NguRobert Levering, Meyi 19, 2020
ukusuka Ukuguquka kobuNtu
Njengokungabikho ngokwaneleyo ukuba ukhathazeke malunga nezi ntsuku, kungekudala abafazi banokucelwa ukuba babhalisele uyilo lomkhosi.
Usenokuba awuke uve malunga nolu phuhliso ngenxa ye-avalali yeendaba ze-COVID-19. Ekupheleni kuka-Matshi, a ikhomishini yesizwe ibongoza iCongress ukuyalela ukuba bonke abasetyhini abaphakathi kweminyaka eli-18 ukuya kwengama-25 babhalise kwiNkqubo yokuKhetha abaSebenzisi, iarhente ejongayo idrafti yomkhosi.
ICongress ingasamkela esi sicelo. Amanani amaninzi adumileyo kuwo omabini amaqela axhasa umbono ovela kuwo Hillary Clinton kwiNkokheli yeNtloko yeQela UMitch McConnell. Ukuba ixesha elidlulileyo lisiso nasiphi na isikhokelo, nangona kunjalo, sinokulindela ukuba abenzi bokubi baxhathise. Ngexesha leMfazwe yaseVietnam, intshukumo enkulu yokuchasana nokunyanzelwa korhulumente yanyanzela urhulumente ukuba awuphelise ngokupheleleyo umthetho. Xa uJimmy Carter waphinda wavelisa inkqubo yobhaliso ngo-1980, iqela elinamandla lokulwa idrafti yaqinisa imizamo kaRhulumente yokuyisebenzisa.
Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo iqhubekile ukubhalisa abafana. Umcimbi waphela kukuziva kwesizwe de kube ngu-2015, xa u-Obama wayevumela abasetyhini ukuba basebenze ngokulwa neendima. Abahlalutyi abohlukeneyo kunye nabezopolitiko babuzile: Ukuba abasetyhini banokulwa kwimigca engaphambili, kutheni bengafanele baphinde babekelwe? Abanye baphakamisa umbuzo onxulumene noko: Kutheni le nto kungafuneki wonke umntu enze olunye uhlobo lwenkonzo yesizwe? ICongress ke yagweba iKomishini kaZwelonke yezeMikhosi, yeSizwe, kunye neNkonzo kaRhulumente ukuba ihlole loo micimbi.
Ikhomishini ichithe iminyaka emithathu kunye nezigidi ezingama-45 zeedola, yaqhuba ukumamela kulo lonke ilizwe kwaye icela amawaka abantu ukuba anike izimvo. Ingxelo yayo yokugqibela enamaphepha angama-245 inezincomo ezingama-49, uninzi lweendlela zokukhuthaza amathuba ngokuzithandela kwinkonzo yoluntu nakarhulumente.
Kuphela kwengcebiso enganyanzela abafazi ukuba babhalisele uyilo luqukethe into enyanzelekileyo. Ukuba wamkelwe, abasetyhini abangavumiyo ukubhalisa, baya kuba netyala lokutshutshiswa okuya kuthi xhaxhe ngeminyaka emihlanu ejele kunye / okanye isohlwayo esingama- $ 250,000.
Abanye abaqhubela phambili kunye nabasetyhini baxhasa isiphakamiso sekhomishini. UJackie Speer, inenkululeko yenkululeko ye-Democratic Congress yaseCalifornia, xelelwe Hill: "Ukuba sifuna ukulingana kweli lizwe, ukuba sifuna ukuba abantu basetyhini baphathwe ngokuchanekileyo njengamadoda baphathwe kwaye akufuneki ukuba bacalulwe, ke ngoko siyakuxhasa ukugcinwa kwabantu kulo lonke ilizwe."
Okwangoku, uRivera Ilanga le-CODEPINK, umbutho olwa ne-femro-anti-organ organ organ organities, awuvumiyo. Uxelele ikhomishini: "Uyilo ayingombandela wamalungelo abantu basetyhini. Ukulingana kwabasetyhini akuzi kufezekiswa ngokubandakanya abasetyhini kwinkqubo eyiliweyo enyanzela abantu ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwizinto ezinxamnye nentando yabo kwaye balimaze abanye ngamanani amakhulu, njengemfazwe. Inye kuphela indlela yokubhalisa kuyilo lokuphatha wonke umntu ngokulinganayo: ukubhalisa ubhaliso kuyilo.
