Fredrik S. Heffermehl (1938-2023)

NaPeter van den Dungen, World BEYOND War, February 9, 2024

Murwiri werunyararo wekuNorway uye gweta akaita mushandirapamwe wakareba achipokana neNorwegian Nobel Committee yekusaremekedza kuda kwaAlfred Nobel.

Kusagadzikana kwaikura kwekuti vanhu Alfred Nobel vaifunga sevanofanirwa kuwana mubairo werunyararo vaive vachirasikirwa uye kuti sarudzo dzeNobel Nobel Committee dzaiwanzotadza kuremekedza zvinangwa zvaNobel (sezvakaratidzwa mukuda kwake), akatungamira gweta rekuNorway uye murwiri werunyararo Fredrik. S. Heffermehl kutanga mushandirapamwe wekumanikidza Komiti kuunza mibairo yayo zvakanyanya kuenderana nezvinodiwa zvewiro. Nechikonzero chakakura akapokana kuti Makomiti akateedzana haana kumbobvira aongorora zviri pamutemo (maererano nemubairo werunyararo) kana kufunga nezvemamiriro akange apa mubairo.

Heffermehl, akafira kumba kwake pedyo neOslo musi wa21 Zvita (mavhiki mashoma mushure mekupemberera makore makumi masere nemashanu.^th zuva rekuzvarwa musi wa11^th Mbudzi), aive nhengo inotungamira yeNorwegian Peace movement, yeInternational Association of Lawyers against Nuclear Arms (IALANA), uye aimbova mutevedzeri wemutungamiri weInternational Peace Bureau (1910 Nobel laureate). Semutsigiri anoshingaira wemishandirapamwe yeruzhinji ine chekuita nekubviswa kwehondo, kubvisa zvombo, kugadzirisa kukakavara murunyararo, kusimbaradzwa kweUnited Nations nemutemo wepasi rose, nekudyidzana kwenyika dzese, ainyatsoziva kuti kushaikwa kwemari kwakaganhurira huwandu uye kubudirira kweizvi. kuedza uko kuunganidza kwenhamba huru dzevanhu kunoenderana nekusimudzira ruzivo, kukurudzira tariro, uye kukurudzira kubatanidzwa. Musiyano negadziriro yemauto uye upfumi hwakawanda hwainahwo haugone kuve mukuru. Izvi zvino zvave nekuwedzera kubuda mukutonga kweJuggernaut, mauto-maindasitiri ekisheni iyo Mutungamiriri weUS Dwight Eisenhower (Mutungamiriri weHondo Yenyika II ane nyeredzi ina) akanga ayambira pamusoro payo mukutaura kwake muna 1961 kuvanhu veAmerica. Pakupera kwe19^th zana remakore Alfred Nobel akanga afanotaura kudzokera kuhutsinye mukati memakumi mashoma emakore kana masimba akakundikana kugadzirisa hurongwa hwepasi rose kuitira kuti kudzokera kuhondo kunenge kusisiri sarudzo. Dzose dziri mbiri hondo dzenyika, uye hondo dzisingaverengeki kubvira ipapo uye dziri kupfuurira nhasi, dzakasimbisa fungidziro yake. Kwegore rechipiri richitevedzana, Doomsday Clock yeBulletin of the Atomic Scientists inomira zvinotyisa pamasekonzi makumi mapfumbamwe kusvika pakati pehusiku - nguva yengozi isina kumboitika.

