NguJohn Hanrahan
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku uyayazi indlela yokuqhuba: I-CIA okanye imikhosi yase-US ikhupha uqhankqalazo lwe-drone okanye enye ibhombu yasemoyeni e-Afghanistan, ePakistan, eSyria, e-Iraq, eYemen, eSomalia okanye kulo naliphi na ilizwe ethi iUnited States inelungelo lokuhlasela.
Isithethi sikarhulumente wase-US sibika i-5 okanye i-7 okanye i-17 okanye i-25 okanye naliphi na inani "lamajoni" abuleweyo - i-Taliban, okanye i-al Qaeda okanye i-ISIS / ISIL / i-Islamic State fighters - ngokutsho kwayo i-fill-in-the-blanks release release. Iinkonzo zocingo, amaphephandaba aqhelekileyo, abasasazi beendaba zikamabonwakude ngokufanelekileyo baxela ngendlela emfutshane kwenye idrone ephumeleleyo okanye ugwayimbo lomjukujelwa, bezalisekisa imigangatho yobuntatheli ngokuyichaza kwiPentagon, okanye kubukrelekrele okanye kurhulumente wase-US - ngamanye amaxesha bade babize isithethi esikhuphe iindaba.
Kwaye ke - ngokuqhelekileyo akukho nto. Ewe, ngamanye amaxesha umntu onomda omncinci uphakamisa ivumba - utsho umongameli wase-Afghan, okanye igosa elithile lasekhaya elazibonela ngawakhe uhlaselo, okanye ooGqirha ngaphandle kwemida emva kohlaselo lwase-US kwisibhedlele sabo sase-Afghanistan ngo-Okthobha. (* Funda umbhalo osemazantsi.) Kulucelomngeni olunjalo kumabango amaMerika okubulala kuphela “amajoni,” la mangqina alusizi angqina ukuba uninzi lwabo babulawayo lwalungengobantu balwayo, kwanabafazi nabantwana.
Kodwa ngezo zihlandlo xa amagosa ase-US ejongene nobungqina obunamandla kakhulu bokwenzakala kwabantu, baye bacele uxolo (ngelixa bengadli ngokuvuma ukuba abantu babulewe), bathembise ngophando-kwaye oko kukugqibela kubonakala ngathi siyakuva ngayo. kushicilelo oluqhelekileyo.
Ngoku, isifundiswa seYunivesithi yaseMelika (AU), uJeff Bachman, unayo ziweyo into abanye abafundi abanokuthi bayiqikelele ekufundeni iindaba ze-drone kule minyaka idlulileyo, kodwa bangenayo idatha yokuyixhasa. Ekuhloleni amanqaku ngu The New York Times kwaye Washington Post emva kokuhlaselwa kwe-drone yase-US phakathi kwe-2009 kunye ne-2014, u-Bachman wagqiba:
Omabini la maphepha alimelanga kakhulu inani labemi ababulewe kuqhankqalazo lwe-drone ePakistan naseYemen, basilela ukulungisa irekhodi likawonke-wonke xa kwavela ubungqina bokuba ingxelo yabo yayingalunganga kwaye ayihoyanga ukubaluleka komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
Uphando lukaBachman ludibana ne UkuthintelaIsanda kupapashwa “IDayone Papers” amanqaku, phakathi kwezinye izinto abonisa ukuxoka kukarhulumente wase-US kumaphephandaba kunye noluntu malunga nenani labantu abangamajoni ababulawa kugwayimbo lwe-drone.
U-Bachman, umhlohli oqeqeshiweyo kumalungelo oluntu kunye no-co-director weNkqubo yeMicimbi yeHlabathi ye-MA kwiSikolo se-AU seNkonzo yaMazwe ngaMazwe, uvavanye isampulu yama-81. Maxesha amanqaku kunye ne-26 Post amanqaku apapashwe kwiintsuku ezimbini zokuhlaselwa kwe-drone ethile phakathi kwe-2009 kunye ne-2014. Emva koko wathelekisa ingxelo yamaphepha amabini kuphando kunye nokulandelwa kokuhlaselwa kwe-drone yi-Bureau of Investigative Journalism (TBIJ) yaseLondon. Uthe wajonga idatha ye-TBIJ njengegunya eligunyazisiweyo “kuba basebenzisa indlela yokusebenza evunyiweyo liZiko laBantu abakwiNgxaki kunye namaLungelo oLuntu” kwiSikolo soMthetho seYunivesithi yaseColumbia.
Kuhlaselo lwedrone oluchazwe ngu Ixesha, i-TBIJ yafumana abantu ababuleweyo kuhlaselo lwama-26 kwezingama-81. Ixesha, nangona kunjalo, ingxelo yabemi babulawa kwizihlandlo ezimbini kuphela zohlaselo, uBachman wabhala.
Ejonge e IposiUkugubungela uhlaselo lwe-drone, u-Bachman wafumanisa ukuba i-TBIJ ixele abantu ababulewe kwi-7 yohlaselo lwe-26, ngelixa. Iposi kuthiwe abemi babulawa kuhlaselo olunye kuphela.
Kugwayimbo lwe-33 oluthe lwavelisa abantu ababuleweyo, i-TBIJ yafumanisa ukuba phakathi kwe-180 kunye ne-302 abantu babulawa - okwangoku. Maxesha kwaye isikhundla amanqaku anikela ingxelo ngokufa kwabantu abasithoba kuphela kumabali amathathu apho aye achaza ukuba kukho abantu ababulawayo.
