Imozulu iCwebe kunye noXanduva loMkhosi

NguRia Verjauw, ngoMeyi 5, 2019

"Uhlanga oluqhubeka unyaka ngeminyaka ukuchitha imali emininzi ekukhuselweni kwempi kunokuba kwiinkqubo zokuphakanyiswa kwezenhlalakahle zisondela ekufeni komoya." -UMartin Luther King

Ifoto: ISebe le-US leMagqirha

Yonke into idityanisiwe: ungquzulwano ngezixhobo - ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu - ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo - ukutshintsha kwemozulu - ukungabikho kokusesikweni ..

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokungcola kokusingqongileyo kungenakuqhathaniswa nxalenye yeemfazwe zanamhlanje. Indima yomkhosi kwenguqu yemozulu ikhulu kakhulu. I-oyile ibaluleke kakhulu kwimfazwe. I-Militarism yona msebenzi ogqithiseleyo weoli kwiplanethi. Nayiphi na intetho yenguqu yemozulu ayibandakanyi umkhosi ayikho kodwa umoya oshisayo.

Ngelixa abaninzi bethu banciphisa umonakalo wethu wekhabhoni ngokuphila ngokulula, umkhosi ukhuselekile kwiimeko zokutshintsha kwemozulu. Umkhosi awuchazi utshintsho lwemozulu ukukhutshwa kunoma yimuphi umbutho wesizwe okanye wamazwe ngamazwe, ngenxa yokubambisana kwengalo ye-US ngethuba leengxoxo ze-1997 yomhlaba wokuqala wokuqala wokunciphisa ukuthuthwa kwefuthe lokufudumala kwehlabathi, iProtogram yaseKyoto kwiShintsho lweMozulu.

Kuyacaphukisa ukubona ukuba akukho nto ikhankanyiweyo malunga negalelo elikhulu lokungcolisa kwezomkhosi-nokuba kungabikho mpikiswano kunye nemiboniso kumajelo eendaba. Ngexesha leenkomfa zokusingqongileyo kuthe cwaka malunga neziphumo zongcoliseko lomkhosi.

Kule nqaku sithintela kuphela impembelelo yezenzo zamasosha ase-US. Oku akuthethi ukuba elinye ilizwe lichaza kunye nabavelisi bezoxhobo abaxanduva oluphantsi komonakalo omkhulu owenziwe kwimozulu kunye nemeko. I-US ingomnye wabadlali abaninzi kwimpembelelo yehlabathi ngemisebenzi yemikhosi kwimozulu yethu kunye nemeko.

Iiakhawunti zomkhosi wase-US ngama-25% etotali yokusetyenziswa kweoyile e-US, yona eyi-25% yokusetyenziswa kwehlabathi liphela. I-US yesithandathu yeFleet, yenye yezona zinto zingcolisayo kuLwandle iMediterranian. Umkhosi Womoya wase-US (i-USAF) ngoyena mthengi mkhulu we-jet fuel emhlabeni.

Ku-1945 umkhosi wase-US wakha isiseko senqwelo-moya eDhahran, eSaudi Arabia, ekuqaleni kokufumana ukufikelela okusisigxina kwe-Amerika kwi-oyile yaseMiddle East esandula. UMongameli uRoosevelt waxoxisana a quid pro quo kunye nentsapho yaseSaudi: ukhuselo lomkhosi ngokutshintshisiswa kweoli ephantsi kwiimarike zaseMelika kunye nemikhosi. U-Eisenhower wayeneqonkqozi enkulu malunga nokuvela kweMfazwe yehlabathi emva kweMfazwe yesizwe esisixhomekeke kwimfazwe esichazela umgaqo-nkqubo welizwe kunye nesidingo sokuba ulindele uluntu kunye nokubandakanyeka ukukhawulela "ubunzima bezemikhosi". Sekunjalo, wenza isigqibo esinqabileyo malunga nomgaqo-nkqubo wezamandla, obeka i-US kunye nehlabathi kwikhosi apho kufuneka sifumane indlela yethu yokubuya.