Mibvunzo yekuti rugare chii, uye kuti ndiani anofanirwa neunozivikanwa nevakawanda semubairo wepamusoro-soro pasi rose, inomutswa Gumiguru wega wega apo Norwegian Nobel Committee inozivisa (mazita) e(va)mubairo mutsva. Mumwe mukana weimwe gakava unouya mwedzi miviri gare gare apo mhemberero yemubairo inoitika muOslo musi wa10^th December, zuva rakafa Alfred Nobel muna 1896. Mubairo wevaidana kuti 'mashamponi orugare' ndomumwe wemibayiro mishanu yegore negore iyo muvambi weSweden uye muzvinabhizimisi akabudirira akabatanidza mubhuku rake renhaka rokupedzisira netesitamende yakanyorwa gore rakanga rapfuura. Wiri iyi yakataura kuti hupfumi hwake huzhinji hunofanirwa kuiswa muhomwe, iyo mhindu inofanira kushandiswa gore negore kupa mibairo kune avo vakapa 'rubatsiro rwakanyanya kuvanhu'. Kusiyana nemibairo yefizikisi, chemistry, physiology kana mushonga, uye mabhuku, mubairo werunyararo waive (uye unoramba) uchipokana. Heffermehl akanga ari mutsoropodzi wake akanyanya, anoshingirira uye ane shungu ukuwo ari iye ainyatsogona kududzira izvo mubairo waifanira kunge uri uye uchiri kugona kuva.

Pakanga patove nekusagadzikana pakati peavo mukuziva muna 1901 (apo mubairo wekutanga wakapihwa) kuti Frédéric Passy, ​​mutana mukuru wesangano rerunyararo reFrance nepasirese, aifanira kugovera mubairo naHenry Dunant, muvambi weRed Cross. . Wiri yakataura kuti mubairo werunyararo unofanirwa kuenda ku'munhu anenge aita basa rakawanda kana rakanakisa rekudyidzana pakati penyika, kubviswa kana kuderedzwa kwemauto akamira uye nekuita nekusimudzirwa kwemakongiresi erunyararo'. Kunyange zvazvo basa reRed Cross rakanakira zvikuru, kana richisangana nemaitiro akataurwa naNobel zvinopokana zvikuru. Mubairo wacho wakanga usina kuitirwa kubatsira vanyajambwa vehondo, asi nokuda kwenhamburiko dzinotungamirira kukugumiswa kwayo. Zvimwe chetezvo kune mibairo inokudza basa rekusimudzira, semuenzaniso, kodzero dzevanhu, rusununguko rwenhau, hukama hwevashandi, kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu, kuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza.

Hazvigone kupokana kuti Nobel akapesvedzerwa zvakanyanya nehushamwari hwake neAustrian baroness Bertha von Suttner, munyori weinotengeswa inorwisa-hondo novel, Isa maoko ako pasi (1889) iyo yakashandurirwa mumitauro yakawanda yeEurope. Akanyora bhuku iri mushure mekunge adzidza nezvekuvapo kwesangano rerunyararo (International Arbitration and Peace Association, yakagadzirwa muLondon muna 1880 naHodgson Pratt), kuitira kuti vaunze vanhu vazhinji mubato rerunyararo. Nenguva isipi, iye pachake akava mutungamiriri wacho ane mukurumbira uye anoremekedzwa zvikuru. Mari ndiwo matsinga ehondo, akateterera Nobel kuti aivewo matsinga erunyararo. Akavamba Austrian Peace Society, akavamba pamwe chete neGermany Peace Society uye aibatanidzwa zvikuru mumisangano yegore negore yesangano rorugare repasi rose rakaitwa muzana remakore rechina Hondo Yenyika I isati yatanga. Nobel aiwanzopindura zvakanaka kuchikumbiro chake chemari pasina izvozvo. angadai asina kukwanisa kuenderera mberi nebasa rake. Mutsamba yake yekupedzisira, mushure mekunge Nobel ataura nezvehutano hwake husina kunaka, akamukurudzira kuti arambe achimutsigira 'kunyangwe kubva kunze kweguva'. Zvaizivikanwa zvakanyanya panguva iyoyo kuti kutsigira kwaNobel mushure mekufa kwesangano rerunyararo (kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwemubairo werunyararo) kwakakonzerwa naBertha von Suttner uyo aitarisirwa zvakanyanya kuve wekutanga kugamuchira. Aifanira kumirira kusvika 1905.

