NaJohn Feffer, Zvekunze Policy muFocus
Chibvumirano chenyukireya neIran hachina kumboenda pamberi pevanhu veAmerica kuti vavhote kumusoro-kana-pasi. Zvakare zvaisada tsigiro yezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zveSeneti, sezvo chaive chisiri chibvumirano. Kuedza kudzoreredza chirongwa cheIran chezvombo zvenyukireya mukutsinhana nekubviswa kwezvimwe zvirango kwakatarisana nedambudziko rakakura. Yaifanira kukwezva mavhoti akakwana kuti atsigire mutungamiri wekutyisidzira kweveto chero ipi zvayo congressional kuedza kuuraya chibvumirano. Uye nekudaro, siginecha yaObama yekune dzimwe nyika kubudirira chaingoda kutsigirwa nemaseneta makumi matatu nemana chete (yaizopedzisira yawana mavhoti makumi mana nemaviri).
Chibvumirano cheIran chingadai chakafa mumvura dai chaida zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu kana kunyange ruzhinji rutsigiro muSeneti sezvo maRepublican ese - uye vaviri maDemocrats - vakapikisa danho iri. Zvakaoma kuziva kuti referendamu ingadai yakagadzira chii. Ruzhinji rwevanhu vekuAmerica vaida kuti Republican-inodzorwa Congress ipikisane nekugadziriswa, sekurevavhoti yeCNN mukupera kwaChikunguru 2015. Mumwe sarudzo kubva kuPublic Policy Polling panguva inenge imwe chete, zvisinei, vakawana kuti 54 muzana yeAmerica yakatsigira chibvumirano uye 38 muzana chete yaipikisa. Referendamu yaigona kuenda neimwe nzira.
Veruzhinji, mushure mezvose, vanochinja, sezvazvakaratidza zvakare muColombia.
Kupera kwesvondo rino, vavhoti munyika iyi vakaenda kunovhota kuti vaone mafambiro echibvumirano cherunyararo chekupedza hafu yezana remakore rekunetsana nevapanduki veRevolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). Mutungamiri weColombia Juan Manuel Santos akabhejera basa rake rezvematongerwo enyika panhaurirano dzerunyararo, dzakatora makore anoda kusvika matanhatu. Mukufamba kwezvematongerwo enyika, akafunga kuve nechokwadi chekuti ruzhinji rweColombia rwakagamuchira danho rakakosha remberi renyika. Maererano nesarudzo munaGunyana, vavhoti yakafarira chibvumirano nemuganho wakafara wakafara wembiri kune imwe.
Asi nemusi weSvondo, vhoti ye "kwete" yakagamuchira 50.21 muzana, ichingobvisa 49.78 muzana vakavhota "hongu."
Hakasi kekutanga kuti vavhoti vazeye nyaya dzemitemo yekunze mumwedzi ichangopfuura nenzira dzakavhiringa vanoongorora sarudzo nenyanzvi zvakafanana. Kudzoka muna Chikumi, vavhoti veBritish vakasarudza, zvichipesana netarisiro yese, ku bvisa nyika kubva muEuropean Union. Nguva pfupi zvisati zvaitika, vavhoti veDutch yakaramba chibvumirano chekutengeserana cheEU pamwe Ukraine.
Uye svondo rino, vavhoti vekuHungary vakati kwete kuhurongwa hweEU hwekugadzika vapoteri zvakaenzana mukondinendi yese. Kunyange zvazvo 98 muzana yeavo vakavhota vakaramba danho reEU, referendamu yakakundikana kukwezva nhamba dzakakwana kuti dziite kuti dzishande. Panzvimbo pekuratidza manzwiro avo e-EU kana pro-immigrant, vanhu vazhinji vakangogara pamba.
Izvo zvese zvine humbowo uye pragmatic kupokana kuti vanhu vanofanirwa kubvumidzwa kuvhota pazvinhu zvinovabata zvakananga. Panyaya yechibvumirano cherunyararo cheColombia, kushorwa kwakakosha kune chibvumirano chakasundirwa kubva kumusoro kunogona kumutsa zvakare kukakavara kwakatsigira hondo yevagari kwenguva refu. Pashure pezvose, ndizvo zvakaitika nekuedza kwepakutanga, sechibvumirano cha1985 chekuunza magandanga muhurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika.
