Muna 1940, United States Yakasarudza Kutonga Nyika

NaDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, November 3, 2020

Stephen Wertheim's Mangwana, Nyika inoongorora shanduko mune yakasarudzika US yekune dzimwe nyika-mutemo kufunga kwakaitika pakati pa1940. Sei panguva iyoyo, gore nehafu pamberi pekurwiswa nemaJapan kuPhilippines, Hawaii, nedzimwe nzvimbo, zvakave zvakakurumbira mumatunhu emitemo yekune dzimwe nyika kutsigira hutongi hwemauto epasi rose eUS?

Mune zvinyorwa zvechikoro zvebhuku, United States yakanga izere nezvisikwa zvinodzokera shure zvinonzi vakazviparadzanisa panguva yeHondo Yenyika I uye kusvika muna Zvita 1941, mushure meizvozvo vakuru vakuru vepasi rese vakatora kuraira (kana isu tese tave tichitaura chiGerman uye kutambura kuburikidza nesarudzo dzakabirirwa dzefascistic yahoos, kusiyana nemanheru ano).

Muchokwadi, izwi rekuti "isolationist" harina kubikwa kusvika pakati pa1930s uyezve sekunyomba kunonyengera kunoshandiswa kune vanhu vaishuvira kuti hurumende yeUS ibatanidze nenyika nenzira dzakati wandei kubva pazvibvumirano kusvika pakutengesa. izvo zvaisanganisira zvechiuto. Anti-isolationism yaive uye inzira yekunyepedzera kunyepedzera kuti "kuita chimwe chinhu" zvinoreva kurwa, kutsigira NATO, uye kukurudzira "basa rekuchengetedza," nepo chero chimwe chinhu chichireva "kusaita chinhu."

Paive nemusiyano muma1920s pakati peavo vaifarira League of Nations neWorld Court nevaya vasina. Asi hapana kana boka raifarira kuputira pasi nezvigadziko zvemauto eUS, kana kutambanudza kunyangwe kufunga kwakaipisisa kweMonroe Dzidziso kune imwe nyika, kana kutsiva League of Nations nechinzvimbo chingaratidzika senge chiri kusimbisa hutongi hwepasirese asi zvichinyatsoita hutongi hweUS . Pre-1940 nyika dzepasi rese dzaive, kutaura zvazviri, vasina kukwana US nyika. Ivo, sekunyora kwaWertheim, "vaive nekwaniso yekuona United States semunhu angangorwisa anoda kuzvidzora." Vamwe, zvirokwazvo, vaisada izwi rekuti "kugona" ipapo.

Chii chakachinja? Ikoko kwaive nekusimuka kwefascism uye komunizimu. Ikoko kwakanga kune pfungwa yokuti League of Nations yakanga yakundikana. Paive nekutadza kwakakomba kwekuedza zvombo. Paive nekutenda kwekuti chero chakabuda muWWII chingave chakasiyana zvakasiyana. MunaSeptember 1939, iyo Council on Foreign Relations yakatanga kuita hurongwa hwekuumba iyo yapashure pehondo (zvakadaro permawar) nyika. Roosevelt White House muna 1940 yanga ichironga nyika yepashure pehondo yakabata muyero wesimba nemaNazi. Pfungwa dzekudzivirira zvombo, zvirinani kune vamwe, dzaive dzichiri chikamu chikuru chekufunga. "Zvombo zvekutengesa pasi" yanga isiri zita rekuti rakambofungidzirwa kuti United States irwire.

Wertheim anoona shanduko mukukunda kweGerman France. Shanduko yakauya nekukurumidza muna Chivabvu-Chikumi, 1940. Congress yakapa mari kuumbwa kwemauto makuru epasirese uye yakatanga chirongwa. Kupesana nengano dzakakurumbira, uye propaganda dzakasundirwa naMutungamiri Roosevelt, hapana munhu akatya kupinda kweNazi kuAmerica. Kana iyo United States haina kudhonzwa kukamba nekupopota mune yavo yemaitiro mutoro wekurwira pasirema mhirizhonga nemaitiro anotyisa epamba emaNazi kana chero basa rekununura vangangove vanyajambwa kubva mukuparadzwa kweNazi. Asi, US mutemo wezvekunze vepamusoro vakatya kukanganisa kutengeserana kwepasirese uye hukama hwepasi rine simba reNazi. Roosevelt akatanga kutaura nezvenyika umo United States yaingotonga nyika imwechete sekuiswa mutirongo.

United States yaida kutonga pasi rose kuti ivepo mune yehurongwa hwepasi rose hwaida. Uye iyo yega yepasi rose kurongeka yaaida ndiyo yaitonga. Varongi veUS vakaziva here nezveichi chinodikanwa sezvavaiona zviitiko muEurope? Kana ivo vakazoziva nezve mukana wayo sezvo vakatarisa hurumende yeUS ichivaka zvombo uye mutungamiri weUS achiwana zvigaro zveumambo? Zvichida zvimwe zveumwe neumwe. Wertheim akakodzera kusheedza isu kune chokwadi chekuti vakuru veUS havana kutaura nezvekutonga zvehondo pasi rose 1940 isati yasvika, asi pane imwe nguva here yavakataura nezve kutonga chero chinhu chakaderera pane zvavaive nezvombo nemauto zvekubata? Zvirokwazvo manzwi anga asiri ese anga ari emhando imwe chete, uye kwaigara kuripo tsika yekurwisa impiriyasi, asi yakazopa zvakawanda here kune avo yavakatorera kusvika mushure meWWII apo ndege nemaredhiyo zvakagadzira umambo hutsva (uye mamwe makoloni akaitwa inoti asi vamwe vakasununguka kana zvishoma)?