Le ayisiyongcinga iqhelekileyo. Ngaphandle kwexeshana elincinci ngexesha leMfazwe yamakhaya kunye neMfazwe Yehlabathi I, i-United States ayizange igcinwe emkhosini de kube semva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Inkonzo yasemkhosini enyanzelekileyo yathathelwa ingqalelo njenge-Merika, engahambelani namaxabiso axhaswe ngumhlaba wasimahla. Uninzi lwabantu abafudukayo beza apha ukuze bangabhalwa kumhlaba wabo wokuzalwa. Omnye wabafuduki yayinguFrederick Trump, utatomkhulu kamongameli wangoku, owabalekayo eBavaria ukunqanda ukunyanzelwa kuMkhosi waseJamani.
I-United States yayeka ukuya emkhosini emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kodwa yaphinda yahamba ngexesha loMkhosi waseKorea. Emva kokuba iphelile loo mfazwe, iUnited States yaqhubeka nokuya emkhosini abafana. Bambalwa kakhulu ababizwayo kule minyaka. Nangona kunjalo, ukubakho kwayo kwakuthetha ukuba nawuphi na umongameli unokukhawuleza ahlanganise imikhosi ngaphandle kokutshekisha kwiCongress okanye kuluntu.
Yile nto kanye awayenzayo uLyndon B. Johnson ukuqala konyaka we-1965. Kunyaka ophelileyo waba “ngummeli woxolo” esithi akazukuyifumana iMelika kwimfazwe yomhlaba e-Asiya. Kwisithuba seenyanga zonyulo, besebenzisa ubuchule bokuhlaselwa ngenkohliso ngemfazwe kunye nokuhlaselwa kwisiseko saseMelika, uJohnson waqala wathulula imikhosi yaseMelika eVietnam. Kuba umongameli wayenakho ukukhupha iminxeba ayalele ngokwakhe, wayalela ukuba iikomityi zesigidi seminyaka ukuya emkhosini ngo-1965 kwaye ziphantse zibe ngama-400,000 kunyaka olandelayo. Kungekudala kwabakho isiqingatha sesigidi semikhosi yaseMelika eyayilwa eVietnam, uninzi lwabo yayiliekomiti okanye amadoda awabhalileyo ukuba angabhalwa. (Ababhalile banokukhetha isebe labo lenkonzo kodwa babechithe iminyaka emithathu, kunokuba babini, emkhosini.)
Ukwenza uyilo lwenze ukuba uJohnson akhuphele iUnited States kumlo omkhulu womhlaba phambi kokuba uluntu luqonde ngokupheleleyo okwenzekayo. Ukungalingani okukhulu kwenkqubo yoyilo kwakhona kumncedisile ekuqaqambiseni ulwazi loluntu malunga nokwakhiwa okukhulu. Ngaphandle kwamanani amakhulu athunyelwe eAsia, ligcuntswana kuphela kwabo bafanelekileyo. Kwizigidi ezingama-27 zamadoda okubhalwayo kwiminyaka yeshumi yemfazwe, yayingama-2.5 ezigidi kuphela - okanye engaphantsi kwe-10 pesenti - asebenza eVietnam.
Ukufumanisa ukuba ngubani oza kuyilwa, i-Selection Service inikezela ngemithambo emininzi yabantwana abaphetheyo kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho, kunye nenqanaba eliphakathi. Abafundi beekholeji abanjengoBill Clinton noDick Cheney khange bachukunyiswe. Kwaye ababanga nako ukufumana amanqaku kagqirha kwabancinci - okanye abosulelekileyo - izifo ezifana ne-spurs, njengoko bekunjalo ngoDonald Trump. Ekoyikeni iintsiba ezothusayo, uJohnson walile ukubiza oovimba okanye uNogada weSizwe - enye indawo yokugcina ephakathi, abanye babo, njengoGeorge W. Bush, bafumana amabala ngokudibana kwezopolitiko.
Ngenxa yoko, iVietnam yaba yimfazwe yokusebenza. Ngaphezu koko, uninzi lweencwadi ezingcwele azikwazanga ukuvota, njengoko iminyaka yokuvota yayineminyaka engama-21. Thetha malunga nerhafu ngaphandle kokumelwa!
