Amnesia yaseMelika

NguTomas A. Bass, uAgasti 4, 2017, MekongReview.

EI-documentary entsha ye-PBS ye-Vietnam ye-Vietnam ibonakala kwimizuzu emihlanu yokuqala. Izwi elivela ngaphaya kwamaphiko emfazwe "eqalwe ngokholo oluhle" ngandlela-thile ibalekele iidololi zaza zabulala izigidi zabantu. Sibona umlilo kunye nesosha elifile kwisigxoba somzimba esithathwa kwi-helicopter, njengoko i-rotor iya thump, thump, thump, njengendawo evela kuyo Apocalypse Ngoku. Emva koko sinqumla kumngcwabo kwi-Street Street kunye nebhokisi elijongene neNkwenkwezi kunye neeStripes, eziphindaphindiweyo, njengoko ikhamera ikhatywayo, ibe ngamaqela kunye namaqela eeplagigi, ekhupha njenge-hex ngokubhekiselele kubashushu abakholelwa ekubeni le filimu ayinelungelo lokuthanda izwe.

Yonke into efanelekileyo kunye neyomqulu ibonakala kwiminzana embalwa elandelayo, njengoko ifilimu ibuyela emva (ngokubhekiselele kwiimpawu eziliqela ngasemva) kwi-trove yecatshulwa yomculo kunye nomculo ukususela kumaxesha kwaye uvelise amazwi - amaninzi abo aseVietnam - aya kulandelela le imbali. Ifilimu incike kakhulu kubalobi nakubongezi, kubandakanywa namaMerika uTim O'Brien noKarl Marlantes kunye nabalobi baseVietnam uLihh Khue, noBao Ninh, Usizi lweMfazwe iinqanaba njengenye yeenveveli ezinkulu ngeVietnam okanye nayiphi na imfazwe.

I-even-handedness, imbali yefelegi, imbali ebangelisayo, ukuhlawulela ukuhlengahlengisa kunye nokunyanzela "ukuphilisa" kunenyaniso kuyi-topoi ye-cinematic esiyilindele kuKen Burns kunye noLynn Novick ngokusebenzisa iifilimu zabo malunga neMfazwe Yombango, iSithintelo , i-baseball, i-jazz kunye nezinye iindidi kwimbali yase-United States. Ukushisa kuye kwachithwa le mininzi kwiminyaka engamashumi amane, ukususela ekubeni wenza ifilimu yakhe yokuqala ngeBrooklyn Bridge kwi-1981, kwaye u-Novick ubekho ecaleni kwakhe kusukela ngo-1990, xa wayemqeshe njengomgcini-mgcini ukuze aqinisekise iimvume zeefoto Imfazwe Yomphakathi kwaye wabonisa ukuba ngumhlanganisi obalulekileyo.

Kwiidliwano-ndlebe zabo, i-Burns ininzi yokuthetha, ngelixa u-Yale-educated, owayengumphandi waseSmithsonian uxhomekeke. U-Novick ufumana inkokhelo edibeneyo kwizikripthi kwiifilimu zabo, kodwa abaninzi abantu babhekisela kubo njengoveliso lukaKen Burns. (Emva kwayo yonke into, nguye "onomtsalane" ogama lakhe emva kwakhe: inqubo yokwenza ifilimu, ngoku ichanekileyo njengenkinobho ethi "Ken Burns", eyenza umntu akwazi ukukhenkca ngaphezulu kweefoto.) Omnye uyazibuza ukuba yeyiphi intlungu phakathi kukaNoveick kunye nokushisa: umgcini-gulane kunye nomdlali wecala.

