Ngaba u-Hassan Diab unokuba lixhoba lamva nje leGladio ehlala ngasemva kwemikhosi?

Uqhankqalazo lwabafundi eRoma ngomhla we-12 kuDec. 1990, isikhumbuzo sembubhiso yasePiazza Fontana. Isibhengezo sifundeka ngeGladio = ubugrogrisi obuxhaswa ngurhulumente. Umthombo: Il Post.

nguCym Gomery, eMontreal kwi-a World BEYOND War, NgoMeyi 24, 2023
Ipapashwe kuqala ngu Iifayile zaseCanada.

NgoAprili 21, 2023, iNkundla yaseFransi yaseAssize ubhengeze unjingalwazi wasePalestinian-Canadian uHassan Diab enetyala ye-1980 rue Copernic ibhombu eParis, nangona ubungqina bokuba wayengekho eFransi ngelo xesha, kodwa eLebhanon ethatha iimviwo zesociology.

Kwakhona, uNjingalwazi othobekileyo uHassan Diab umele ukuba athunyelwe eFransi. Imithombo yeendaba ibonakala ngathi iyahluka kulo mbandela-intatheli ezininzi zeendaba ziyakhwaza - Qha ngentloko yakhe! – njengamajelo eendaba aqhubela phambili ngokungagungqiyo phinda iinyani zeli tyala, ngokungathi inyaniso, ephindaphindwa ngokufuthi ngokwaneleyo, ngandlel’ ithile inokuziguqula iinkundla.

le idrama ibisematheni ukususela ngo-2007, xa uDiab efumanisa ukuba utyholwa ngebhombu ye-rue Copernic evela kwintatheli yeLe Figaro. Wabanjwa ngoNovemba ka-2008, wajongana neeNgxoxo zoBubungqina ekupheleni kuka-2009 kwaye wazibophelela ekubuyiselweni ngaphandle kwelizwe ngoJuni ka-2011, nangona "ityala elibuthathaka." Olu vavanyo lwaqhubeka:

• NgoNovemba 14, 2014: UDiab wathunyelwa eFransi waza wavalelwa;

• NgoNovemba 12, 2016: Ijaji yaseFransi yoPhando ifumana "Ubungqina obuqhubekayo" obuxhasa ubumsulwa bukaDiab;

• NgoNovemba 15, 2017: Nangona abaGcini baseFransi abaPhandi babeyalele ukuba uDiab akhululwe izihlandlo ezisibhozo, iNkundla yesiBheno yawutshitshisa umyalelo wokugqibela (wesibhozo) wokukhutshwa;

• NgoJanuwari 12, 2018: Abagwebi baseFransi abaPhando bazichithile izityholo; uDiab wakhululwa entolongweni eFransi;

Ngoku, ngo-2023, abatshutshisi baseFransi benza isigqibo esimangalisayo sokuzama uDiab engekho. Isigwebo setyala esimangalisayo ngokulinganayo sivuse i-specter ye-extradition kwaye yasikhumbuza ukuba kukho imibuzo emininzi engaphendulwanga. UDiab ubesoloko evakalisa ukuba msulwa kwakhe. Bonke ubungqina obunikwe ngabatshutshisi baseFransi buye baphikiswa, amaxesha ngamaxesha.

Kutheni le nto urhulumente wase-France ezimisele kangaka ukuba eli tyala livalwe, kunye nomrhanelwa wakhe omnye kuphela emva kwezitshixo? Kutheni kungazange kubekho uphando lokufumana oyena nobangela wokuqhushumba?

Ukuhlolwa kolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho ngexesha lokuqhushumba kwe-rue Copernic kubonisa ukuba urhulumente waseFransi kunye nabanye abadlali banokuba neenjongo ezimnyama zokusukela i-scapegoat.