Mumushandirapamwe unoshamisa unotora makore angangosvika makumi maviri uye wakanyorwa muzvinyorwa zvakawanda uye mabhuku akati wandei (shanduro dzeChirungu muna 2010 na2023), Heffermehl akapokana kuti mubairo waNobel waiitirwa kutsigira runyararo uye zvakare kubvumira vechidiki vane tarenda vaive vachishanda vakananga. nyika isina hondo isingafaniri kunetseka nezve kuwana chokurarama nacho. Mubhuku rake razvino uye rekutanga, Iyo Chaiyo Nobel Runyararo Mubairo: Mukana Wakaraswa Wekubvisa Hondo (ona https://realnobelpeace.org/), akaongorora mubairo wese, uye kudomwa kwese kwakagamuchirwa neKomiti, kuburikidza nelenzi iyi, ichishandisa zvakanyanya dura rayo. Kunyatsoongorora kwake kwakaguma nerunyorwa umo inopfuura hafu yevatambi vese (kusanganisira vatungamiri nemakurukota ekunze) vakatsiviwa nevanotungamira vasimudziri verunyararo nemutemo wenyika dzakawanda. Akaratidza kuti, nguva nenguva, mazano anovimbisa uye zvirongwa zvinokurudzira kubviswa kwezvombo, kubvisa mauto uye kubviswa kwehondo zvakafuratirwa mukufarira basa rekusimudzira, semuenzaniso, mutemo wekune dzimwe nyika weNorway, kana nezvenzvimbo dzinenge dzichingobatana chete nekutsvaga nyika. rugare uye kurongeka kutsva kwenyika yose yekushandira pamwe, kwete kurwisana. Heffermehl akaratidzawo zvakasimba kuti Komiti yaisagona kunge yakanyanyisa kukanganisa apo, pazviitiko gumi neshanu (tisingabatanidzi makore eHondo Yenyika II apo Norway yakanga yatorwa), yakasarudza kusaita mubairo pamusana pechikonzero chenhema chekuti hapana mumiriri aionekwa seakakodzera. Iko hakuna zviitiko zveiyi tsika isina mukurumbira mushure me1972.

Zita repakati raHeffermehl raiva Stang; akanga ane ukama naFredrik Stang, purofesa wezvemitemo uyo aivawo mukuru wezvematongerwo enyika uyewo sachigaro weNorwegian Nobel Committee kwemakore anoda kusvika makumi maviri (1921-1940). Heffermehl akaenda kumhemberero dzepagore dzeNobel dzerunyararo muOslo kekutanga muna 1964 apo Martin Luther King akapa hurukuro yake yeNobel. Aigarokokwa kumhemberero dzese mumakore aitevera asi izvi zvakangoerekana zvapera paakatanga danidziro yake mushure mekunyatsoongorora testamende yaNobel. Sezvakarondedzerwa zvakadzama mubhuku rake razvino, akawana mazano erunyararo uye vanhu vakanakisa mudura reNorwegian Nobel Committee (nekuda kwemutemo wemakore makumi mashanu ekuvanzika, Heffermehl aingokwanisa kuvabvunza kwenguva kubva 1901 kusvika pakutanga. 1970s). Zvisinei, vaiwanzofuratirwa kana kuti kutsauswa nemaune pakusarudzwa kwevachahwina. Kunyange zvazvo United Nations yakavambwa 'kuchengetedza zvizvarwa zvinotevera kubva kudenda rehondo' - chaivewo chinangwa chaBertha von Suttner naAlfred Nobel - vimbiso iyoyo inoramba isina kuzadzikiswa. Kutenda mukuchengeteka nesimba remauto kunoramba kuchitonga zvikuru, kunyange munguva yenyukireya. Aimbove Norwegian Consumer Ombudsman, Heffermehl akaona kuti chaaiwanzowana chisipo muchikamu chemauto kuchengetedzwa kwevatengi. Nepo zvombo nezvombo zviri izvo zvinopa mari zvikuru pamisika yose, akawana chokwadi chiduku muzvipikirwa zvaro zvechengeteko. Zvirokwazvo, akapokana kuti indasitiri yezvombo iri kutengesa mhinduro kumatambudziko ayo ainogadzira. Marudzi anopindura kutya mamwe marudzi nokuzviita anotyisa zvikuru, achivimbisa kukwira kusingagumi muzvose zviri zviviri mutengo nengozi.