Intshukumo yokumelana oyilwayo inyuka
Uyilo lwenza kwalula kumongameli ukuba aqalise imfazwe. Kodwa abathathi-nxaxheba baxhaphaze ubungozi babo ophambili: Uyilo lufuna intsebenziswano kwabo baphantsi kwalo. UGene Sharp, ongumfundi waseGandhi kwaye enye yeengcali kwezokuziphatha gwenxa, ucacisa esithi: "Intshukumo yokungathathi ntweni kusekwe kwisibhengezo esilula: Abantu abahlali benza into abayalelwa ukuba bayenze, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha basebenza ngeendlela ebebezithiwe mabazenze. Ayivumelekanga ... Ukuba abantu bayayenza le nto ngamanani aneleyo ngokwaneleyo, loo rhulumente okanye inkqubo yenkqubo yobukumkani ayizukubakho mandla. "
Ngexesha xa uJohnson efaka iifowuni, amadoda kwakufuneka aphathe amakhadi awoyilo ngawo onke amaxesha kwaye athobele imiyalelo kwiNkonzo yoNyulo okanye ajongane nokuvalelwa iminyaka emihlanu. Ukutyeshela umthetho, amadoda aqala ukutshisa amakhadi awo okanye ayibuyisele kurhulumente kwiindibano zomkhosi. Esona senzo sichukumisayo, amadoda angaphezu kwewaka avula amakhadi abo kwimidlalo ngaxeshanye eyabanjwa kwizixeko ezilishumi elinambini ngo-Okthobha 16, 1967. Abaququzeleli baqokelela la makhadi bawazisa kwiSebe lezoBulungisa eWashington, DC Urhulumente waphendula. ukubeka uBenjamin Spock, ugqirha wezingane owaziwayo, kunye nabanye abane ngokunceda nokubambisa amadoda aphula umthetho. Ukuqhekeka kubuyisiwe. Akaphelelanga nje ekubeni urhulumente alahle ityala, kodwa amakhulu abantu abadala, kubandakanya uMartin Luther King Jr., batyikitya amaxwebhu ezikhalazo okanye benza intetho kawonke-wonke exhasa abo basebenza ekuyileni.
Amanqaku amabini kufuneka enziwe malunga nokuchasana kokuyilwa ngexesha leMfazwe yaseVietnam. Okokuqala, yayiyintshukumo ecacileyo engenabuntu. Uninzi lweenkokheli zalo bezibandakanyekile kwimibutho elwela amalungelo abantu eMzantsi, kwaye bakuqinisa ukuzinikela kwabo kokungaziphathi gwenxa kwabaqeqeshi abanesidima.
UDavid Miller watshisa ikhadi lakhe lokuya kwindibano kawonke-wonke emva nje kokuba iCongress ipasise umthetho ukuba wenze eso senzo. Ngeli xesha, wayehlala kwaye esebenza kwindlu yabasebenzi abangamaKatolika eNew York. UBruce Dancis walungelelanisa isenzo sokuqala sokumelana xa amadoda angama-200 etshise amakhadi abo phambi koqhanqalazo olukhulu olwakhokelwa nguMartin Luther King Jr. eNew York. UDancis wafunda eCornell apho imbongi kunye nomfundisi uDaniel Berrigan bafundisayo.
UDavid Harris, owancedisa ekuhleleni amakhadi e-kazwelonke ekungeneni ngo-Okthobha ka-1967, wayeyinxalenye ye-Gandhian Institute for the Study of nonviolence ePalo Alto, eyasekwa ngu-Ira Sandperl noJoan Baez. UMichael Ferber, inkokeli yeqela i-Boston Resistance kunye necala lakhe kunye noGqr Spock, wayengumntu owayehlala kwikholeji unyana kaDavid Dellinger. Ukuphanziswa kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, uDellinger wayengomnye wabamangalelwa kwityala elidumileyo laseChicago 7. UFerber ubhale imbali ebalaseleyo yombutho olwa nedrafti yaseVietnam ebizwa ngokuba yi "The Resistance." Uyidibanise le ncwadi kunye nembali-mbali uStownton Lynd, umfo owaziwa ngokuba noxolo kunye nelishishini labasebenzi. (Kwimeko yam, uMartin Luther King Jr. uphefumlele mna. Ndakhangela ikhadi lam eliya kunye namanye amadoda ali-XNUMX kwindawo yokuhlangana esidlangalaleni kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva kokubulawa kwakhe.)
Inqaku lesibini elibalulekileyo malunga nentshukumo yokuxhathisa uyilo kukuba liphumelele ngokujongela phantsi inkqubo. Abaququzeleli bayo babekholelwa ukuba ukuba singafumana amadoda awaneleyo okumelana, singoyisa inkqubo yentolongo. Basebenzise ngokucacileyo imodeli yephulo lamalungelo oluntu e-Birmingham ngo-1963, xa amakhulu wabemi (kubandakanya abantwana) avalelwa entolongweni aza azisa umzi ukuba umiswe. Bakholelwa ukuba banokufumana isiphumo esifanayo kunye neerejista ezifanelekileyo zokuyila. Nangona kunjalo eli qhinga alisebenzanga ngokukhawuleza, okanye ngokucacileyo, njengoko lalinjalo eMzantsi. Ekugqibeleni, intshukumo yokuxhathisa uyilo iye yongamela inkqubo, kodwa bambalwa kuthi abayibonayo impembelelo yethu.