Ibhombu yeRue Copernic

Ngexesha lokuqhushumba kwendlu yesikhungu yaseRue Copernic (ngo-Oktobha 3, 1980), amaphephandaba kuchazwe ukuba umnxeba ongaziwa wayetyhola uhlaselo kwiqela elaziwayo elichasene namaSemite, iFaisceaux nationalistes Européans. Nangona kunjalo, i-FNE (eyayisaziwa njenge-FANE) yalandula uxanduva kwiiyure kamva.

Ibali lokuqhushumba kwebhombu labangela umsindo ngokubanzi eFransi, kodwa nasemva kweenyanga zophando, Le Monde inike ingxelo ukuba akukho barhanelwa.

Ibhombu ye-rue Copernic yayiyinxalenye yohlaselo olufanayo ngelo xesha eYurophu:

Kwiinyanga nje ezimbini ngaphambi koko, ngoAgasti 2, 1980, kwaqhushumba ibhombu eyayikwisutikheyisi yaseBologna, eItali, kwafa abantu abangama-85 kwaza kwenzakalisa abangaphezu kwama-200 [1]. Ibhombu yomkhosi wase-US esetyenzisiweyo yayifana neziqhushumbisi ezafunyanwa ngamapolisa ase-Italiya kwenye yeendawo zokulahla iingalo zikaGladio kufutshane neTrieste. Amalungu e-Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionary (NAR), iqela elinobundlobongela le-Neo-fascist, lalikho ekuqhumeni kwaye laliphakathi kwabalimala. Amalungu angamashumi amabini anesithandathu e-NAR abanjwa kodwa kamva akhululwa ngenxa yokungenelela kwe-SISMI, i-arhente yomkhosi yase-Italiya.

• NgoSeptemba 26, 1980, kwaqhushumba ibhombu eMunich Oktoberfest, kwafa abantu abali-13 kwaza kwenzakalisa abantu abangaphezu kwama-200. [2]

• NgoNovemba 9, 1985, kwaduma izithonga kwivenkile enkulu yaseDelhaize eBelgium, esinye seziganeko phakathi ko-1982 no-1985 ezaziwa ngokuba Ukubulawa kwabantu eBrabant oko kwashiya abantu abangama-28 befile. [3]

• Ababulali abazange bachongwe kolu hlaselo lobugrogrisi, kwaye ubungqina buye batshatyalaliswa kwezinye iimeko. Ukujonga kwimbali yeGladio yokuhlala emva kwemikhosi isinceda ukuba sidibanise amachaphaza.

Indlela iGladio yokuhlala emva kwemikhosi yeza eYurophu

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, amakomanisi aye ethandwa kakhulu eNtshona Yurophu, ngakumbi eFransi nase-Itali [4]. Oku kwaphakamisa iiflegi ezibomvu ze-Arhente ye-Intelligence Agency (CIA) e-US, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo i-Italian kunye noorhulumente waseFransi. Inkulumbuso yaseFransi uCharles De Gaulle kunye neQela lakhe lobuSoshiyali kwafuneka basebenzisane ne-US okanye babe sengozini yokuphulukana noncedo lwezoqoqosho lwesicwangciso seMarshall.

UDe Gaulle ekuqaleni wathembisa amalungu eqela lamakomanisi (PCF) ngempatho enobulungisa kurhulumente wakhe, kodwa ukuxhasa amalungu epalamente yePCF kwimigaqo-nkqubo “engqongqo” efana nokucuthwa kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomkhosi kukhokelele kungquzulwano phakathi kwabo namaSoshiyali aseFransi kaDe Gaulle.

Ihlazo lokuqala (1947)

Ngo-1946, iPCF yaqhayisa malunga nesigidi samalungu, ukufunda ngokubanzi amaphephandaba ayo amabini emihla ngemihla, kunye nolawulo lwemibutho yolutsha kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi. I-US echasene nobukomanisi ngokukrakra kunye nenkonzo yayo eyimfihlo yagqiba ekubeni iqalise imfazwe eyimfihlo kwi-PCF, ebizwa ngokuba yi "Plan Bleu." Baye baphumelela ukukhupha iPCF kwikhabhinethi yaseFransi. Nangona kunjalo, isicwangciso se-Bleu esichasene nobukomanisi satyhilwa nguMphathiswa we-Socialist we-Interior Edouard Depreux ngasekupheleni kwe-1946 kwaye yavalwa ngo-1947.