Sezvineiwo Heffermehl aive nemaonero akanyanya-tarisiro pamusoro pekugona kwemubairo werunyararo kupa mupiro mukubviswa kwehondo (chero bedzi wakapihwa zvinoenderana nevavariro yemuvambi). Sezvaakazvitaura muchidimbu uye zvisingakanganwike, 'mubairo waifanira kunge uri uye nyika yaigona kuve'.

Kupfuura nakare kose, kupona munguva yeatomu kunoda 'kuderedzwa uye kubviswa kwemauto akamira' akatemerwa naNobel nekuisa nzira kuhondo (ikozvino nezvombo zvekuparadza kukuru) kunze kwemutemo. Kutenda kumushandirapamwe waHeffermehl kuti mukati memakore gumi nemashanu apfuura, Komiti yeNobel yeNorway yakagadzira tsika yekupembedza sarudzo yemubairo nekuratidza kuti inozadzisa sei basa raAlfred Nobel - kunyangwe izvi zvinowanzoenderana nekubhadhara muromo chete. Sechikamu chemushandirapamwe wake, Heffermehl akagadzira gore rega rega runyorwa rwevanhu nemasangano anozivikanwa kuve akasarudzwa uye aine kodzero, mufungidziro yake, yekugamuchira mubairo. Akashoropodza kuvanzika kwakapoteredza hurongwa hwekudomwa uye akakurudzira kujeka kukuru uye kutora chikamu kwakakura. Akatorawo nyaya nekusarudzwa kwenhengo shanu dzeKomiti: nepo ruzivo rwe, kufarira, uye kutsigirwa kwesangano rerunyararo raifanira kunge riri mamiriro ekukodzera kuve nhengo, hunhu uhu hahuna kumbove humbowo. Nhengo dzinogadzwa nekomiti yeparamende yeNorway nenzira inoratidza chimiro chayo chezvematongerwo enyika; nhengo yeKomiti inotorwa sebheji rerukudzo asi hazvireve hazvo hunyanzvi. Kwenguva yakareba, nhengo dzeKomiti dzaive dzisiri nhengo dzeparamende chete asi dzimwe nguva zvakare mutungamiriri wehurumende, kana gurukota rezvekunze rinotungamira Heffermehl kuti ataure, 'Mamaneja emauto eNorway akakwanisawo kumisa mubairo wekubvisa mauto'.

Kunyange zvazvo Komiti yakaramba danidziro yake sekuda kwemunhu mumwe kusiririsa kwakavakirwa pakusaverenga zvisizvo kwechido chaNobel, akanakidzwa nerutsigiro rwenyanzvi dzezvemitemo dzakawanda kubva kuNorway nemhiri, uye kunyange kubva kune vaimbove vatongi veDare Repamusorosoro reNorway, kusanganisira aimbove Mutongi Mukuru. Hazvirevi kutaura kuti mushandirapamwe wake wakatsigirwawo nevamiriri vanotungamira vesangano repasi rose rerunyararo uye kurwisa zvombo avo, saBertha von Suttner, vanovimba nerutsigiro rwemari pasina kufambira mberi kwakaoma kuwana. Achipokana neKomiti, Heffermehl akadhirowawo pamadhiri akavanzika aGunnar Jahn, munyori wezvemitemo uye anotungamira wezvematongerwo enyika, anga ari nhengo yeKomiti kweanoda kusvika makore makumi matatu uye akashanda sesachigaro wayo kwekota yezana (1941-1966) . Mubhuku rake rekutanga, Nobel Peace Prize: Ndeipi Nobel Chaizvo Chaida (2010), Heffermehl aisanganisira zvinyorwa zvirefu, zvakashandurwa kekutanga kubva kuNorwegian, zvichiratidza kuti pane dzimwe nguva Jahn akatyisidzira kusiya basa nekuti aisakwanisa kutarisana nesarudzo yemumiriri nedzimwe nhengo. Pazviitiko zvakadaro, Jahn akaruramisa kusagadzikana kwake, uye kuda kune mumwe mubairo, nekutaura zvakajeka kumashoko ekuda kwaNobel uye kuona kuti vaaishanda navo vaive vachiisa mberi mumiriri ane basa rairumbidzwa risingaite nerunyararo mukunzwisisa kwaAlfred. Nobel. Mudhayari rake Jahn akanyunyuta kuti dzimwe nhengo dzekomiti dzaisanyanya kufarira paakataura nezveNobel.

