ExxonMobil Inoda Kutanga Hondo muSouth America

Ne Vijay Prashad, Globetrotter, December 4, 2023

Musi waZvita 3, 2023, nhamba huru yevavhoti vakanyoresa muVenezuela vakavhota mureferendamu yedunhu reEssequibo rinopokana neGuyana yakavakidzana. Vanenge vose avo Votora akapindura hongu kumibvunzo mishanu. Iyi mibvunzo yakabvunza vanhu veVenezuela kuti vasimbise hutongi hwenyika yavo pamusoro peEssequibo. “Nhasi,” akati Mutungamiri weVenezuelan Nicolas Maduro, "hapana vanokunda kana vanokundwa." Iye chete anokunda, akadaro, hutongi hweVenezuela. Mukuru akarasikirwa, akadaro Maduro, ndiye ExxonMobil.

Muna 2022, ExxonMobil akaita purofiti yemadhora mabhiriyoni 55.7, zvichiita kuti ive imwe yemakambani emafuta akapfuma uye ane simba zvikuru pasi rose. Makambani akadai seExxonMobil, anoshandisa simba rakawandisa pamusoro pehupfumi hwenyika uye pamusoro penyika dzine matura emafuta. Iine matende pasi rose, kubva kuMalaysia kuenda kuArgentina. Mune yake Humambo hwakazvimiririra: ExxonMobil uye American Power (2012), Steve Coll rinotsanangura iyo kambani i "nyika yemubatanidzwa mukati meAmerican state." Vatungamiriri veExxonMobil vagara vaine hukama hwepedyo nehurumende yeUS: Lee "Iron Ass" Raymond (Chief Executive Officer kubva 1993 kusvika 2005) aive shamwari yepedyo yeMutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weUS Dick Cheney uye akabatsira kuumba mutemo wehurumende yeUS pakushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. ; Rex Tillerson (akatsiva Raymond muna 2006) akasiya kambani iyi muna 2017 kuti ave Secretary of State of America pasi peMutungamiri Donald Trump. Coll inotsanangura mashandisiro anoita ExxonMobil simba renyika yeUS kuwana akawanda uye akawanda matura emafuta uye kuve nechokwadi chekuti ExxonMobil inova mubatsiri wezvinowanikwa.

Tichifamba munzvimbo dzakasiana-siana dzokuvhotera muCaracas pazuva resarudzo, kwakanga kuri pachena kuti vanhu vakavhota vaiziva chaizvoizvo chavakanga vachivhotera: kwete zvikuru kwazvo mukurwisana navanhu veGuyana, nyika ine chiverengero chavagari vapasi vanopfuura 800,000 XNUMX zvishomanene. asi ivo vaivhotera hutongi hweVenezuela vachipesana nemakambani akaita seExxonMobil. Mamiriro ezvinhu muvhoti iyi - kunyangwe dzimwe nguva aikanganiswa neveVenezuelan patriotism - yaive pamusoro pechishuwo chekubvisa pesvedzero yemakambani emarudzi akawanda uye kubvumira vanhu vekuSouth America kugadzirisa kusawirirana kwavo uye kugovana hupfumi hwavo pakati pavo.

Apo Venezuela Yakadzingwa ExxonMobil

Hugo Chávez paakakunda musarudzo yemutungamiri wenyika yeVenezuela muna 1998, akati zviwanikwa zvenyika—kunyanya mafuta, ayo anotsigira budiriro yenyika—zvinofanira kunge zviri mumaoko evanhu kwete makambani emafuta akaita se. ExxonMobil. “El petroleo es nuestro” (mafuta ndeedu), ndiyo yaive sirogani yemazuva iwayo. Kubva 2006, hurumende yaChávez yakatanga kutenderera kwenyika, iine mafuta pakati (mafuta akange aitwa nyika muma1970s, ndokuzoitwa zvakare makumi maviri emakore gare gare). Mazhinji makambani emafuta epasi rose akagamuchira mitemo mitsva yekudzora indasitiri yemafuta, asi maviri akaramba: ConocoPhillips neExxonMobil. Makambani ese ari maviri aida makumi emabhiriyoni emadhora muripo, kunyangwe iyo International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) akawanikwa muna 2014 kuti Venezuela yaingoda kubhadhara ExxonMobile $1.6 bhiriyoni.

Rex Tillerson akatsamwa, sekureva kwevanhu vaishanda kuExxonMobil panguva iyoyo. Muna 2017, iyo Washington Post akamhanya a nyaya zvakabata manzwiro aTillerson: “Rex Tillerson akapiswa muVenezuela. Akabva atsiva.” ExxonMobil yakasaina chibvumirano neGuyana chekutsvaga mafuta ekumahombekombe muna 1999 asi haana kutanga kuongorora mahombekombe kusvika Kurume 2015 - mushure mekutonga kwakaipa kubva kuICSID. ExxonMobil yakashandisa simba rakazara reUS yakanyanya kumanikidza mushandirapamwe kurwisa Venezuela zvese kusimbisa mapurojekiti ayo munzvimbo ine gakava uye kukanganisa chirevo cheVenezuela kudunhu reEssequibo. Uku kwaive kutsiva kwaTillerson.