Ngelishwa, imfazwe efihlakeleyo nxamnye namaKomanisi ayizange iphelele apho. Inkulumbuso yaseFransi ye-Socialist uPaul Ramadier uququzelele umkhosi omtsha oyimfihlo phantsi kwe-Service de documentation extérieure et de contre-espionnage (SDCE) [5]. Umkhosi oyimfihlo wathiywa ngokutsha igama elithi 'Rose des Vents'- isalathiso kuphawu olusemthethweni olumise okwenkwenkwezi ye-NATO-kwaye waqeqeshelwa ukwenza imisebenzi yokutshabalalisa, i-guerrilla kunye nokuqokelela ubuntlola.

Umkhosi oyimfihlo uhamba kakubi (1960s)

Ngemfazwe yenkululeko yase-Algeria ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1960, urhulumente waseFransi waqalisa ukungawuthembi umkhosi wakhe oyimfihlo. Nangona uDe Gaulle ngokwakhe wayexhasa ukuzimela kwe-Algeria, ngo-1961, amajoni ayimfihlo akazange [6]. Bayeka nakuphi na ukuhanahanisa kwentsebenziswano kunye norhulumente, bamkela igama elithi l'Organisation de l'armée secret (OAS), baza baqalisa ukubulala amagosa aphambili karhulumente eAlgiers, beqhuba ukubulalana okungacwangciswanga kwamaMuslim, nokugqogqa iibhanki [7].

I-OAS isenokuba yasebenzisa ingxaki yase-Algeria "njengemfundiso eyothusayo" ithuba lokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho olunobundlobongela olungazange lube yinxalenye yesigunyaziso sayo sokuqala: ukukhusela kuhlaselo lwaseSoviet. Amaziko edemokhrasi afana nepalamente yaseFransi kunye norhulumente wayephulukene nolawulo lwemikhosi eyimfihlo.

I-SDCE kunye ne-SAC ayichaswanga, kodwa ibaleka ubulungisa (1981-82)

Ngo-1981, i-SAC, umkhosi oyimfihlo owasekwa phantsi kuka-De Gaulle, wawukwincopho yamagunya awo, unamalungu angama-10,000 aquka amapolisa, oonomathuba, imigulukudu, kunye nabantu abaneembono ezigqithisileyo zamaphiko asekunene. Nangona kunjalo, ukubulawa okumasikizi kowayesakuba ngumphathi wamapolisa we-SAC uJacques Massif kunye nosapho lwakhe lonke ngoJulayi 1981, kwakhuthaza uMongameli osandula ukunyulwa uFrancois Mitterand ukuba aqalise uphando lwasepalamente lwe-SAC [8].

Iinyanga ezintandathu zobungqina zibonise ukuba izenzo ze-SDECE, i-SAC kunye nothungelwano lwe-OAS e-Afrika 'banxibelelana ngokusondeleyo' kwaye i-SAC yayixhaswe ngemali nge-SDECE kunye nokuthengiswa kweziyobisi [9].

Ikomiti yophando kaMitterand igqibe kwelokuba umkhosi oyimfihlo weSAC ungene kurhulumente kwaye wenze izenzo zobundlobongela. Amagosa ezobuntlola, “aqhutywa kukoyika iMfazwe Yomlomo” aphule umthetho yaye aye afumba intaphane yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Urhulumente kaFrancois Mitterand wayalela ukuba kuchithwa inkonzo yasemkhosini ye-SDCE, kodwa oko akuzange kwenzeke. I-SDCE yatshintshwa nje ngokuba yi-Direction Generale de la Securité Extérieure (DGSE), kwaye u-Admiral Pierre Lacoste waba nguMlawuli wayo omtsha. I-Lacoste iqhubekile nokuqhuba umkhosi oyimfihlo we-DGSE ngokubambisana ne-NATO [10].

