Hondo Inoparadza Zvakatipoteredza

Global militarism inopa kutyisidzira kwakanyanya kuPasi, zvichikonzera kuparadza kwakakura kwezvakatipoteredza, zvichitadzisa kubatana pamhinduro, uye kuendesa mari nesimba mukudziya izvo zvinodiwa pakuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza. Kugadzirira kwehondo nehondo ndiko kusvibisa kukuru kwemhepo, mvura, uye ivhu, kutyisidzira kukuru kune zvipenyu nemarudzi, uye chinhu chakakosha mukupisa kwepasirese zvekuti hurumende hadzisanganisire mauto egreenhouse gasi kubva kumishumo uye zvisungo zvechibvumirano.

Kana maitiro azvino akasachinja, ne2070, 19% yenzvimbo yepasi redu - kumusha kune mabhiriyoni evanhu - kuchapisa zvisingagarike. Pfungwa yekunyepedzera yekuti mauto chishandiso chinobatsira kugadzirisa dambudziko iri inotyisidzira kutenderera kwakashata kunopera munjodzi. Kudzidza kuti hondo nehondo zvinofambisa sei kuparadza kwezvakatipoteredza, uye kuti kuchinja sei kune rugare nemaitiro akasimba kunogona kusimbisana, kunopa nzira yekubuda mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa. Bato rekuchengetedza pasi harina kukwana pasina kupikisa muchina wehondo - heino chikonzero.

Ngozi Yakakura, Yakavanzika

Mukuenzanisa nekumwe kutyisidzira kukuru kwemamiriro ekunze, mauto haawane kuongororwa uye kushorwa kwaanokodzera. A akasarudza low estimate chemupiro wemauto epasi rose mukuburitswa kwemafuta epasi rose i5.5% - ingangoita zvakapetwa kaviri magesi egreenhouse kupfuura ese. kubhururuka kwendege kusiri kwemauto. Dai mauto epasi rose anga ari nyika, yaizove wechina mukuburitswa kwegasi rinopisa. Izvi chishandiso chekugadzira mepu inopa kutarisa kwekuburitswa kwemauto nenyika uye nemunhu mune zvakadzama.

Mauto eUS egreenhouse gasi emissions kunyanya anodarika ayo emunyika zhinji, zvichiita kuti ive imwe chete mukuru wesangano ane mhosva (kureva, yakaipisisa kupfuura chero mubatanidzwa, asi isina kushata kupfuura akasiyana maindasitiri ese). Kubva 2001-2017, iyo Mauto eUS akabudisa 1.2 bhiriyoni metric tons wemagasi egreenhouse, akaenzana nekubudisa kwegore negore kwemotokari mamiriyoni 257 mumugwagwa. Dhipatimendi reDziviriro reUS (DoD) ndiro mutengi mukuru wemafuta ($ 17B/gore) munyika - nefungidziro imwechete, Mauto eUS akashandisa miriyoni miriyoni yemadhiramu emafuta muIraq mumwedzi mumwe chete we2008. Kushandiswa kukuru uku kunotsigira kupararira kwenzvimbo kwemauto eUS, ayo anotora nzvimbo dzinosvika mazana manomwe nemakumi mashanu emauto ekunze munyika makumi masere: fungidziro yemauto muna 750 yaive yekuti. zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zveUS Army yekushandisa mafuta zvakaitika mumotokari dzaiendesa mafuta kunhandare yehondo. 

Kunyangwe nhamba dzinotyisa idzi hadzina kukwenya pamusoro, nekuti mhedzisiro yemauto inoenda zvakanyanya isina kuyerwa. Izvi zviri nekugadzira - zvikumbiro zveawa yekupedzisira zvakaitwa nehurumende yeUS panguva yenhaurirano yechibvumirano cheKyoto cha1997 chakaregedza kubuda kwegasi remhepo kubva munhaurirano dzemamiriro ekunze. Tsika iyoyo yaenderera mberi: Chibvumirano cheParis cha2015 chakasiya kucheka kuburitswa kwegasi rinopisa remauto sekuda kwemarudzi; iyo UN Framework Convention on Climate Change inosungira vanosaina kuti vaburitse gore negore kuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse, asi kuburitswa kwechiuto ndekwekuda uye kazhinji hazvibatanidzwe; NATO yakabvuma dambudziko asi haina kugadzira chero chaidiwa kuti rigadzirise. Izvi chishandiso chemepu chinofumura maburi pakati pezvinobuda nemauto zvinoburitswa uye zvimwe zvinofungidzirwa.