Kune rimwe divi, UK, Hungary, neColombia idemocracy dzinomiririra, kwete demokrasi yakananga. Nekuti mabasa ehurumende akawanda uye akasiyana, tinosarudza vanhu kuti vamiririre pfungwa dzedu pavanenge vachiita basa rehofisi yavo. Referendamu, ingangoita muUnited States, inoshanda secheki kune vamiriri vedu kana vakanzvenga mutoro wavo.
Asi munyaya dzeBrexit, chibvumirano cherunyararo cheColombia, uye nekubvakacha kweHungary, hurumende dzakatsigira referenda. Vakanga vasiri macheki pamasimba, asi kukwidza nyaya dzekuva pamutemo.
Muzviitiko zvose zviri zvitatu, nhaurirano dzakabudisa zvibvumirano zviri mubvunzo dzakanga dzakareba uye dzakaoma. Vaida kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira uye kunzwisisa kwakakwana kwengozi dzekukundikana. Kuvaisa pareferenda kwaive kwakaenzana nezvematongerwo enyika kukumbira vaverengi kuti vapeHondo uye Rugare chigunwe chiri nyore kumusoro kana pasi zvichibva pakuverenga blurb pabutiro rekuseri kana, zvakanyanya, zviyero paAmazon. "Vavhoti vanofanirwa kuita sarudzo neruzivo rushoma, vachivamanikidza kuvimba nemashoko ezvematongerwo enyika - izvo zvinoisa simba mumaoko evakuru vezvematongerwo enyika kwete avo." nyora Amanda Taub naMax Fisher in The New York Times.
Tichifunga zvakabuda mumareferenda matatu aya, tofunga patsva marererwo akaitwa vavhoti zvakanangana nenyaya dzekuchengetedzwa kwenyika nekudyidzana nedzimwe nyika?
Rugare v. Justice
Chibvumirano ichi chakaitwa pakati pehurumende yeColombia neFARC chaive chakadzama zvekuti chakatodudza zvaizoitika kupfuti dzese dzainzi dzichauya nemabhunu mukati memazuva zana nemakumi masere kubva pakanyoreranwa chibvumirano. Sekureva kwechirongwa ichi, vachanyungudutswa voitwa matombo matatu achaiswa kuColombia, kuNew York kumuzinda weUN, uye kuCuba uko kwakaitika nhaurirano.
Izvi zviyeuchidzo zvesimbi zvaive zvisingaite gakava pagwaro rakaunza gakava rinotyisa revanotsigira muColombia. Kupikisa chibvumirano ichi, chinotungamirwa nevaimbove mutungamiri wenyika, Alvaro Uribe, chakanangana nezvikamu zvitatu zvikuru zvinoti: Hutongi hwenguva dzose, humiriri hwezvematongerwo enyika, uye budiriro yekumaruwa. Muchirongwa chekubvisa vanhu, ruzhinji rwemagandanga aizoregererwa uye anokodzera kubhadharwa kuti avabatsire kuchinjira kuhupenyu hwevanhu. FARC yaizove bato rezvematongerwo enyika rine zvigaro zvishanu zvakavimbiswa museneti neHouse of Representatives musarudzo mbiri dzinotevera muna 2018 na 2022. Investment yaizoyerera kuvarimi kuvanyengetedza kuti varege kurima zvinodhaka zvine mari. Muripo waizowanikwawo kune avo vakamanikidzwa kubva munyika yavo nevapanduki.
Chibvumirano hachisi chekuenderera mberi. Ndezve kubatanidza nyika yagara yakakamurwa pakati pevakuru vemudhorobha nevarombo vekumaruwa. Maererano ne chidimbu chakangwara in The New York Times:
Rodrigo Uprimny, purofesa paNational University uye nhengo yeDejusticia, sangano rekuongorora zviri pamutemo, akati Colombia haina chiziviso chenyika nekuda kwejogirafi, kuzivikanwa kwakasimba kwedunhu uye kusavapo kwengano yemazuva ano yekutanga.
“Tinoda ngano isina hukasha asi ine gutsaruzhinji,” vakadaro. "Uye hapana chinhu chiri nani kupfuura chibvumirano cherunyararo chakaitwa kwete nekukunda kwemauto asi nekuda kwenhaurirano nekutaurirana."
Chokwadika, ngano yenyika inogona bedzi kushanda neiyi nzira kana vanhu vakanyoresa kwairi. Zvakabuda mureferendamu ichangoburwa zvinoratidza kuti nyika inoramba yakakamukana zvekuti haitombobvumi kuti haibvumirani.