Mhlawumbi esona senzo saduma kakubi se-DGSE yayibizwa ngokuba “yi-Operation Satanique:” NgoJulayi 10, 1985, amajoni omkhosi ofihlakeleyo aqhushumba inqanawa yaseGreenpeace iRainbow Warrior eyayiqhankqalaze ngoxolo ngokuchasene novavanyo lweathom lwaseFransi kwiPasifiki [11] . U-Admiral Lacoste waphoqeleka ukuba arhoxe emva kokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lulandelwa kwi-DGSE, uMphathiswa wezoKhuseleko uCharles Hernu kunye noMongameli uFrancois Mitterand ngokwakhe.

Ngo-Matshi 1986, ilungelo lezopolitiko laphumelela unyulo lwepalamente eFransi, kwaye iNkulumbuso yaseGaullist uJacques Chirac wajoyina uMongameli Mitterrand njengentloko yelizwe.

1990: Ihlazo likaGladio

Ngo-Agasti 3, i-1990, inkulumbuso yase-Italiya uGiulio Andreotti yaqinisekisa ubukho bekhowudi yomkhosi oyimfihlo ogama lingu "Gladio" - igama lesiLatini elithi "ikrele" - ngaphakathi kwelizwe. Ubungqina bakhe phambi kwekomitana yeSenethi ephanda ubunqolobi e-Italiya yothusa ipalamente yase-Italiya kunye noluntu.

Iphephandaba laseFransi latyhila ngoko ukuba amajoni omkhosi ofihlakeleyo waseFransi aqeqeshelwe ukusebenzisa izixhobo, ukuphatha iziqhushumbisi, nokusetyenziswa kothutho kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo ezikude eFransi.

Nangona kunjalo, uChirac mhlawumbi wayengaphantsi komnqweno wokubona imbali yomkhosi oyimfihlo waseFransi ephandwayo, yena ngokwakhe engumongameli we-SAC emva kwe-1975 [12]. Kwakungekho phando lusemthethweni lwepalamente, yaye ngoxa uMphathiswa wezoKhuselo uJean Pierre Chevenement ethandabuza waqinisekisa kumaphephandaba ukuba kukho imikhosi efihlakeleyo, wathi yayiyinto yexesha elidlulileyo. Noko ke, iNkulumbuso yaseItali, uGiulio Andreotti, kamva waxelela amajelo eendaba ukuba abameli bomkhosi ofihlakeleyo waseFransi babenenxaxheba kwintlanganiso yeGladio Allied Clandestine Committee (ACC) eyayiseBrussels kutshanje ngo-Oktobha 24, 1990—isityhilelo esihlazisayo kwabezobupolitika baseFransi.

I-1990 ukuya kwi-2007-i-NATO kunye ne-CIA kwindlela yokulawula umonakalo

Urhulumente wase-Italiya wathatha ishumi leminyaka ukusuka ku-1990 ukuya ku-2000, ukugqiba uphando lwakhe kwaye akhuphe ingxelo ethe ngqo. Yachaphazela i-US kunye ne-CIA kwiindyikitya zokufa ezahlukeneyo, ukuqhushumba kweebhombu nezinye izenzo zomkhosi.

I-NATO kunye ne-CIA zalile ukuphawula ngezi zityholo, ekuqaleni bekhanyela ukuba bakhe benza imisebenzi eyimfihlo, emva koko bakuhoxisa ukukhanyela kunye nokwala ukuphawula okungaphezulu, bebiza "imicimbi yemfihlo yasemkhosini". Nangona kunjalo, owayesakuba ngumlawuli weCIA uWilliam Colby wophule irenki kwiinkumbulo zakhe, evuma ukuba ukuseka imikhosi eyimfihlo eNtshona Yurophu kwaba "yinkqubo enkulu" yeCIA.

