho ngo-1988. Imfazwe yamakhaya yaseRwanda yatyhala abantu bangena kwiindawo ezinabantu abasengozini yokuphela, kuquka iigorila. Ukufuduswa kwabemi kwihlabathi liphela ukuya kwiindawo ezinokuhlalwa kancinci konakalise iinkqubo zendalo.
Iimfazwe zihamba ezininzi emva. Phakathi kwe-1944 kunye ne-1970 i-US yamasosha aseMelika ayichitha ezininzi izixhobo zamakhemikhali kwiindawo zase-Atlantic nasePacific. Kwi-1943 izibhamu zaseJamani zatshise umkhumbi wase-US e-Bari, eItali, eyayithwala ngasese izigidigidi zegesi zesardadi. Abanqwelisi abaninzi base-US bafa ngenxa yetyhefu, eyathi i-United States ingathembekanga ukuba iyisebenzisa "njengonqabileyo," nangona igcina imfihlo. Iinqanawa kulindeleke ukuba igcine igesi kwi yolwandle iminyaka. Okwangoku iUnited States neJapan zashiya iinqanawa ze-1,000 phantsi kwePacific, kuquka amatshini angamatshini. Kwi-2001, enye nqanawa, i-USS Mississinewa yafunyanwa ukuba ioli. Kwi-2003 umkhosi wasusa oko ioli ebenokuyenza.
Mhlawumbi izixhobo ezifa kakhulu ezishiywe emva kweemfazwe yimigodi yomhlaba kunye neibhola zeqoqo. Iingamashumi ezigidi zazo ziqikelelwa ukuba zilele emhlabeni, zingaboni naziphi na izivakalisi ukuba uxolo luye lwaziswa. Uninzi lwamaxhoba abo ngabantu, ipesenti enkulu yabantwana. Ingxelo yeSebe leSizwe le-1993 yase-US ibiza ngokuba yimibhobho yomhlaba "ungcoliseko olunobungozi kakhulu nolusasazekayo olujongene noluntu." Imigodi yomhlaba ibonakalisa indawo ngeendlela ezine, kubhala uJennifer Leaning:
"Ukwesaba kweemigodi kunqabela ukufikelela kwimithombo yobutyebi bemvelo kunye nomhlaba ohlazileyo; Abantu bakunyanzeliswa ukuba bahambe ngokukhethekileyo kwiindawo eziphantsi kunye nezibuthathaka ukuze kuphephe iindawo zamagquma; le nkqubela yokufudukela kwezinto eziphilayo; kunye nokuqhuma kwemigodi yomhlaba kuyaphazamisa inkqubo ebalulekileyo yomhlaba namanzi. "
Isixa somhlaba esichaphazelekayo asiyinto encinci. Izigidi zehektare eYurophu, eNyakatho Afrika, nase-Asia ziphantsi kokuthintela. Ingxenye yesithathu yomhlaba eLibiya ifihla imigodi yomhlaba kunye nemiqulu yeMfazwe yehlabathi engachangekanga. Uninzi lweentlanga zehlabathi ziye zavuma ukuvinjelwa kweemigodi yomhlaba kunye neibhola zeqoqo.
Ukususela ngo-1965 ukuya ku-1971, i-United States yavelisa iindlela ezintsha zokutshabalalisa izityalo nezilwanyana (kubandakanywa nobomi bomntu); yatshiza iipesenti ezili-14 zamahlathi aseMzantsi Vietnam ngamayeza okubulala ukhula, yatshisa umhlaba wefama, yaza yadubula imfuyo. Enye yezona zinto zimbi kakhulu zemichiza yokubulala ukhula, iAgent Orange, isasongela impilo yabantu baseVietnam kwaye ibangele isiqingatha sesigidi sokuzalwa. Ngexesha loMlo we-Gulf, i-Iraq yakhupha i-10 yezigidi zeelitha zeoyile kwiPersian Gulf yaza yabeka imithombo yeoyile engama-732 ngomlilo, ibangela umonakalo omkhulu kwizilwanyana zasendle kunye netyhefu yamanzi aphantsi komhlaba ngokuchithwa kweoyile. Kwiimfazwe zayo eYugoslavia nase-Iraq, i-United States ishiye ngasemva i-uranium ephelileyo. Uphando lwe-1994 lwe-US lweeMfazwe zooVeteran kwiMfazwe yase-Gulf War e-Mississippi yafumanisa iipesenti ezingama-67 zabantwana babo abakhulelwe ekubeni imfazwe yayinezifo ezinzima okanye iziphene zokuzalwa. Iimfazwe eAngola zaphelisa iipesenti ezingama-90 zezilwanyana zasendle phakathi kowe-1975 nowe-1991. Imfazwe yamakhaya eSri Lanka yawisa imithi emihlanu yezigidi.
ImiSebenzi yaseSoviet kunye ne-US yase-Afghanistan yonakalise okanye iwonakele eziliqela zeedolophu kunye nemithombo yamanzi. I-Taliban ithengise ngokungekho mthethweni imithi ePakistan, okubangelwa kukungqothulwa kwamahlathi. Iibhomu ze-US kunye nababaleki abadinga imithi baye bongeza umonakalo. Amahlathi ase-Afghani asondele. Ininzi yeentaka ezifudukelayo ezazisetyenziselwa ukudlula e-Afghanistan azikwenzi njalo. Umoya kunye namanzi aphethwe ngetyhefu kunye neziqhumane kunye nama-rocket propellants.
I-Ethiopia ingakwazi ukuguqula i-Desertification yayo eyi-$ 50 yezigidi kwiindawo zokuphakama kwehlathi, kodwa ukhetha ukuchitha i-275 yezigidi kwimikhosi yayo esikhundleni-ngonyaka ngamnye phakathi kwe-1975 ne-1985.
Izimpendulo ze-50
Imfazwe yeyona nto ingcolisayo kwezendalo, unobangela weentlekele zempilo, umthombo wentlungu yabantu kubantu abamsulwa, ukusasazeka kobunqolobi kunye nokubaleka kweembacu kwihlabathi liphela. Kuya kufuneka sifunde kwindyikitya yokufa ukuba oko kulungele abantu baseMelika yeyona nto ilungileyo kubo bonke abantu abakule planethi. Ndiyathemba ukuba singabuya ezingqondweni zethu ngokuyeka ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweerhafu zethu endaweni yoko sichithe iinkqubo ezinceda abantu baphumelele kumazwe abo kwaye ke sinike uluntu ithuba lokusinda. Kufuneka siguqule isixa esikhulu sohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomkhosi oluya kuxhasa iinkqubo zezixhobo kunye nemfazwe kwiinkqubo zotyalo-mali lomntu. AmaKristu, ngakumbi, kufuneka asebenze ekupheliseni ukwenziwa kwemfazwe yethu yokubulala.