"Lo mkhwa wokungaxelwanga ngokwaneleyo kwabantu abenzakeleyo kuthetha ukuba abafundi abaxelelwa ngeziphumo zokwenyani zogwayimbo lwaseYemen nasePakistan," ubhale watsho uBachman. "Kubonisa ukusilela kweentatheli kula maphepha ukujonga amabango karhulumente malunga nokuba ngubani obuleweyo ingakumbi kugwayimbo."
Okubi nangakumbi kukuba, uBachman uxela okwenzekayo xa wayenxibelelana namaphepha-ndaba omabini ukuze ababuze “ngokungachaneki ekuxeleni kwabo abantu ababuleweyo, kunye nokubona ukuba ngaba elinye iphephandaba lipapashe izilungiso” malunga nokusweleka kwabantu kuqhanqalazo lweenqwelomoya. Wabhala wathi: “Impendulo yabo bobabini yaba kukuba abakhange.
Funda iBachman's inqaku ukubona isishwankathelo esipheleleyo seziphumo zakhe kunye namagqabantshintshi achanekileyo anika ingxelo yokuba efumene kuwo Maxesha kwaye isikhundla abameli. Kodwa kwisampulu enye yokungakhathali kwemithombo yeendaba kulo mbandela, qwalasela oko uBachman axele waxelelwa nguSylvester Monroe, IposiUmncedisi olawulayo womhleli.
UMonroe, wabhala uBachman, “wathi xa kusetyenziswa ‘imithombo esemthethweni’ akunakwenzeka ‘ukuqinisekisa ngokuzimeleyo ukuba ngabaphi kwabafi ababengamalungu amaqela omkhosi ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yayingabemi abamsulwa.’”
NgokukaBachman, uMonroe wongeze oku kubhengezwa okumangalisayo: "Nokuba iCIA ibinokuvuma ukuba ukubalwa kwayo bekungachanekanga, bekungayi kuba kuthi ukuba silungise." Yiyeke loo nto izike ngaphakathi: Iposi Ngokucacileyo ayizukwenza zilungiso zobuxoki kunye nokuchazwa ngendlela engeyiyo kwearhente yezobuntlola nokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba iarhente ngokwayo ibavume.
U-Bachman uphinde waphawula ukuba igama elithi "amalungelo oluntu" - kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo ezifanayo - ziboniswe kwi-5 kuphela. Ixesha's 81 drone attack amabali, kwaye kwelinye kuphela 26 isikhundla amanqaku. Igama elithi "imithetho yemfazwe" okanye "imithetho yongquzulwano oluxhobileyo" - efunekayo "ukubeka ugwayimbo lwe-drone kwimeko yabo yezomthetho yamazwe ngamazwe" - ayikhankanywanga kuwo nawaphi na amanqaku.
“Ngaphandle kokwenza elubala kukarhulumente kunye nengxelo echanekileyo, abakhweli, njengomthombo Ukuthintela'Amaphepha e-Drone,' kuphela komthombo wolwazi oluya kusivumela ukuba siqonde iziphumo zokwenyani zokuhlaselwa kwedrone," uvale ngelo uBachman.
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- Kutshanje nge-2 ka-Okthobha i-30 yeebhombu ezininzi zase-US kwisibhedlele sikaGqirha Ngaphandle kwemida e-Kunduz, e-Afghanistan, apho ubuncinci abasebenzi be-XNUMX, izigulana kunye nabanye babulawa, inokungqina ukuba lelo tyala likhethekileyo lokuba iziganeko ziya kunyanzela ukuba ziphandwe ngokunzulu. Kodwa musa ukuthembela kuyo. Kwimeko yesibhedlele saseKunduz, amangqina okuzibonela - abaseNtshona / oogqirha abavela kwintlangano yezonyango ehlonishwa kakhulu yamazwe ngamazwe eyenza izityholo zokuba iziqhushumbisi zenziwe ngamabomu - azinakubhalwa ngokulula yiPentagon kunye neendaba zethu eziqhelekileyo ezinomdla. Oogqirha abangenayo imida babize iibhombu ezininzi esibhedlele njengolwaphulo-mthetho olunokwenzeka lwemfazwe kwaye bafuna uhlaselo luphandwe ngophando lwamazwe ngamazwe phantsi kweeNgqungquthela zaseGeneva. Endaweni yoko, uGenerali uJohn F. Campbell, umlawuli waseMelika e-Afghanistan, utyumbe umphathi-jikelele weenkwenkwezi ezimbini ukusuka komnye umyalelo ukuba aqhube oko uCampbell wabiza uphando oluzimeleyo - ukude kakhulu oko ooGqirha abangenayo imida. Ukugcina uphando ngaphakathi kwindlu yomkhosi kwenza ukuba kube lula ukuba sibhekise enye yezo mpazamo-zenziwe iingxelo zePentagon, kunokuba ingxelo yemfazwe-yayenziwe. Nokuba eli nyathelo linganelanga, liphikisanayo lophando, nangona kunjalo, lingaphezulu kakhulu kunesiqhelo xa abantu abaqhelekileyo bebulawa luhlaselo lwase-US kwaye akukho bantu baseNtshona okanye abantu abaqinisekisiweyo ukuba babone.
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UJohn Hanrahan, okwangoku kwibhodi yokuhlela ye-ExposeFacts, owayesakuba ngumlawuli olawulayo weNgxowa-mali yoPhando ngezeNtatheli kunye nentatheli ye IWashington Post, iWashington Star, UPI kunye neminye imibutho yeendaba. Kananjalo unamava amaninzi njengomphenyi womthetho. UHanhan nguye umbhali Urhulumente ngeKontrakthi kunye nombhali-mbhali Umda olahlekileyo: Ukuthengiswa kweAlaska. Wabhalela kakhulu i-NiemanWatchdog.org, iprojekthi ye-Nieman Foundation for Journalism kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard.
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