Uyilo luba luxanduva olukhulu
Kwiminyaka yemfazwe, Inkonzo Yonyulo yahambisa amadoda angama-210,000 kwiSebe lezoBulungisa ukuze litshutshiswe. Kwelo nani, bangaphantsi kwe-10 pesenti ababekwa tyala, iipesenti ezi-4 babegwetywe, kwaye babengama-1.5 epesenti kuphela (malunga ne-4,000) abagwetywe entolongweni. Uvelwano esidlangalaleni kubahlali abayiliweyo siyanceda ukucacisa ukuba kutheni abatshutshisi bemanyano bebengekho mva nje emva kokuba bezophula umthetho kwaye abagwebi benqabile ukugweba uninzi lwabo bagwetyiweyo. Ngentwasahlobo yowe-1970, uhlolisiso olwenziwe eGallup lwabonisa ukuba bali-17 pesenti kuphela abantu abadala abathanda ukuvalelwa entolongweni kwabo bangavumiyo ukusebenzisana. Ngokophononongo olucokisekileyo lwento eyayiqhutywa eVietnam: "Ukuba [abophula umthetho bayatshutshiswa] ngenkuthalo njengabaphangi basebhankini, inkqubo yentolongo ibiya kufuneka iphindaphinde kabini amandla ayo xa imfazwe iphambili."
Ngokubonakalisa ukuba abothusanga, abayili oyilo bayijongela phantsi le nkqubo kwaye banceda ukudala imeko apho inani elandayo loontanga babo laxhashelwa ukufumana iindlela zabo zokuphepha ukuya eVietnam. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ama-250,000 akabhalisanga (phantse akukho namnye owakhe wabanjwa). Uninzi lwabhengeza ngabom kwiimviwo zabo zomkhosi (ezimbini kwezintathu zasilela ukuphumelela phakathi konyaka we-1970, ngokungaphantsi kwesiqingatha seenyanga ezintandathu ngaphambili). Abanye abangama-30,000 babalekela eCanada okanye eSweden. Kwaye baphantse babe ngama-800,000 abagwetywa ukungavumi ukuya emkhosini ngexesha lesfazwe. Ngo-1972 amadoda amaninzi afumana ukwamkela into yokungayi emkhosini ngenxa yesazela.
Inqaku elikulo Inew york NgoJuni 29, 1970, eyayinomxholo othi, “UkuKhetha ukuHlanganiswa kweziNtu.” yachaza le meko: “Ukuyilwa kweSixeko saseNew York kuxhaphake kakhulu kwaye kunobunkunkqele kangangokuba le nkqubo yeNkqubo yokuKhetha, ekunokwenzeka ukuba iqale, namhlanje kubonakala ngathi ayinakukwazi. Kwenziwa nawuphi na umntu ongakhathaliyo ukuba uyilwe. E-Oakland, eCalifornia, ama-53 epesenti angama-4,500 5 ababeyalelwe ukuba bafundiswe abaze babonakale, kwaye abanye aba-XNUMX pesenti bavela kodwa bala ukwamkelwa.
Uninzi lwabasetyhini kunye namadoda agqithisileyo bajoyine i-dess-dessis yobudala ukucela umngeni kule nkqubo. Bahlala bejolise kwi-4,000-plus-draft iibhodi zoyilo zasekhaya kunye namaziko okungenisa amandla, iindibano zokuhlala, i-ins-ins, okanye udlwengulo oluthe ngqo apho abaphembeleli bangena bachitha iifayile. (UDaniel noPhilip Berrigan baqhubele phambili kwezona ndawo zidumileyo eCatonsville, EMaryland, ngo-1968.) Ngo-1970, i-Selection Service yaxela ukuba, ngokomndilizo, ubuncinci “isigameko sokusebenza” (umboniso okanye ukwahlukana) yonke imihla. Imeko yayimbi kakhulu kwiarhente inike ingxelo yokuba iibhodi zasekhaya zinobunzima bokuqesha indawo nokugcina abasebenzi.