Ukunyuka ngokukhawuleza ekukhuphekeni kwegesi okwenzela i-greenhouse okwenza ingxaki yemozulu yanyango iqaliswe kwi-1950; kwixesha elikhawulezayo emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini. Oku akuyinto engafanelekanga. Ioli yayibalulekile kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala, kodwa ukulawula ukufikelela kwiioli kwakubalulekile kwiSibini. Iimbambano zazingayi kuphumelela ukuba azizange zikwazi ukunqumla ukufikelela kweJamani kwioli kunye nokuzigcina. Isifundo se-US ngokukhethekileyo emva kwemfazwe kukuba ukufikelela okuqhubekayo nokuxhaswa kweoli yehlabathi kwakubalulekile ukuba kwakufuneka kubekho amandla amakhulu emhlabeni. Le nto yenza ioli ibe yinto ephambili emkhosini, kwaye yamisa isikhundla esiphezulu se-petroleum / icandelo lezimoto e-US. Ezi zinto zaziyimimiselo yenkqubo exhomekeke kwi-greenhouse emission technology yokuvelisa umkhosi kunye nemveliso yasekhaya; umthombo wenguqu yemozulu esibhekene nayo ngoku.

Ekupheleni kwe-1970, ukuhlasela kweSoviet kwe-Afghanistan kunye ne-Iranian Revolution kwatshatyalalisa u-US ukungena kwioli kwi-Middle East, ekhokelela kuMongameli uCarter we-1980 State of the Union. I-Carter Doctrine ithi yonke ingozi yokufikelela kwi-oli yeMiddle East iyakunqandwa "nayiphi na indlela efunekayo, kubandakanywa nemikhosi yempi." UCarter wafaka amazinyo kwimfundiso yakhe ngokudala i-Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force, enenjongo yokulwa Indawo yasePersian Gulf xa kuyimfuneko. URonald Reagan wanciphisa ukulwa kweoli kunye nokwakhiwa kwe-US Central Command (i-CENTCOM), leyo de d'rere bekukuqinisekisa ukufikeleleka kweoli, ukunciphisa inkululeko yeSoviet kwimimandla nokulawula imigaqo-nkqubo yezopolitiko kwimimandla yokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ngenxa yokunyuka kweoli kwi-Afrika kunye ne-Caspian Sea esifundeni, i-US isuke ikwazi ukunyusa amandla ayo empi kule mimandla.

Iprojekthi ye-1992 yaseYyoto ikhuphe ngokucacileyo ukukhutshwa kwegesi yokushisa kwi-action action yempi ukusuka ekujoliswe kuyo. I-US imfuno kwaye iphumelele ukukhululwa kwimimandla ye-"bunker" (i-dense, oil oil heavy for ships) kunye nayo yonke inkunkuma yokushisa i-greenhouse emissions evela kwimikhosi yomkhosi jikelele, kuquka iimfazwe. UGeorge W. Bush wakhupha i-US esuka kwi-Kyoto Protocol njengenye yezenzo zokuqala zobuongameli bakhe, ekuthiwa yayiza kubakhokelela umnotho waseUnited States ngokulawulwa kwemithombo yokukhupha i-greenhouse. Emva koko, iNdlu ye-White yathatha umkhankaso we-neo-Luddite ngokuchasene nesayensi yenguqu yemozulu.

Ukuxothwa ngokuzenzekelayo kokukhishwa kwegesi okwenziwa ngogesi ukusuka kwintsebenzo yempi kwasuswa kwi-2015 Paris Agreement kwisimo sezulu. I-Trumps yolawulo inqabile ukutyikityha isivumelwano kwaye akusikho imfuneko kumazwe asayinela ukulandelela nokunciphisa imikhosi ye-carbon emissions.

Xa iBhodi yeSayensi yezoKhuseleko yase-US ibike kwi-2001 ukuba umkhosi uya kufuna okanye ukuphuhlisa izixhobo ezininzi ezinokusetyenziswa kweoli okanye iinkqubo ezingcono zokuxhasa ukuba zikwazi ukugcina zibonelelwa, "abaphathi baqala ukuba bakhethe ukhetho lwesithathu: ukufumana ukufikelela kwioli ". Oku kubonisa inyaniso ebalulekileyo malunga nokutshintsha kwezempi kunye nesimo sezulu: ukuba indlela yamhlanje yemfazwe ivela kwaye iyakwenzeka kuphela ngokusetyenziswa kakubi kwemfuyo.