Ukwahlula phakathi kwembali kunye nomdlalo weengqungquthela zonke iingxenye ezilishumi zechungechunge lwe-PBS, eqala ngolawulo lwesiFulentshi yaseVietnam kwi-1858 kwaye iphetha ngokuwa kweSaigon kwi-1975. Njengoko ifilimu isuka kwisiboniso sikaNovickian isigulane kwiBurnsian close-ups, ngamanye amaxesha ivakalelwa ngathi ihlelwe ngabantu ababini benza iifilimu ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Siyakwazi ukubukela umgca weengxelo ezivela kwi-1940 yaseHo Chi Minh esamkela amagosa aseburhulumenteni ase-US abuye aphinde abuyele kwintaba yakhe, xa ngokukhawuleza ifilimu isuka kumnyama nomhlophe ukuya kumbala kwaye sibukele intetho yaseYamerica ngaphambili I-Viet Cong-yenzelwe ukwesaba kobumnyama, okwenza ukuba alale ngokukhanya ebusuku, njengabantwana bakhe. Ngaphambi kokuba sifinyelele kuHo Chi Minh kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwakhe kweFrentshi eDien Bien Phu kwi-1954, sibheke i-US e-marine ichaza ukuhlala kwakhe eMelika kwi-1972, ukuhlaliswa kwakhe okuthethileyo kunokuba kunzima ukulwa ne-Viet Cong.

Ngesiqendu sesibini, "Ukukhwela i-Tiger" (1961-1963), sibheke ekujuleni kwintsimi yeBurns. Imfazwe iqulunqwe njengemfazwe yombango, kunye ne-United States ikhusela urhulumente wenkululeko yentando yenkululeko ngokukhethekileyo kumzantsi ngokumelene namaKomanisi ahlasela ukusuka ngasentla. Amakhwenkwe aseMelika alwa nesitha esingamhloneli uThixo, ukuba iBurns ibonisa njengomlambo obomvu ohamba ngeemaphu ze-Southeast Asia kunye nehlabathi lonke.

Imbali yembali kwiNgqungquthela yokuqala, "Déjà Vu" (1858-1961), ephikisana nale mbono yemfazwe, inganakwa okanye ayiqondwa kakuhle. I-Vietnam yaseMzambique yayingekho ilizwe elizimeleyo. Ukususela kwi-1862 ukuya kwi-1949, yayiyikholoni yaseFransi yaseCopinchina, enye yezohlulo zintlanu kwi-Indochina yesiFrentshi (enye inguTonkin, Annam, eCambodia kunye neLaos). Amabutho aseFransi ahlukunyeweyo ahlangene nePietnam emva kwe1954, apho i-US Air Force kunye ne-CIA i-agent ye-Lansdale i-Lansdale yaqala ukusebenza ukuphakamisa le nkampani yangaphambili. I-US ifakwe nguKin Dinh Diem njengombusi olawulayo waseVietnam osezantsi waseVietnam, yamncedisa ekuqothulweni kweentshaba zakhe kwaye yenze unyulo oluthi uDiem utshise, kunye ne-98.2 pesenti yevoti ethandwayo.

TUmzuzwana obalulekileyo ekudalweni kukaLansdale kwakuyiNtshonalanga yeeSect, eyaqala ngo-Ephreli 1955. (I-battlefield ayikhankanyi kwifilimu.) Akukho Lansdale ochongiweyo kwisithombe sakhe ehleli eceleni kweDiem.) Ikhefu yayilweyelwe i-ambassador yase-United States ukuba ilahle iDiem. (Intambo efana neyo, yathumela iminyaka elishumi kamva, yayiza kutshabalalisa ukubulawa kukaDeem.) Ngobusuku ngaphambi kokuba ikhefu liphume, iDiem yaqalisa ukuhlaselwa ngokukrakra kwi-syndicate yaseBinh Xuyen, ekhokelwa ngumpirate waseBuy Vien, owayenamaqela e-2,500 phantsi komyalelo wakhe . Xa imfazwe idlulile, i-square yeSaigon yayiye yaqalwa kwaye abantu be-20,000 bahlala bengenamakhaya.