Kune hondo yekurwa iyo isina kutambura kukundwa kwakanyatsojeka munhandare yehondo, mitemo yechibvumirano yakanga yakaoma kuti FARC imedze. Hapana chaaiwana kubva muchibvumirano cherunyararo chaigona kuumba kukunda kwakajeka pane chero nyaya dzakasimudzira kurwisana kwekutanga. Paizove pasina hurongwa hwekugovana masimba, ndoda shanduko yekuchinja kwehurongwa. FARC yaisazotonga chero nzvimbo kana kutungamira chero masangano. Uye hapangavi neshanduko ipi neipi yevhu yekugovanisa pfuma yevaridzi veminda yakakura kuvarombo nevasina minda. Chokwadi, chibvumirano chaizogadzira homwe yevhu, iyo vasina minda vaigona kuwana. Asi homwe iyi yaizongove nemidziyo isina kutorwa neyakatorwa zvisiri pamutemo.
Panyaya yekururamisira, zvakadaro, varwi veFARC vaigona kudzivirira kusungwa. Maonero akazendamira panyaya iyi sechinhu chinonamira pachibvumirano. Ruzhinji rwakatetepa rwevavhoti veColombia vaisangoda kukanganwira uto remagandanga rine mhosva yekuponda kwakawanda uye mhirizhonga mumakore apfuura.
Zvakadaro ongororo yakawanda yechibvumirano ichitadza kuratidza kuti iwo mazwi akareruka angashanda kune ese ari maviri magandanga uye nerudyi-paramilitaries uye hurumende yakakonzera chikamu chakanaka chehutsinye. SeHuman Rights Watch inotsanangura:
Chibvumirano chinotaura zvine mutsindo kuti vanopara mhosva vanoreurura hutsinye havazosunungurwe kubva mutirongo kana mutirongo chete, asiwo kubva kune chero nzira "yakaenzana" yekuvharirwa. Ivo vanozove pasi pe "zvirango" zvine "kudzoreredza uye kugadzirisa basa" - kusiyana neanoranga - uye zvinosanganisira kuita “zvirongwa” zvekubatsira vanenge vawirwa nemhirizhonga.
Iko hakuna "mhosva dzehondo" muchibvumirano (kunyangwe vatadzi vasingareurura uye vakawanikwa vaine mhosva vanogona kutarisana nenguva yakakosha yejeri). Nokuda kwavanyajambwa vazhinji pamativi ose ari maviri erwisano, mutengo worugare wakanga uri mukuru. Asi vamiriri vemapoka evakabatwa munhaurirano vakagadzirira kubhadhara mutengo iwoyo. Notes the Christian Science Monitor:
Mukati menhaurirano, mapoka evanyajambwa akanga ari patafura uye akanga ari musimboti pakuisa inzwi rokuzvidemba kumativi ose, uye ipapo kutsigira nzira yeruramisiro. Kukushamiswa kwehurumende, vanyajambwa vakanga vachifarira zvikuru kugumisa hondo, kudzidza zvokwadi pamusoro pemitezo yemhuri yavo yakarasika, uye kuwana muripo panzvimbo pokupa zvirango zvakaoma kuavo vanobatanidzwa mukurwisana.
Uribe, uyo baba vake vakanga vafira mumaoko eFARC, akanga asina chimwe cheizvi. Akashandisa nyaya yehutongo hwematsotsi kuunganidza veruzhinji vachipokana nechibvumirano, asi pakupedzisira ainyanya kufarira kudzivirira zvishuwo zvakadzika midzi. Iwo oligarchs ane zvishuwo Uribe anomiririrwa nemoyo wese ari muhofisi haadi kuona kunyangwe kudzoreredzwa kwevhu. Uyewo havadi kuona zvigaro zvedare reparamende zvakasiiwa zvawanda nekuwanda kwevaimbovhota. Iwo oligarchs haadi kubatanidzwa. Vanoda kubviswa.
"Kufananidzwa kwe 'nzira yakaoma' kune magandanga, tapuro yakanaka yeUribe ingave kubviswa zvachose kwevapanduki vekuruboshwe, pasina kunzwika kana kutariswa mukugadzira nyika itsva" akanyora Juan Sebastian Chavarro weKanzuru yeHemispheric Affairs. "Shamwari yechokwadi yeWashington, uye mumiriri wevaridzi veminda vakapfuma, maitiro ake akajeka uye kusagadzikana kuri pachena neshanduko dzinobatanidza magariro hazvifanire kushamisa."