Hurumende yeUS uye vanachipangamazano vayo havana kungoona kuti vanokwanisa kutonga nyika uye kuti vanofanirwa kutonga nyika, asiwo izvo - mumashoko aGeneral George V. Strong, mukuru wemauto ehondo Zvirongwa Chikamu - Germany yaive yakaratidza "mukana wakakura wemhosva pane kuzvidzivirira." Hondo chaiyo yekudzivirira yaive hondo ine hukasha, uye chinangwa chinogamuchirwa cheizvozvo ndizvo zvakadaidzwa naHenry Luce nzvimbo yekugara naHitler akadana Lebensraum. Vakuru veUS vakasvika pakutenda kuti chete kuburikidza nehondo vanogona kuita kutengeserana kwakakodzera uye hukama. Mumwe anogona kubata izvi sechirevo chekucherechedza zvichibva mukukura kwefascism, kunyangwe vamwe vevanhu vamwe chete vachiona kucherechedzwa kwaive nehunhu hwekunakidzwa, dambudziko neGerman rinoratidzika kunge rakavepo kwavari chete kana rapinda kune mamwe marudzi asiri Russia, uye hapana kusahadzika kuti dai United States yaigara zvine runyararo, munharaunda, zvakaenzana, kugutsikana, uye nekuremekedza vanhu vese, zvingadai zvisina kuona kudiwa kweparmawar munyika yakatenderedza - ndoda kuenda kuzvicherekedza kwemakore makumi manomwe neshanu. .

Mukutanga kwa1941, wezvematongerwo enyika weUnited States anonzi Harold Vinacke akabvunza kuti, "Kana United States iine zviuru zvendege, mauto ayo mazhinji, akagadzirwa zvine mutsindo, uye ngarava dzayo mbiri dzemakungwa, dzinoshandiswa nei?" Vakuru vehurumende vanga vachikumbira zvakafanana kusvika kuna Madeline Albright naDonald Trump, nemhinduro yacho kazhinji ichionekwa seinozviratidza sevamwe chokwadi "chekuda nyika." Panguva yechirimo 1941, Roosevelt naChurchill vaive vazivisa ramangwana renyika muAtlantic Charter.

Kana hunyengeri iri rumbidzo yekuti zvakaipa zvinoripa kunaka, kwakasara humwe hunhu munharaunda yeUS nekufungidzira kwayo mutemo wezvekunze panguva yeWWII, nekuti tarisiro huru yevarongi vehondo yapashure pehondo yaive yekutengesa hutongi hwepasi rose kuruzhinji rweUS ( uye sezvineiwo nyika, uye pamwe zvakanyanya kukosha ivo pachavo) sechinhu chisiri icho chaicho Mhinduro, hongu, yaive United Nations (pamwe neWorld Bank, nezvimwewo). Undersecretary weHurumende Sumner Welles akatsanangura magadzirirwo eSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose nekudaro: "izvo zvataida yaive sop kumatunhu madiki: rimwe sangano ravaigona kumiririrwa nekuitwa kuti vanzwe sevatori vechikamu." Mumashoko aRoosevelt nyika dzeUN dzisati dzasikwa, nyika dzese asi ina, mune ramangwana pasangano repasirese, dzaizongo "puta mhepo."

Roosevelt akakurudzirawo kuti kuvepo kwesangano rekunyepedzera kuchaitendera kuti izivise hondo pachinzvimbo cheUS Congress, zvichireva kuti mutungamiri weUS angazokwanisa kutanga hondo pamadiro - chimwe chinhu senge zvatakaona kwemakore makumi manomwe apfuura NATO pano neapo ichizadza United Nations isingashandi.

Roosevelt akatenda kuti United States yakasainira mupurisa wepasi rose paakakunda Hitler. Hapana Roosevelt kana Wertheim vanotaura kuti Soviet Union yakaita 80% yekukunda Hitler, mushure mekunge yaita inenge 0% yekumusika.

Asi zvirokwazvo iro basa remupurisa wepasirese rinogona kusiyiwa basa, zvisinei kuti munhu akapinda sei mariri. Mubvunzo ikozvino ndewekuti sei. Zvemari uye zvehuzhinji uye vezvenhau uye mushandirapamwe-huwori hunofarira zvese zvinoshanda kupokana nekuparadza mauto ehondo, sezvinoita pfungwa yekurwisa "kuzviparadzanisa." Asi zvirokwazvo hazvigone kukuvadza kuziva kusatendeseka mune pfungwa uye nezvekuti kwaive kusiri nesu nguva dzose.