Endaweni yokuba ibe yinkqubo ethembekileyo yokwenza ubumnandi bokutya kweenkozo kumngxunya nakumahlathi aseVietnam, uyilo lwalube luxanduva olukhulu kumatshini wokulwa. Kungekudala emva kokuba uRichard Nixon enokuba ngumongameli ngonyaka we-1969, wagqiba kwelokuba eyona ndlela yokuphikiswa ngokuchaseneyo nemfazwe yayikukuphelisa ngokupheleleyo uyilo. Le nkqubo yapheliswa ngo-1973.
Uyilo luyabuya, kodwa kunjalo
U-Jimmy Carter wagqiba kwelokuba anyanzelise ukuya emkhosini kwiminyaka esixhenxe emva kokuba iSoviet Union ihlasele iAfghanistan. Wayalela ukuba onke amadoda azalwe ngo-1960 okanye ngo-1961 abhalise kwii-ofisi zaseburhulumenteni kwisithuba seeveki ezimbini ngehlobo lowe-1980- okanye ajongane neminyaka emihlanu entolongweni. Ukukhuthaza ukuthotyelwa kokuzithandela, INkonzo yokuKhetha yahlawula i-200,000, XNUMX yeedola kwinkampani yobudlelwane noluntu ukuvelisa intengiso yobhaliso oluquka izinto ezinje ngomqeqeshi we "Mirangaliso on Ice" kwi-Olimpiki yeqela le-Olimpiki lase-US. Amaqela aphikisayo ayilwa neendawo zawo zerediyo nguLily Tomlin noMartin Sheen. Abo babonise ukubhalisa babingelelwa ngemidlalo yeqonga, imiboniso kunye nokuhlala kwiindawo ezininzi zedolophu. Abanye babaqhankqalazi basusa iifom zobhaliso kwiiofisi zeposi kwaye bazitshabalalisa.
U-Brayton Harris, uMncedisi woMlawuli weNkonzo yokuNyula, uvumile kwintatheli ye-TV ukuba amadoda amaninzi abhalise njengo "Jimmy Carter" kwaye abanye abantu basetyhini babhalisa kuqhankqalazo. Utyabile, nangona kunjalo, ukuba kwiintsuku ezingama-90 i-IRS ibizakubeka idatha malunga nabo bangekabhalisanga, ukuze "sihambe ngegiya eliphezulu lokunyanzeliswa." Ekugqibeleni, yayingama-70 pesenti kuphela yamadoda ayi-1.5 ezigidi ekufuneka ebhalisile ekwenze ngokuzithandela, eshiya amanye angama-450,000 esophula umthetho.
Ukuqonda ukuba ayinakwenzeka into yokutshutshisa abafana abamalunga nesiqingatha sesigidi, iSebe lezobulungisa - ngokwendlela engaphakathi-lagqiba isigqibo sokuba "umjikelo wokuqala woluntu opapashiweyo, ophumeleleyo wokutshutshiswa ... unakho ukuvelisa ukuthintela okuthe gabalala ukuze inkqubo yeNkonzo yokuKhetha [unokugcina] ukuthembakala kwale nkqubo. "
“Iarhente ephezulu yokunyanzeliswa” korhulumente ayiphumelelanga kakubi. Ngama-20 kuphela amadoda awayetshutshisiwe, kwaye oko kwasilela ukuthintela amawaka awala esidlangalaleni kwaye amakhulu amawaka awenze oko ethe cwaka.
Omnye wabo babekhe batshutshiswa yayinguEdward Hasbrouck, ongabhalisanga owayengumququzeleli wephulo lokulwa. Igqwetha elitsha lomanyano ogama linguRobert Mueller (ewe, ukuba uRobert Mueller) amele urhulumente. Ityala laba unobangela we celebre ENgilani eNew England enemiboniso eliqela, kubandakanya enye xa abantu abathathu babezibophelele kumnyango wentendelezo kaBoston ukunqanda ukuba ityala lingaqhubeki. UMueller uliphumelele ityala lenkundla, kodwa ijaji yasinqumamisa isigwebo seenyanga ezintandathu kwaye yayalela uHassbrouck ukuba enze iiyure ezili-1,000 XNUMX zomsebenzi woluntu. (Kunyaka emva koko, engonwabanga ukuba uHasbrouck eqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe wokulungelelanisa, ijaji yaphinda yasirhoxisa isigwebo sentolongo.)