AmaFransi axhaswa ubukhosi bawo be-colonial e-Asia ngokusebenzisa urhwebo lwe-opium (enye into eyashiywe kule filimu). Baye bagxininisa inzuzo evela kwii-Pirates zaseBay Vien, nabo babe neelayisenisi zokuqhuba iipolisa zesizwe kunye nemibhozo kaSaigon kunye nemigodi yokugembula. Ukuhlaselwa kukaDiem kwiBinh Xuyen bekuyinto ehlaselayo kwiFrentshi. Kwakuyimpapasho ye-CIA yokuba amaFrentshi agqityiwe kwi-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia. I-US yayifake inkxaso ngemali yabo yekoloni, ihlawule i-80 pesenti yeendleko, kodwa emva kokutshatyalaliswa kweFransi kwiDien Bien Phu, kwakuyisikhathi sokuba abalahlekileyo baphume ngaphandle kwedolophu.

Emva kokuba umlambo uqhutywe kwaye amanye amaqela aphikisayo afana neHaa Hao kunye neCao Dai ayengaxhaswanga neCIA, u-Diem noLansdale baqala ukwenza "iVietnam" yaseVietnam. Ngo-23 Oktobha i-1955, iDiem yayifuna ukunyulwa kwakhe kokhetho. Kwiintsuku ezintathu kamva wachaza ukudalwa kweRiphabhuliki yaseVietnam, eyaziwa ngokuba yiSouth Vietnam. Wawususa ukhetho oluhlose ukudibanisa ukhetho olusempumalanga nolunxwemeni lwaseVietnam olwenziwa nguMongameli u-Eisenhower kunye nomntu wonke umntu oya kuphumelela nguHo Chi Minh - waza waqala ukwakha umbuso wecala lopolitiko owasinda kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini, ngaphambi kokuwa phantsi kothuli lokugqibela i-helicopter iphakamisa i-Embassy yase-US.

ULansdale wayeyindoda yokuthengisa. Wayesebenze kwi-akhawunti ye-Levi Strauss xa iqala ukuthengisa i-jeans ebluhlaza kwilizwe. Wayekwazi ukuthengisa i jeans eluhlaza. Wayekwazi ukuthengisa imfazwe. Nabani na owaziyo malunga nembali yaseVietnam kunye nomzabalazo walo odeleyo wokulwa nobukholoniyali baseFransi babone oko kwenzekayo. "Ingxaki yayizama ukugubungela into imihla ngemihla njengeendaba xa ngokwenene ukhiye wangempela kukuba yonke into evela kwi-intanethi yase-Indo-China, yimbali," watsho ngaphambili ENew York Times intatheli uDavid Halberstam. "Ngoko ufanele ube nomhlathi wesithathu kwibali ngalinye elifanele ukuba lathi, 'Konke oku kuthethwa kwaye akukho nto nto ithetha nantoni na ukuba sisezinyathelo ezifanayo njengesiFrentshi kwaye siyabanjwa ngamava abo.'"

Nangona ulwimi lweSibini ye-Indochina libolekekwe kwisiFrentshi, othe wathetha "ukukhanya ekupheleni kwetonga" kunye jaunissement (okwenkantshi) womkhosi wabo, owabizwa ngokuba yi-US Vietnam. IFransi yehla i-petroleum ye-petroleum, i-napalm, eVietnam ukuthengisa i-war, "imfazwe engcolileyo", leyo i-US eyenze yona ingenzi lutho ngeAgent Orange kunye nezinye izixhobo zamakhemikhali.

Ukuba ezi zinto zaziwa ngamagosa karhulumente kunye neentatheli, zaziwa ngabantu bonke emva kokuba uDaniel Ellsberg akhululwe Pentagon Papers kwi1971. Imiqulu engama-40 yamaphepha efihlakeleyo ayibonakalisa ubuxoki bolawulo lwe-US e-Truman nase-Eisenhower ukuya eKennedy noJohnson. I Pentagon Papers uchaza indlela abantu baseMerika abaye bakhohliswa ngayo ekusekeleni umzamo waseFransi wokubuyisela iVietnam. Bachaza ukusebenza kwe-Lansdale kunye ne-US yokwenza utyunyulo olukhethiweyo lokudibanisa iVietnam. Bachaza imfazwe yokuzimela ngaphandle kokuba ama-US awazange amelane nethuba lokuwina, nokuba nesigidi sezigidi zabantu emhlabeni. Eli shishini liqondiswe ngokutsha kwiChina kunye nokudlala umdlalo wehlabathi wenkukhu elwa neRashiya. "Kumele siqaphele ukuba iNingizimu Vietnam (ngokungafani nawaphi na amanye amazwe ase-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia) yayiyinxalenye yokudalwa kwe-United States", wabhala uLeslie Gelb, owalathisa le projekthi, yakhe Pentagon Papers shwa nkathelo. "IVietnam yayiyinqaba kwi-chessboard, kungekhona ilizwe," uGelb utshela uBurns noNovickick.