Ukhuselo lwe-oyile lubandakanya ukukhusela umkhosi ngokuchasana kwamapayipi kunye namanqanawa kunye neemfazwe kwiindawo ezizityebi zeoli ukwenzela ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela kwexesha elide. Phantse ii-1000 zase-US ziseko zamagosa zilandele i-arc evela kwi-Andes ukuya eNyakatho Afrika ngaphesheya kwe-Middle East ukuya e-Indonesia, ePhilippines naseNyakatho Korea, echitha yonke imithombo eninzi yeoli-yonke into ehambelana nayo, inxenye, ekusebenziseni amandla ngenxa yokukhuseleko kwamandla. Ukongezelela, "ukukhutshwa okuphezulu" kwee-greenhouse gases ekuveliseni izixhobo zempi, ukuvavanya, iziseko, izithuthi kunye nezixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukukhuselwa kweoli kunye neemfazwe eziqhutywe ngeoli kufuneka zifakwe kwiimpembelelo jikelele zokusingqongileyo zokusebenzisa i-petroli.

Ekuqaleni kwemfazwe yase-Iraq ngo-Matshi 2003, i-Army iqikelele ukuba iya kufuna ngaphezu kwe-40 yezigidigidi zee-petroli kwiiveki ezintathu zokulwa, ezigqithise ubuninzi beempahla ezisetyenziswe yimikhosi yonke yama-Allied kwiminyaka emine yeMfazwe Yehlabathi 1. Phakathi kwe-Armament armamentarium i-2000 ixhoba i-M-1 i-Abrams tank ikhutshelwe ukulwa kunye nokutshisa ii-250 zamafutha angamafutha ngeyure. I-Iraq ine-third reserve oil oil. Akungabazeki ukuba iMfazwe yase-Iraq yayiyimfazwe phezu kweoli.

Imfazwe yomoya e-Libya inike i-US Africa Command (AFRICOM) entsha ukwandiswa I-Carter Doctrine - ukukhanya kunye ne-muscle. Abancinci bavakalisa ukuba imfazwe ye-NATO eLibya yindlela yokungenelela emkhosini. Imfazwe yomoya eLybia yaphula i-Resolution 1973 yeBhunga lezoKhuseleko lwe-UN, uMthetho-siseko wase-US kunye noMthetho woMkhosi weMfazwe; kwaye ibeka umzekelo. Imfazwe yomoya e-Libya yinto enye yokubuyisela kwi-diplomacy engekho mthethweni; yahlula i-African Union kwaye ibeka ikhosi yokungenelela emkhosini eAfrika xa izithakazelo zase-US zisengozini.

Ukuba sithelekisa amanani:

1. Iindleko ezipheleleyo ezixeliweyo zeemfazwe zase-Iraq (iqikelelwe i-$ 3 trillion) ziza kugubungela "lonke utyalo-mali kwizizukulwana ezivuselelwe amandla "ezifunekayo phakathi kwexesha kunye ne-2030 ukuguqula umgangatho wokufudumala kwehlabathi.
2. Phakathi kwe-2003-2007, imfazwe ivelise ubuncinane i-141 yezigidi zeetrikoni ze-carbon dioxide elinganayo (CO2e), unyaka ngamnye wemfazwe kunokuba i-139 yamazwe ehlabathi akhululwe ngonyaka. Ukuphinda kwakhiwe izikolo zase-Iraq, amakhaya, amashishini, amabhuloho, iindlela kunye nezibhedlele ezixutywe yimfazwe, kunye neendonga ezintsha zokukhusela kunye nezithintelo ziza kufuna izigidi zamathani zentente, enye yezona zinto zikhulu kakhulu zoshishino lwee-greenhouse emissions.
3. Kwi-2006, i-US yayichitha ngakumbi kwimfazwe e-Iraq kunokuba umhlaba wonke uchithe imali ekuvuseleleni imali.
4. Ngo-2008, ulawulo lwe-Bush lwaluchithe amaxesha e-97 ngaphezulu emkhosini kunokuba kutshintsho lwemozulu. NjengoMongameli u-Obama, u-Obama wathembisa ukuchitha i-$ 150 ibhiliyoni ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi kwi-teknoloji yamandla obuninzi kunye neziseko-ngaphantsi kwe-United States yayichitha ngomnyaka owodwa wemfazwe yase-Iraq

Imfazwe ayikho nje inkunkuma yezibonelelo ezingasetyenziselwa ukujamelana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, kodwa yona yimbangela ebalulekileyo yingozi engqongileyo. Imikhosi yokuxhoba ineempawu ezininzi zekhabhoni.