Inkonzo yokuKhetha iba sisono sezopolitiko
Inkonzo yokuKhetha emva koko yaba yinkqubo ye-stealth. Njengoko ingengabo bonke abantu abanokuthi ngokuzithandela batyikitye okanye boyike ukungena kuyo, iarhente yabiza ezinye iiarhente zikarhulumente. Ngoku malunga neepesenti ezingama-50 zobhaliso olwenzeka xa amadoda efumana iphepha-mvume lokuqhuba lelizwe (amazwe angama-31 afuna ukubhaliswa okubhaliweyo). Enye ipesenti ezingama-20 xa besenza isicelo semali mboleko yasekholejini. (Uninzi lwemali mboleko yomfundi ixhaswa yi-federal or state state.)
Isohlwayo sokungabhalisi sinokuba nzima. Umntu ongabhalisanga iminyaka engama-26 uyokwaliwa umsebenzi okanye uqeqesho lomsebenzi kurhulumente womanyano okanye oorhulumente bamazwe abaninzi. Okwangoku, nayiphi na into engabhalisanga osilelayo ukubhalisa ngaphambi kweminyaka yobudala engama-26 ayiyi kufaneleka ukuba ngummi.
Ukanti, ngaphandle kokuchitha ngaphezulu kweedola ezingama-800 ezigidi kule minyaka ingama-35 idlulileyo, INkonzo yokuKhetha iyavuma ukuba ngamaipesenti ezingama-90 kuphela abathobela umthetho. Ke, unyaka nonyaka amadoda amalunga nama-200,000 atyibilika kwiminatha eyahlukeneyo yokuKhetha iiNkonzo, kwaye amadoda angaphezu kwesigidi anokutshutshiswa njengabasebenzi. Oko akubali manani athe aphule umthetho kuba ethe azazisi iiNkonzo zoNyulo ngalo lonke ixesha etshintsha idilesi yawo- imfuneko iphantse yahoywa.
Owayesakuba nguMlawuli weNkonzo yokuKhetha u-Bernard Rostker uchaze imeko eyayisisiphumo sekhomishini kulo nyaka uphelileyo, esithi, "inkqubo yobhaliso yangoku ayiboneleli ngohlu olupheleleyo okanye neenkcukacha ezichanekileyo zokusebenzisa uvavanyo. Ngokucwangcisiweyo kusilela kwiindawo ezinkulu zamadoda afanelekileyo kwaye kubandakanywa, imali yolwazi oluqulathiweyo iyathandabuza. " Ewe, uRostker waqukumbela: "Eyona nto iphambili kum akukho mfuneko yokuqhubeka nokubhalisa abantu."
Ke, kutheni le Nkonzo yokuKhetha iqhubeka ngaphandle kokungakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yayo esisiseko? I-Bureaucratic inertia yinxalenye yeempendulo. Ngokufana nezinye iinxalenye zemikhosi yezomkhosi-eyomzi-mveliso kunye neemfazwe zaseMelika ezingapheliyo, Inkonzo yokuKhetha ihlala niche encinci kwizixhobo zomkhosi eziqhubeka ngenxa yokuba kungekho mntu ucela umngeni kuzo.
Le arhente ikwasebenza njengezopolitiko zezopolitiko. Umlawuli wayo wangoku nguDon Benton, isiqinisekiso sakhe esiphambili somsebenzi kubonakala ukuba unyule iphulo likaTrump e-Pacific Northwest. UTrump waye wammisela kwi-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo, kodwa wagxothwa emva kweenyanga ezimbini kuphela ngenxa yokuba-eyodwa”Yokuziphatha kwaye emva koko yongamele inkonzo yeKhetho. Ukuqhubeka kwakhe kwakhona kunokufumana ukucutshungulwa ngakumbi xa iCongress ithathela ingqalelo isicelo sekhomishini yokubhalisa abafazi. Ngelixa senator yaseburhulumenteni eWashington, yena ukhe waxelela usenatoral wasetyhini weRiphabhliki ukuba wayephethe "intombazana encinci enetyhefu nenamantla."
Ayifanelanga na ukuba siyitshintshe idrafti ibe yinto eluncedo?