MI-ore ngaphezu kwabantu abangamashumi asibhozo baxoxwa ngabaphengululi befilimu kwiminyaka elishumi baqokelela izinto Imfazwe yaseVietnam, kodwa okunye okungafaniyo nguDaniel Ellsberg. U-Ellsberg, owayengumkhokeli we-platoon wangaphambili waseMarine, wayengumlwi-gung-ho xa esebenzela uLansdale eVietnam esuka kwi-1965 ukuya kwi-1967. Kodwa njengoko imfazwe yaqhutyelwa phambili, kwaye uEllsberg wayesaba ukuba i-Nixon izakuzama ukuphelisa ukuxhatshazwa kwezixhobo zenuzi (iFransi isele icele uEisenhower ukuba ilahle ibhomu eVietnam), yawela ngaphesheya.

U-Ellsberg namhlanje ugxeke ngokukrakra komgaqo-nyukliya wase-US kunye neentengo zempi ezisuka eVietnam ukuya e-Iraq. Ukungabikho kwakhe kwifilimu, ngaphandle kweengxelo zengxelo, uqinisekisa ubungqina bendalo. Ixhaswa yiBhanki yaseMelika, uDavid Koch kunye nabanye abaxhasayo bequmrhu, uxwebhu luxhomekeke ngokubanzi kumaziko angaphambili, ii-CIA agents kunye namagosa karhulumente, abangabonakalwanga ngesigaba okanye ngesihloko, kodwa nje ngamagama abo kunye neenkcazo ze-anodyne ezifana "nomcebisi" okanye "Imikhosi ekhethekileyo". Uhlu oluthile luquka:

• U-Lewis Sorley, isikolo esilandelayo isizukulwana sesithathu se-West Point esikholelwa ukuba i-US inqobile imfazwe kwi-1971 ize ikhuphe ukunqotshwa kwayo "ngokungcatsha" kunye nabasemagunyeni bayo asezantsi (nangona bebonelelwe nge $ 6 yezigidigidi zeArms phambi bawa phantsi ekuqhubekeni kweNyakatho yeVietnam kwi-1975).

• URufus Phillips, omnye weengcali "zabamnyama abamnyama" baseLansdale abasebenze iminyaka emininzi kwimisebenzi yengqondo kunye ne-counterinsurgency.

• UDonald Gregg, umququzeleli we-Iran-contra-host-scandal scandal kunye nomcebisi weCIA kwiprogram yasePhoenix kunye namanye amaqela okubulala.

• UJohn Negroponte, owayengumphathi weengcali zelizwe kunye no-ambassador kwiindawo zokuhlala ezijoliswe kwiindawo zokusebenzela.

• USam Wilson, umkhosi waseMelika jikelele kunye noLansdale okhuselekileyo owaqulunqa igama elithi "counterinsurgency".

• U-Stuart Herrington, igosa le-Army le-US elaliyaziwa ngokuba yilo "liphulo elibanzi lokuphenywa", lisuka eVietnam liya ku-Abu Ghraib.

• URobert Rheault, owayengumzekelo weColonel Kurtz, umkhosi olwahlukileyo e-Apocalypse Ngoku. URheault wayengumbhali ophethe uxanduva olukhethekileyo eVietnam, ngaphambi kokunyanzeliswa ukuba ayeke emsebenzini xa yena kunye namadoda akhe amahlanu bebekwa icala lokubulala nokuqulunqa. I-Green Berets yayibulale enye yeenqwelo zabo zaseVietnam, ikhunjulwa ngokuba yi-turncoat, yalahla umzimba wayo elwandle.