Mukuongorora kwake kweunyanzvi hwekuda kwaNobel, Heffermehl akakwanisawo kutora nzwisiso yaRagnvald Moe, munyori akashanda kwenguva refu weNorwegian Nobel Committee. Mubhuku rakanga risina kujairika mukutsvaga nhoroondo yemubairo werunyararo weNobel uye wesangano rerunyararo kubva ku1896 kusvika 1930 (rakabudiswa muna 1932 muchiFrench), Moe akacherekedza shanduko yakaitwa naNobel maererano nemubairo werunyararo mutestamende yake yekupedzisira zvichienzaniswa. neyakapfuura vhezheni uye vakagumisa kuti 'vanonyatso kufukidza zvakasiyana-siyana zverunyararo musangano muma1890'.

Nguva pfupi yadarika mushandirapamwe waHeffermehl wakasvika padanho rinokatyamadza apo aimbove sachigaro weKomiti (2009-2015) akataura kuti kunzwisisa kwaNobel nezverunyararo (uye 'vakwikwidzi verunyararo') kunofanirwa kunge kuri kutungamira kweKomiti uye kumisa zvirambidzo pachimiro che. basa rinogona kutariswa kune mubairo. Ndiye wezvematongerwo enyika ane mukurumbira, Thorbjørn Jagland, aimbova mutungamiriri weNorway uye gurukota rezvekunze. Muna 2009 akabatanidza zvinzvimbo sasachigaro wekomiti yeNobel uye purezidhendi weparamende, ndokuzobatanidzwa kuve nhengo yekomiti uye munyori mukuru weCouncil of Europe. Mune ndangariro dzake (2021), akanyora kuti 'hapanogona kuve nekupokana kuti Alfred Nobel aida kuti nyika ikunde kusarudzi uye mauto. A new world order yaifanira kukura - aida kuita chimwe chinhu nenyika. Zviri pachena kuti maitiro ari muwiro zvirambidzo zvekuti mubairo unogona kupihwa ani. Haikwanisi kupiwa kuvanhu vose vane chido chakanaka vanoshuvira zvakanakira vanhu. Vanokunda mubairo vanofanira kuva nehurongwa hwakajeka hunogona kunzi hunotungamirira kune chinangwa chekubviswa kwechiuto uye nyika uye kuumbwa kwehurongwa hutsva hwepasi rose'. Heffermehl akatora mazwi aJagland mukutaura kwake pachiitiko pakati peOslo kutanga kwaNovember Iyo Chaiyo Nobel Peace Prize uye akataura nenzira kwayo kuti iye zvino akanga ava shamwari yake ine magwaro akajeka. Zvinogona kunge zviri izvo kuti Jagland, pakupedzisira, akange anyengetedzwa nenyaya yakatevedzwa zvine hushingi naHeffermehl. Heffermehl akati, 'Ndinoda kuzivisa hondo yangu yemakore gumi nematanhatu nevatambi veNobel yapera. Tinogona kuenderera mberi netsanangudzo yakafanana'. Zvinoshamisa kuti mavhiki mashoma gare gare akafa panguva iyi yakakosha. Izvo zvicharamba zvichionekwa kuti mushandirapamwe wake uchave wakave nemhedzisiro inogara pane ramangwana reNobel Committee.

(Dr) Peter van den Dungen ndiye Mudzidzisi/Mudzidzisi Anoshanyira (1976-2015) muRugare Studies, University of Bradford, UK; Kushanyira Shamwari, Norwegian Nobel Institute (2000); Munyori wezvinyorwa zvakati wandei pamusoro pemubairo weNobel werunyararo, kusanganisira zvimwe zvakaburitswa neInstitute.