Kuyavunywa, inkonzo yoKhetho inokuba neziphene kakubi, kodwa ayifanelanga ukuba siyigcine inkqubo yoyilo yobhaliso ngaphandle kokuba sifuna ukulwa omnye umlo omkhulu? Injalo kanye indlela abaxhasi bayo abayikhusela ngayo iarhente. I-webhusayithi yayo icaphula uMongameli uTrump esithi: "Ngokwembali, ilizwe ligcinile ukubhaliswa kweNkonzo yokuKhetha ukubamba uthango malunga nentlekele engekalindelwanga. Ubhaliso luyindlela yokuqinisekisa ukulungela ukusebenza. ”
Ilungiselelwe ntoni? Abaxhasi bokusebenzisa le mvume bavuselela into yokuqala yeMfazwe Yehlabathi II, “Imfazwe elungileyo,” xa amadoda amalunga nezigidi ezingama-50 aphakathi kweminyaka eli-18 nengama-45 ezibhalisiweyo, izigidi ezili-10 zabhalwa, yaza ezinye ezizizigidi ezi-6 zabhaliswa emkhosini. Isininzi soluntu sikholelwa ukuba imfazwe yayilungile nokuba umkhosi ufuneka ukoyisa ukuthanda inkcubeko.
Ngaba imeko enjalo inokwenzeka njani kwihlabathi lanamhlanje? Itekhnoloji yezomkhosi-ezinje ngee-drones, ubukrelekrele bokuzoba kunye nemijukujelwa emide-itshintshe imeko yemfazwe yanamhlanje. Olutshintsho luye lwasusa isidingo samanani amakhulu okuqeqeshelwa ukukhanya kwabasebenzi, oko kukuthi, ifodan yenkukhu ebhalisiweyo.
Cinga ngenkulungwane edlulileyo. I-United States ibandakanyeke kwiingxwabangxwaba ezininzi ngaphandle kokuyilwa: Ngo-1991 urhulumente wakhawuleza waqokelela imikhosi engaphezu kwama-540,000, 100,000 ukuya kulwa iMfazwe yaseGulf. Kwimfazwe ebizwa ngokuba yiMfazwe ngeNzondo, kukho ixesha elinye i-150,000 lamabutho ase-US e-Afghanistan, ali-XNUMX e-Iraq, kwaye inani elincinci labasasazwa eSyria, Libya, Somalia, Niger, Chad, Mali nase Philippines.
Kuthekani ngokulungela emkhosini “intlekele engekalindelwa”? Ngokuka-Lieutenant Colonel odla umhlala-phantsi kunye nombhali-mbali uWilliam Astore, eUnited States inayo oko akubizayo “umkhosi onamandla wokuqhina ngokukhawuleza” omalunga nama-250,000 amajoni oMkhosi oKhethekileyo wokuSebenza kunye nemikhosi yaselwandle. Ukuba unokongeza kuloo nto iyonke, umkhosi wama-82 kunye nowama-101 woLwahlulo lweeNqwelomoya kwiLishumi, I-Astore igxininisa ukuba iUnited States "inamandla angaphezulu komkhosi wokubonelela ngokhuseleko lwelizwe laseMelika kanye."
INkonzo yokuKhetha ayinokudlala indima kukhuseleko lwesizwe, kodwa iyabuphembelela ubambiso kumatshini wokulwa kulwazi lwaseMelika. Yenye yeendlela ezifihlakeleyo ukuba umkhosi ubusisikhundla esamkelekileyo kuluntu lwethu. Ngaphandle kwabo bangathandekiyo abangavunyelwanga imisebenzi okanye iimali mboleko zekholeji, abanye kuthi kunqabile ukuba bakhunjuzwe ukuba uyilo luhamba emva kwezigcawu. Ukhetho lwenzekile ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka emva kokuba umongameli eyalele ukubulawa kwegosa eliphezulu laseIran kwaye watyhola ukuba uya kulwa ne-Iran. Ngosuku olulandelayo iwebhusayithi yeNkonzo yokuKhetha yagqabhuka ngenxa yokugcwala kwamadoda anexhala Ukujonga ukuba ingaba babezakuyilwa na.
Ukuphelisa ukunyanzelwa kube kanye
Xa i-Congress iqala ukuphikisana ngesindululo sekhomishini, sinokulindela ukuva iingxoxo ezixhasa ukunganyanzelwa kokuya emkhosini. Abanye banokuthi le drafti inyanzelisa uhlobo lokuzonwabisa koluntu kwaye babonise ngokungathandabuzekiyo kumava eekomiti zedlulileyo.
Isincoko uJoseph Epstein, nowayilwayo ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1950, zifunyenwe ukuba "Ngaphantsi kuyilo, intombazana yaseMelika iya kutshintsha - kwaye, nokugweba ngokwamava am, ngcono." Ukhumbula oku: Andikaze ndizive ndingumMelika kunangaphambili xa ndandiseMkhosini. ”
Le isenokuba yingxabano enamandla, kodwa ezinye iikomiti zazikhumbula kancinci impilo yobomi bomkhosi-ukunyanzeliswa kombutho, imithetho engenanto, uqeqesho lokubulala kunye nokulimaza. Kwaye u-Epstein akayithathi inxaxheba "ekhethiweyo" yenxalenye yeNkonzo yoNyulo. Ukuphinda kuqalise ukusebenza kuyayichaphazela kuphela ipesenti encinci yabemi kuba umkhosi awudingi izigidi zemizimba efudumeleyo. Umkhosi oxhobileyo ubeke umqobo phezulu kangangokuba iipesenti ezingama-70 zazo zonke iivolontiya ziyasilela kupasa uvavanyo lomzimba.