Umkhosi wase-US uyavuma ukuba ufumane iibhanki ze-395,000 (i-1 US barrel = 158.97liter) yeoli nganye imihla. Lo ngumfanekiso omangalisayo othe kwenzeka ukuba ungabonakali kakhulu. Emva kokusetyenziswa kweoli kwikhorenti yemikhosi, ukuveliswa kwezixhobo kunye nazo zonke ezo ziseko eziyimfihlo kunye nemisebenzi engashiyiweyo evela kumanani aseburhulumenteni aya kufakwa, ukusetyenziswa kwangempela kwansuku zonke kuya kusondela iibhola ezigidi. Ukubeka amanani ngokubonakalayo, abasebenzi baseMelika abakhonza ngokusebenzayo benza malunga ne-0.0002% yabemi behlabathi, kodwa bayingxenye yenkqubo yemikhosi eyenza i-5% ye-gas generated gas emissions.

Uninzi lwale mveliso luvela kwiziseko zempi e-US ezihlala kuzo zonke ihlabathi. Iindleko zokusingqongileyo zemfazwe ngokwazo ziphezulu kakhulu.

Umonakalo ongqongileyo obangelwa yimfazwe awuphelelanga kwenguqu yemozulu. Iimpembelelo zebhomu zenyukliya kunye nokuhlolwa kweekryukliya, ukusetyenziswa kwe-Agent Orange, i-uranium esebenzileyo kunye nezinye iichiza ezinobuthi, kunye nemigodi yomhlaba kunye nemigaqo engachangekanga eqhubekayo kwimimandla engqubuzana emva kokuba imfazwe iqhutywe phambili, yenze ukuba umkhosi ube nedumela elifanelekileyo "Ukuhlaselwa okukodwa kokusingqongileyo." Kuqikelelwa ukuba i-20% yazo zonke izinto ezonakalisa ukusilahla kwemvelo emhlabeni jikelele ngenxa yemisebenzi yempi kunye neminye enxulumene nayo.

Ukubambisana nale miba engqongileyo yomelezwa ukufudumala kwehlabathi, yinto eqhubekayo yorhwebo kwi-budget ye-US federal budget phakathi kokukhuseleka kwezempi kunye nokukhuselwa kwabantu okwenene kunye nokhuseleko lwendalo. I-United States inegalelo elingaphezulu kwama-30 ekhulwini lweentsholongwane zokufudumala kwihlabathi, ezenziwe ngamaphesenti amahlanu ebemi behlabathi kunye nezempi zase-US. Iziqwenga ze-US zebhajethi yeebhajethi zenkxaso-mali ezixhasa imali, amandla, indawo, iinkonzo zentlalo, izindlu kunye nokudalwa kwamathuba omsebenzi, athathwe kunye, athola imali engaphantsi kwebhajethi yomkhosi / yesabelomali. Omnye uNobhala wezeMisebenzi uRobert Reich uye wabiza uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwenkqubo yoxhaswa ngabakhokhi berhafu nabathengisa ukuchitha imali kwimisebenzi yamandla obumnyama, imfundo kunye neziseko-ukhuseleko lokwenene lwesizwe.

Masiguqule umsinga. Uxolo: qala ngokwenza uphando ukuze ujonge kwimikhosi ye-CO2 yomkhosi kunye nokufaka ityhefu kwiplanethi yethu. Abalweli bamalungelo oluntu: thetha ngokucacileyo ngokuchasene nemfazwe kunye nentshabalalo. Ke ngoko ndenza umnxeba onamandla kubo bonke abaququzeleli bemozulu bayo yonke iminyaka:

'Ukukhusela isimo sezulu ngokuba ngumgqugquzeli woxolo kunye nomkhosi wokhuselo'.

URia Verjauw / ICBUW / Leuvense Vredesbeweging

Imithombo:

ufpj-peacetalk- Kutheni ukuyeka iimfazwe kubalulekile ukuyeka ukutshintsha kwemozulu | Elaine Graham-Leigh

U-Elaine Graham-Leigh, incwadi: 'Isidlo se-Austerity: Iklasi, Ukutya kunye noTshintsho lwemozulu'

http://www.bandepleteduranium.org/en/index.html

https://truthout.org/articles/the-military-assault-on-global-climate/

Ian Angus, Ukujongana neAnthropocene Ukuphononongwa ngokukodwa kwi-2016), p.161