Ngosuku uNixon afumana ngalo umkhosi ukulahla ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho ngoRheault ngumhla uDaniel Ellsberg anqume ukukhulula iiPentagon Papers. "Ndacinga ukuba: andiyi kuba yinxalenye yalo mshini wokulala, lo mboniso, lo bulala," "wabhala uEllsberg Iimfihlelo: Isimemo seVietnam kunye nePentagon Papers. "Yinkqubo elele ngokuzenzekelayo, kuzo zonke iinqanaba, ukusuka kumzantsi ukuya phezulu-ukusuka kwipoleni ukuya kumphathi - ukufihla ukubulala." Icandelo le-Green Beret, utsho i-Ellsberg, yinguqulelo "yinto enjalo eyenziwa eVietnam , ngezinga elingenammiselo, ngokuqhubekayo okwesithathu kwekhulu ".

Burns no-Novick bathembele kakhulu kumnye umntu-eqinisweni, wahamba nabo kwiholide yabo yokukhangisa yefilimu - ochongwa kwi-documentary ngokuthi "uDuong Van Mai, Hanoi" kwaye kamva "nguDuong Van Mai, Saigon". Leli lizwi lentombi kaDuong Van Mai Elliott, oye watshata iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu nantathu kuDavid Elliott, owayengumgadi we-RAND waseVietnam kunye noprofesa wezesayensi yezopolitiko kwi-College yaseComona eComona. Ukususela ekuya esikolweni kwiYunivesithi yaseGeorgetown kwi-1960 yokuqala, uMay Elliott uye wahlala ixesha elide eUnited States kunaseVietnam.

U-Elliott, yena owayengumqeshwa we-RAND, uyintombi yegosa elaseburhulumenteni ephakamileyo kwi-colonial administration. Emva kokutshatyalaliswa kweFransi kwi-First Indochina War, intsapho yakhe yafuduka esuka eHanoi iya eSaigon, ngaphandle koodadewabo ka-Elliott, owangena eVin Minh ngasentla. Oku kuvumela u-Elliott ukuba agxininise - njengoko ephindaphinda ngokubonakala kwayo kwintlalo - ukuba iVietnam yinto "yemfazwe yombutho". Imfazwe yahlula intsapho njengeyakhe, kodwa izilwanyana ezichasene neenkolonialist ezigqobileyo malunga neentlondi zenkolonialist aziyiyo imfazwe yoluntu. Akukho mntu ubhekisela kwiMfazwe yokuqala yase-Indochina njengemfazwe yombutho. Kwakungumzabalazo wokulwa nobukholoni owawunomsebenzi wokuphindaphinda, ngaphandle kokuba ngeli xesha uLansdale noDiem badale i-facsimile yohlanga lwesizwe. Abantu baseMerika baxhamla ukunceda iFransi ukuseka kwakhona ubukhosi bayo base-Asia babenokuziva bekuncomele ngokukhusela izikhumba ezimhlophe kwimfazwe yombango. U-Elliott, onobuchule kunye nexhoba eliqinileyo lemfazwe, ubandakanya intombazana edandathekileyo amajoni ase-US azama ukuyikhusela kwi-aggression yamaKomanisi.

OLansdale isusiwe kwimbali yeVietnam yeVietnam, sihlala sijonge iiyure ezilishumi elinesibhozo zokubulala, ezithintela ukuvakalisa iingqungquthela zengxoxo, okokuqala njengezandi ezivakalayo, ngokokude zibe zindibano ezide kwaye ekugqibeleni zidliwano-ndlebe. Ezi zijikelezwe ngembali yezembali ezivela kwi-First Indochina iMfazwe ukuya kweyesibili kwaye zijolise kwiimfazwe e-Ap Bac nase Khe Sanh, i-Tet Offensive, iinjongo zokuqhuma ibhomu kwiNyakatho yeVietnam, ukukhululwa kwe-US POWs kunye ne-helicopter yokugqibela ephakamisa Uphahla lwe-Embassy yase-United States (eyona nto yayiphakamileyo kwindlu ekhuselekileyo ye-CIA kwiTransitri yaseLu XnUMX Ly Tu Trong). Ekupheleni kwefilimu - eyaziwayo kunye nempikiswano, njengemfazwe ngokwayo-ngaphezu kwe-22 yamajoni ase-US, isigqeba sesigidi se-Vietnam sase-Vietnam, isigidi se-Viet Cong kunye ne-North Vietnam namasosha angama-58,000 (ikakhulukazi asezantsi ), kungabhekisi ngamashumi amabini ngaphezulu kweLaos naseCambodia, baya kufa.