Kuthekani ngenkonzo yesizwe? Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ilizwe liwudinga kakhulu umsebenzi owenziweyo kwiziseko zaso, ukusebenza ukuphucula imithombo yamandla ahlaziyiweyo, ukuphucula amathuba emfundo kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo. Kutheni ungawukhulisi kakhulu amaMelika kunye noXolo ngeeCorps okanye ezinye iiarhente “zedrafti”?
Kuthekani ngobhubhani wangoku? "Kutheni kunganyanzelekanga ukuba kwinkonzo zokhetho zomgaqo-nkqubo okwangoku?" UCharli Carpenter, unjingalwazi eMass-Amherst, Iziqulatho zangoku ezi-od. "Khawufane ucinge ukuba i-Selection Service ibize abantu abancinci ukuba babe sesichengeni sokufa - yeka ukubulawa ngo-COVID-19 kwaye babayalela ukuba bangayi emkhosini kodwa baye kwinkonzo zaseburhulumenteni ezihlawulelwayo." Ucebise ukuba unyana wakhe uLiam, oneminyaka eli-18 ubudala abe kufanelekile ukuba afumane inkonzo enjalo.
Inkonzo kuzwelonke luluvo olunokubakho, kwaye ikhomishini yenze iingcebiso ezininzi malunga noku. Kodwa uninzi olunikela inkonzo yesizwe lunyanzelisa ukuba yenziwe inyanzeliswe. Kwaye kutheni abafana nje okanye abafana abancinci nabafazi? Phantse wonke umntu kulo naliphi na iqela lobudala unokwenza igalelo eliluncedo eluntwini, kwanee-septuagenarians njengam. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, phantse isiqingatha sabo bonke oomantyi baseMelika (48) badala kuneminyaka engama-65, njengabameli be-US abangama-147 nabalawuli abali-15. Umongameli wangoku ungama-73.
Ukanti awukhe uve umntu othile ecebisa ukuba kunyanzelwe okanye inkonzo yesizwe kubantu abakwiminyaka yabo. Okanye nyanzelisa ukuba abantu abaphakathi kweminyaka kunye nabantu abadala bacelwe ukuba babhalise kwiarhente yaseburhulumenteni kwaye babekhona ukuze bachithe iminyaka emibini yobomi babo emkhosini okanye kwinkonzo zokuzithandela ngokuzithandela phantsi kwesigwebo seminyaka emihlanu ejele kunye / okanye isohlwayo se- $ 250,000.
Ngokuqinisekileyo ayothusi into yokuba uphando lwelizwe bafumanise ukuba ngamashumi amathathu anesibhozo eepesenti kuphela abasetyhini, iipesenti ezingama-38 zamadoda bathande ukucebisa ngala makhomishini. Ukuba amalungu eCongress ajonga ukugcinwa njengento enokuthi isebenze kubo, ngokungathandabuzekiyo bayayixhasa amatyala okuphelisa INkqubo yeNkonzo yokuNyula uMkhosi ngokungekho mthethweni. Ukuba abathanga balahle iarhente, kuya kuba kubaphikisi abangaphangeliyo ukufumana iindlela zokudala zokuphelisa uvavanyo lwakho kube kanye.
URobert Levering waye wabasebenzi baseNew Mobe ngo-1969, enoxanduva lokuqeqesha iimashali. Waba yintatheli yeshishini elibhala iincwadi kunye namanqaku malunga nendawo yokusebenzela e-Fortune kunye namanye amaphephancwadi. Okwangoku ubhala incwadi malunga nefuthe lomlo ochasene neVietnam (“Imfazwe yaseKhaya”). Ukwangumcebisi wefilimu malunga nomnyhadala wokuyilwa ("Amakhwenkwe athi HAYI!", Ukuba ikhutshwe kulo nyaka uzayo) kwaye ungumvelisi wefilimu malunga nokuwa kuka-1969 ngemfazwe (“The Movement and the 'Madman '") Ukukhululwa kwentwasahlobo, 2021.