Hapana akajeka kuti chii chinotevera muColombia. Vese Mutungamiri Santos nemutungamiri weFARC, Rodrigo Londoño Echeverri, vavimbisa kuti vachamisa kurwa uye kuenderera mberi nekushandira kugadzirisa murunyararo. Mabhunu akatotanga kuita zvishoma nezvishoma kubatanidzwazve, kuita kusangana kwemhuri uye kuronga zvisati zvamboitika. hurukuro nevatori venhau. Santos ine ruzhinji rweparamende, uye pachine zvakawanda zvakanaka zvine chekuita nenhaurirano. Zvichida zvese zvinodikanwa kuchengetedza chibvumirano iri nani kubuda-iyo-vhoti mushandirapamwe uye kugadzirisa zvishoma yechibvumirano kuwana rutsigiro rwezvinhu zvine musoro zvevanopikisa.
Vanhu vekuHungary, nehurongwa hwavo hwereferendamu, vaive nehungwaru hwekuda kuti vanhu vavhote nezvikamu makumi mashanu kubva muzana kuti sarudzo ive yechokwadi (kunyangwe hurumende yakafunga kushandura bumbiro remutemo kuti ribvise EU). MuColombia, nhamba yevavhoti yakanga iri inenge 50 muzana, asi izvozvo zvakanga zvakakwana kufumura boka rakanyatsogadzirwa rokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Hapana mubvunzo kuti kune makumi ezviuru zvevaColombia vanotsigira chibvumirano avo vakagumbuka zvikuru ivo pachavo nekusanetseka kuenda kunovhota.
Kukundikana kweDemocracy
Kazhinji, handifadzwi nepfungwa yekuti “nyanzvi” dzinosarudza zvese zvine chekuita nekuchengetedzwa kwenyika nekuti munhuwo zvake haazive zvakadzama, mastakes, uye mhedzisiro yemitemo yakakodzera. Tarisa kuhondo muIraq. Vezvematongerwo enyika, kunze kwevashoma, vakatsigira kupindira kweUS. Zvaiva pachena kuti vakanga vasina kururama.
Asi ndizvo zvakanga zvakaita ruzhinji rwevaAmerica, vanopfuura 60 muzana vavo vakatsigira hondo nguva isati yatanga kupindira muna 2003. Uchenjeri chinhu chisingawaniki pakati pevatungamiriri uye inotungamirwa.
Democracy ihurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika. Haisi nzira yekukundikana-yakachengeteka kuburitsa mhedzisiro yakanaka maererano nerunyararo rwepasirese nechengeteko, optimal performance economic performance, kana maitiro ehutsika. Sarudzo dzakaitwa mumatare edzimhosva dzinongoziviswa chete sevanovhota pachavo. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune inomiririra democracy. Chokwadi tinowana vezvematongerwo enyika vatinokodzera.
Zvimwe zvinhu, zvisinei, zvakangonyanya kukosha kuti zvive pachena kana demokrasi izere. Panyaya yenhaurirano dzerunyararo, kuvanzika kunogona kuve nzira yakakosha yekuvaka kuvimbana pakati pemapato ari kutaurirana uye kufambira mberi pasina vatori venhau vanokanganisa hurongwa nekuburitsa ruzivo. Zvimwe chetezvo ndezvechokwadi nezvedemokrasi. Chibvumirano cheIran chakadzivirira ingave iri hondo inoparadza. Yaingove yakakosha nyaya yekuisa kune plebiscite (kana kunyangwe kuvhoti yakazara yeSeneti pachibvumirano).
MuColombia, chibvumirano cherunyararo chakagadzirirwa kuporesa nyika yakakamukana. Kusvika pari zvino, yangowedzera kudzika kupatsanurwa ikoko. Chikamu chakanakisa chedemocracy, zvisinei, kugona kwayo shanduko. Vatsigiri vekufambira mberi vanongofanirwa kuita nyaya inonyengetedza - uye nekukurumidza. Chidzidzo icho vanhu vekuAmerica vangave nehungwaru kuteerera isu pachedu tichigadzirira kuenda kunovhota mwedzi unouya.