Imifanekiso yaseVietnam isetyenziswe kwimeko yeziganeko ezazisemva e-US ngethuba lolawulo luka-6 olwaluxhasa le ntshukumo (kuqala noHarry Truman ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II). Ikhamera ihamba ngokubulawa kukaJohn Kennedy noRobert Kennedy kunye noMartin Luther King, izibhamu zamapolisa kwintlanganiso ye-Chicago Demokrasi kwi-1968 kunye nemibhikisho eyahlukeneyo yemfazwe, kubandakanywa nabafundi abane ababethunjwa e-KZN University. Ifilimu iquka iingxoxo ezixubileyo zikaNixon noBusinger zichithwa amacebo abo. ("Vula ukhusele kwaye uyenze", u-Nixon uthi ngokuchasisa ubungqina kwi-Brookings Institute). Ubonisa uWalter Cronkite ukulahlekelwa ukholo kwi-Vietnam venture kunye no-Watergate kunye no-Nixon ukuyeka emsebenzini kunye nomzabalazo wokwakha iMaya Lin yaseVietnam iSikhumbuzo (i-"gash of shame" eguqukile indawo yokukhumbula).

Kwabaninzi, ifilimu iya kusikhumbuza into esaziyo. Kwabanye, kuya kuba sesingeniso kwiminyaka engama-20 yokuzikhukhumeza kweMelika kunye nokugqithisa. Abantu banokumangaliswa ukufunda ngokunyaniseka kukaNixon ekuxhathiseni uxhulumano lukaLyndon Johnson kwi-1968, ukuze akhulise amathuba akhe okhetho. Eli akusiyo yodwa ixesha elikulo catshulwa ukuba ubukhohlisi bamazwe ngamazwe obusemva buhlangene neziganeko zangoku. Ababukeli banokumangaliswa ukuba bafunde ukuba imfazwe ye-Ap Bac e-1963, ukutshatyalaliswa okukhulu kwe-Army yaseRiphablikhi yaseVietnam kunye nabacebisi base-US, kwathiwa yintshaba, ngenxa yokuba intshaba, emva kokubulala amajoni ayisishiyagalombili ama-ARV kunye nabacebisi abathathu base-US , iyancibilika emaphandleni. Kuphela kwimilo enomxholo wezempi zase-US onokuyifumana i-rice paddy paddy kuthiwa intsindiso, kodwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo, unyaka emva konyaka, iUnited States "iya kuphumelela" yonke imfazwe eyilwa yintonga engenamsebenzi kunye nelayisi amajelo athatywe ngelixa utshaba luthwala abafileyo, luhlangene kwaye lwahlaselwa kwakhona kwenye indawo.

Ngeentatheli ezithi zichaswe kunye nePentagon yokuncintisana, "inkolelo yokuthembeka", okwakusakhula ngoku ibe ngumngcipheko, yaqala ukubonakala, kunye nokuhlaselwa kwiphephandaba ukuba lingathembekanga kwaye ngandlela-thile "ilahlekelwe" yimfazwe. Izikhalazo malunga "neendaba zokukhohlisa" kunye neentatheli "njengeentshaba zabantu" zibhekiselele kwi-social sequelae ezingasemva kweMfazwe yaseVietnam. Xa i-Morley Safe ephepheni lwezindlu eziphazamisa izindlu ezisekhayeni likaCam Ne kwi-1965, iGama elikhuselekileyo lalitshitshiswa ngamangqina awayewunike ii Marines kunye ne-Zippo lighters. Ukwaziswa ngokungafaniyo, imfazwe yengqondo, imisebenzi yokufihlakeleyo, ukuvuza kweendaba, ukuphosa kunye nobuxoki obuseburhulumenteni basaphila ubomi obuvela eVietnam.