Injongo kunye nomzekelo

Ukuba babegunyaziswe ukuba balwe kuphela nobukomanisi, kutheni le nto imikhosi kaGladio ihlala ngasemva kwemikhosi iqhuba uhlaselo oluninzi kangaka kubantu abahlukeneyo abamsulwa, njengokubulawa kwebhanki yasePiazza Fontana (eMilan), ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi eMunich Octoberfest (1980), ivenkile enkulu yaseBelgium. ukudubula (1985)? Kwividiyo "imikhosi eyimfihlo ye-NATO", abangaphakathi bacebisa ukuba olu hlaselo lwenzelwe ukwenza imvume yoluntu yokhuseleko olwandisiweyo kunye nokuqhubeka nemfazwe ebandayo. Ukubulawa kwabantu baseBrabant, umzekelo, kwangqamana noqhanqalazo oluchasene ne-NATO eBelgium ngelo xesha, kwaye iGreenpeace Rainbow Warrior yadutyulwa njengoko yayiqhankqalaza uvavanyo lweathom yaseFransi ePasifiki.

Ibhombu ye-rue yaseCopernic yesikhungu, nangona ingekho malunga nokuphelisa ukuchasa imfazwe yenyukliya, yayihambelana ne-CIA "isicwangciso soxinzelelo" sobunqolobi bexesha loxolo.

Abenzi bohlaselo olufana nokubulawa kwabantu basePiazza Fontana eMilan ngo-1980, ibhombu yaseMunich Oktoberfest ngo-1980, kunye nokudubula kwevenkile yaseDelhaize eBelgium ngo-1985, abazange bafunyanwe. Ibhombu ye-rue yaseCopernic Synagogue ibonisa imodus operandi efanayo, umahluko kuphela kukuba urhulumente wase-France unyanzelise ngokungqongqo ukuba agwetywe ngolu hlobo lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Intsebenziswano yembali karhulumente waseFransi kunye nemikhosi eyimfihlo yeGladio inokuba kutheni, nanamhlanje, urhulumente angathanda ukuthintela uluntu ukuba lube nomdla kakhulu malunga nohlaselo lwabanqolobi olungasonjululwanga eYurophu.

I-NATO kunye ne-CIA, njengamaqumrhu anobundlobongela ubukho babo buxhomekeke emfazweni, abanamdla wokubona umhlaba ohlukeneyo apho amaqela ahlukeneyo anandipha ukuhlalisana ngokuhambelanayo. Bona, kunye namagosa ahlukeneyo karhulumente waseFransi, banesizathu esicacileyo sokusukela ibhokhwe yokubanceda bangcwabe ityala likaCopernic.

Ngemfazwe yenyukliya enokwenzeka ngokwenene, ukusonjululwa kobu lwaphulo-mthetho kunokuba nempembelelo kunye nemiphumo yehlabathi. Kuba, njengengqina elinye kwi-documentary Ukusebenza kweGladio-NATO yeMkhosi eyimfihlo wathi, "Ukuba ufumanisa ababulali, mhlawumbi ufumana ezinye izinto."

Ucaphulo

[1] Imikhosi eyimfihlo yeNato, iphepha 5

[2] Imikhosi eyimfihlo yeNato, iphepha 206

[3] Ibid, iphepha

[4] Ibid, iphepha 85

[5] Imikhosi eyimfihlo ye-NATO, iphepha 90

[6] Ibid, iphepha 94

[7] Ibid, iphepha 96

[8] Ibid, iphepha 100

[9] Ibid, iphepha 100

[10] Ibid, iphepha 101

[11] Ibid, iphepha 101

[12] Ibid, iphepha 101

Inqaku lomhleli:  Iifayile zaseCanada kuphela kweendaba zelizwe ezigxile kumgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle waseKhanada. Sibonelele ngophando olubalulekileyo kunye nohlalutyo olunzima kumgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle waseCanada ukusukela ngo-2019, kwaye sidinga inkxaso yakho.