ExxonMobil's Yakashata Deal yeGuyana

Muna 2015, ExxonMobil zvakaziviswa kuti yakanga yawana mamita 295 e“madhamu ematombo ejecha emhando yepamusoro anotakura mafuta”; iyi ndeimwe yemafuta makuru akawanikwa mumakore achangopfuura. Kambani huru yemafuta yakatanga kugara Kubvunzana nehurumende yeGuyanese, kusanganisira zvisungo zvekupa mari chero mutengo wepamberi wekuongorora oiri. Apo iyo Chibvumirano Chekugovera Chigadzirwa pakati pehurumende yeGuyana neExxonMobil yakaburitswa, yakaratidza kuti Guyana haina kumira zvakanaka sei munhaurirano. ExxonMobil yakapihwa makumi manomwe neshanu muzana emari yemafuta ekudzoreredza mutengo, neimwe yakasara yakagovaniswa 75-50 neGuyana; iyo kambani yemafuta, zvakare, haina mitero chero ipi zvayo. Chisungo chemakumi matatu nembiri ("Kugadzikana kweChibvumirano") chinoti hurumende "haizogadzirise, kugadzirisa, kumisa, kumisa, kutaura kuti haaite kana kusateedzera, inoda kutaurirana, kumanikidza kutsiva kana kutsiviwa, kana kutsvaga kudzivirira, kushandura, kana kudzikamisa Chibvumirano ichi. ” pasina mvumo yeExxonMobil. Chibvumirano ichi chinobata hurumende dzese dzemangwana dzeGuyanese muchibvumirano chisina kunaka.

Zvakatonyanya kuipa kuGuyana ndezvekuti chibvumirano chinoitwa mumvura inopokana neVenezuela kubva muzana ramakore re19. Mendacity neBritish uyezve United States yakagadzira mamiriro egakava remuganhu mudunhu iro raive nezvinetso zvishoma kusati kwawanikwa oiri. Mumakore ekuma2000, Guyana yaive nehukama hwepedyo nehurumende yeVenezuela. Muna 2009, pasi pePetroCaribe scheme, Guyana akatengwa mafuta emutengo wakaderera kubva kuVenezuela mukutsinhana nemupunga, chimuko kuindasitiri yemupunga yeGuyana. Oiri-ye-mupunga chirongwa chakapera muna Mbudzi 2015, zvimwe zvichikonzerwa nekudzikira kwemitengo yemafuta pasi rose. Zvakanga zviri pachena kune vanocherekedza muGeorgetown neCaracas kuti chirongwa ichi chakatambura nekukakavadzana kuri kuwedzera pakati penyika pamusoro penzvimbo yeEssequibo inopokana.

ExxonMobil's Divide and Rule

Iyo yaDecember 3 referendum muVenezuela uye "madenderedzwa ekubatana" zvinopikisa muGuyana inokurudzira kuoma kwechimiro chenyika mbiri idzi. Zvichakadaro, parutivi pemusangano weCOP-28, Mutungamiri weGuyana, Irfaan Ali, akasangana neMutungamiriri weCuba, Miguel Díaz-Canel uye Mutungamiriri weSt. Vincent neGrenadines Ralph Gonsalves kuti vataure nezvemamiriro ezvinhu. Ali akakurudzira Díaz-Canel kukurudzira Venezuela kuchengetedza "nzvimbo yerunyararo."

Hondo hairatidzike seyava pedyo. United States yakabvisa chikamu chekuvhara kwayo indasitiri yemafuta eVenezuela, ichibvumira Chevron kuita kutangazve mapurojekiti akawanda emafuta muOrinoco Belt uye muLake Maracaibo. Washington haina chishuwo chekudzamisa kunetsana kwayo neVenezuela. Asi ExxonMobil inodaro. Havasi veVenezuela kana veGuyanese vanozobatsirwa nekupindira kweExxonMobil mune zvematongerwo enyika mudunhu. Ndosaka vanhu vazhinji vekuVenezuela vakauya kuzovhota muna Zvita 3 vakaona izvi zvishoma segakava pakati peVenezuela neGuyana uye zvakanyanya segakava pakati peExxonMobil nevanhu venyika mbiri idzi dzekuSouth America.

Ichi chinyorwa chakabudiswa Globetrotter.

Vijay Prashad munyori wenhoroondo weIndia, mupepeti, uye mutori wenhau. Ndiye munyori wekunyora uye munyori mukuru kuGlobetrotter. Ndiye mupepeti we LeftWord Books uye director we Tricontinental: Sisitimu Yekutsvaga Kwemagariro. Akanyora mabhuku anopfuura makumi maviri, kusanganisira Nyika Dzerima uye Marudzi Anotambura. Mabhuku ake achangoburwa ndeaya Kurwisana Kunotiita Vanhu: Kudzidza kubva kuMovements for Socialism uye (naNoam Chomsky) Kubviswa: Iraq, Libya, Afghanistan, uye Fragility yeUS Power.