Ibhayisikobho eyona nto ibonisa i-gambit elandelelanayo kukuxhomekeka kwabalobi kunye neebongozi, amabini amabini abalulekileyo nguBao Ninh (ogama lakhe langempela nguHoang Au Phuong), owayengumntwana owayengumntwana obuyele ekhaya emva kweminyaka emithandathu elwa naye ngendlela eya eHo Chi Minh Trail ukuya ubhale Usizi lweMfazwe, kunye nomnye owayengumkhumbi uTim O'Brien, owabuya evela empini yakhe ukuba abhale Izinto Abanyamekelayo kwaye Ukuhamba emva kweCacciato. Ifilimu iphetha ngo-O'Brien ngokufunda malunga namajoni athatha izikhumbuzo ezivela eVietnam, kwaye emva koko i-credits roll, esinika igama elipheleleyo likaMay Elliott kunye nabanye abantu.

Ngelo xesha ndiqalise ukudlala kwakhona iphepha, ndiqhutywe kwiNgqungquthela yokuqala, ndandimangaliswe yinto enokukhunjulwa ngayo, kodwa ngokukhatyelwa kweliphi okanye lilibale. Uninzi lwee-documentary ezilungileyo zenziwe malunga neMfazwe yaseVietnam, ngabantu baseCanada, isiFrentshi nabanye abantu baseYurophu. Iintatheli zaseMelika uStanley Karnow kunye noDrew Pearson baye banqabana nokubonisa imfazwe kwii-TV documentaries. Kodwa ukunyaniseka apho i-US ikhohlile izifundo zaseVietnam, iwafihla phantsi kobuzwe obuthathwe ngokungafanelekanga kwaye ngokungazenzisiyo imbali, ikhuphe ngaphandle kokubambisana ngenjongo yokwenza ifilimu enkulu malunga nale mfazwe.

Kutheni, umzekelo, ngaba udliwano-ndlebe lwamafilimu ludutshulwa kuphela nje ngokusondeza? Ukuba ikhamera yayibuyile, sasiyibona ukuba uSenator Max Cleland wayengenayo imilenze - wawalahleka "ngomlilo onobungane" e-Khe Sanh. Kuthiwani ukuba iBao Ninh noTim O'Brien bavunyelwe ukudibana? Ukukhumbuza kwabo bekuza kuzisa intetho engenakuncedo yemfazwe yangoku. Kwaye endaweni yokufuna "ukuvalwa" nokuphulukisa ukubuyisana, kuthekani ukuba ifilimu isikhumbuze ukuba amabutho akhethekileyo ase-US okwamanje esebenza kwi-137 yelizwe le-194 yelizwe, okanye i-70 pesenti yehlabathi?

Njengamanani amaninzi aBurns kunye noNovickick, eli liza nomqulu womlingane, Imfazwe yaseVietnam: Imbali ebalulekileyo, ekhutshwa ngexesha elifanayo kunye necandelo le-PBS. Ebhalwa nguBurns kunye nexesha lakhe elide le-amanuensis, uGeffrey C Ward, incwadi - isandi esiphezulu esilinganisene neekhilogram ezimbini - sigqoke i-bifocals efanayo nefilimu. Ishintshela kwi-exegesis yeembali ukuya kwi-autobiographical reflection, kwaye iquka ezininzi zeefoto ezenza iVietnam ibe yimpopasho yokulwa kwemfazwe. Izidumo ezidumileyo ziquka umonakalo ovuthayo kaMalcolm Brown; Ifoto kaLarry Burrows yowunxweme owonakele ofikelela kumphathi wakufa; Isithunzi sikaNick Ut sikaKim Phuc ehamba nge-naked phantsi kwendlela kunye ne-napalm eshisa inyama yakhe; Isithunzi sika-Eddie Adams we-Nguyen Ngoc jikelele Inkcitho yokudubula i-VC sapper entloko; kunye neHugh Van Es's picture of refuges ukunyuka kwinqanaba elincinci kwi-helikopta yeCIA yokugqibela ehamba ngeSaigon.

Umbono we-burncular burned ngeendlela ezithile usebenza bhetele kwincwadi kunabhayisikobho. Incwadi inegumbi lokuya kwiinkcukacha. Ibonelela ngembali ngelixa libonisa ukubonakaliswa okubuhlungu nguBa Nin Nin, unobhala wezemfazwe wesibini uJurate Kazickas, nabanye. U-Edward Lansdale kunye ne-Battle of the Sects kubonakala kwincwadi, kodwa kungekhona ifilimu, kunye neenkcukacha malunga ne-1955 yeSebe leNtetho yeSebe eliyalela ukuba i-Ngo Dinh Diem ibhujiswe - ngaphambi kokuba i-US ibuyele ikhosi kwaye ithengwe ekudalweni kweDiem yaseMzantsi Vietnam . Kwakhona apha ngeenkcukacha eziqhawulayo iingxoxo zikaNixon kunye noBushinger malunga nokwandisa imfazwe ukwenzela ukunqoba ukhetho kunye nokugcina ubuso.

Le ncwadi inenzuzo eyongeziweyo yokuquka iincwadana ezintlanu ezithunywe ngabaphengululi nabaphengululi. Phakathi kwale ngqungquthela nguFredrik Logevall ucingisisa malunga nokuba kwenzeka ntoni ukuba uKennedy akazange abulawe; isiqwenga nguT Todd Gitlin kwintlanganiso yokulwa nemfazwe; kunye nengqungquthela yaseVi Viet Thanh Nguyen ebomini njengombaleki, okwakuthi, ngokubhekiselele kuye, wahamba ekusebenzeni kwivenkile yabazali bakhe eSan Jose ukuze athole i-2016 Pulitzer Prize.

Kwi-1967, iminyaka eyisibhozo ngaphambi kokuphela kwemfazwe, uLyndon Johnson uvakalisa "inkqubela ephambili", "ngokubanjwa kweVC kubantu abaphukileyo". Sibona izigulana ze-Viet Cong ezifileyo ziye zangena emangcwabeni amaninzi. Ngokubanzi i-Westmoreland iqinisekisa umongameli ukuba imfazwe ifinyelela "kwindawo ye-crossover", xa kukho amanye amajoni etshaba ebulawa. UJimi Hendrix uhlabelela "Ngaba ufumanekile" kwaye i-vet ichaza indlela "ukulwa nobuhlanga ngokobuhlanga" kwandula ukuba "inkunkuma yokulwa" yayifundise ukuba "inkunkuma ye-gooks" kwaye "ibulale i-dinks".

Nge-1969, i-Operation Speedy Express kwi-Mekong Delta ukubika ukubulala i-45: 1, kunye ne-10,889 Viet Cong bathe bafa kodwa kuphela izixhobo ze-748 zifunyenwe. UKevin Buckley no-Alexander Shimkin Newsweek qi kelela ukuba isiqingatha sabantu babulawa ngabantu. Ngethuba ixesha lokubulala liye lenyukela kwi-134: 1, umkhosi waseMelika ubulala abantu baseMi nakwezinye iindawo. U-Edward Lansdale, ngoko wayeqhelekileyo, wathi malunga nale nqanaba yokugqibela ebeyilwe (ukucaphula kwiRobert Taber Imfazwe yeFlea): "Kukho indlela enye yokuwayisa abantu abavukelayo abangayi kunika, kwaye oko kutshabalalisa. Kukho enye indlela yokulawula intsimi ekhusele ukuxhathisa, kwaye oko kukuyibeka entlango. Apho ezi zinto zingenakukwazi ukusetyenziswa, imfazwe ilahlekile.

Imfazwe yaseVietnam
Ifilimu nguKen Burns kunye noLynn Novick
I-PBS: 2017 

Imfazwe yaseVietnam: Imbali ebalulekileyo
UGeffrey C Ward noKen Burns
Uyazi: 2017