Hapana hwaro hune musoro hweiyi mukaha wepakati. Hondo negadziriro dzehondo ndiwo makuru anoburitsa gasi rinopisa, zvakanyanya kupfuura maindasitiri mazhinji ane kusvibiswa kwawo kunobatwa zvakakomba uye kunogadziriswa nezvibvumirano zvemamiriro ekunze. Kuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse kunofanirwa kuverengerwa mumiyero yekuderedza kuburitsa gasi regreenhouse. Panofanira kuva pasina kunze kwekusvibiswa kwemauto. 

Takakumbira COP26 neCOP27 kuti dziise miganho yekuburitsa gasi regreenhouse izvo zvisingasarudzire zvechiuto, zvinosanganisira zvinodikanwa zvekuzivisa zviri pachena uye ongororo yakazvimirira, uye usavimbe nezvirongwa "kubvisa" kuburitswa. Takasimbirira kuburitsa gasi reGreenhouse kubva kumabhesi emauto ekunze kwenyika, kunofanirwa kutaurwa zvizere uye kubhadhariswa nyika iyoyo, kwete nyika iyo nheyo iripo. Zvataida hazvina kuzadziswa.

Uye zvakadaro, kunyange yakasimba emissions-yekutaura zvinodiwa kune mauto hazvaizotaura nyaya yese. Kukuvadzwa kwekusvibiswa kwemauto kunofanirwa kuwedzerwa kwevagadziri vezvombo, pamwe nekuparadzwa kukuru kwehondo: kupera kwemafuta, moto wemafuta, kubuda kwemethane, nezvimwewo. , uye zviwanikwa zvezvematongerwo enyika zviri kure nekuedza kwekukurumidzira kugadzikana kwemamiriro ekunze. Chirevo ichi chinokurukura kunze kwezvakatipoteredza zvinokonzerwa nehondo.

Uyezve, mauto ane basa rekusimbisa mamiriro ezvinhu apo kuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kwemakambani uye kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa kunogona kuitika. Semuenzaniso, mauto anoshandiswa kuchengetedza nzira dzekutumira mafuta uye mashandiro emigodhi, kusanganisira ye zvinhu zvinonyanya kudiwa pakugadzirwa kwezvombo zvehondo. Vatsvakurudzi kutarisa muDefence Logistics Agency, sangano rinotarisira kutenga mafuta ese nemidziyo zvinodiwa nemauto, cherechedza kuti “makambani ari… anovimba nemauto eUS kuchengetedza cheni dzavo dzekushandisa; kana, chaizvo… pane hukama hwehukama pakati pemauto nemakambani.

Nhasi, mauto eUS ari kuwedzera kuzvibatanidza munzvimbo yekutengeserana, achikanganisa mitsara pakati pevagari vemo uye murwi. Musi waNdira 12, 2024, Dhipatimendi reDziviriro rakaburitsa yekutanga National Defense Industrial Strategy. Gwaro iri rinoratidza hurongwa hwekugadzira cheni dzekugovera, vashandi, kugadzirwa kwepamberi, uye mutemo wehupfumi hwenyika zvakatenderedza tarisiro yehondo pakati peUS uye "vezera kana vezera-vakwikwidzi" vakaita seChina neRussia. Makambani eTech akagadzirira kusvetukira pane bandwagon - kwasara mazuva mashoma kuti gwaro risati raburitswa, OpenAI yakagadzirisa mutemo wekushandisa wemasevhisi ayo seChatGPT, kubvisa kurambidza kwayo kushandiswa kwechiuto.

Nguva Yakareba Yauya

Kuparadzwa kwehondo uye mamwe marudzi ekukuvadza kwezvakatipoteredza hakuna kumbovapo nzanga dzakawanda dzevanhu, asi vanga vari chikamu chedzimwe tsika dzevanhu kwezviuru zvemakore.

Zvirinani kubva vaRoma vakadyara munyu paminda yeCarthaginian panguva yeHondo yechitatu yePunic, hondo dzakakuvadza pasi, zvese nemaune uye-kazhinji-sekukanganisa-maitiro. General Philip Sheridan, aparadza purazi muVirginia munguva yeHondo Yenyika, akaenderera mberi nekuparadza mombe dzenyati senzira yekurambidza maNative America kuti asagare. Hondo Yenyika I yakaona nyika yeEurope ichiparadzwa nemigero uye gasi rine chepfu. Mukati meHondo Yenyika II, vaNorwegian vakatanga kukoromoka kwevhu mumipata yavo, nepo vaDutch vakafashamira chikamu chimwe muzvitatu cheminda yavo yokurima, maGermany akaparadza masango eCzech, uye maBritish akapisa masango muGermany neFrance. Hondo yevagari vemo refu muSudan yakatungamirira kunzara imomo muna 1988. Hondo muAngola dzakabvisa 90 muzana yemhuka dzomusango pakati pa1975 na1991. Hondo yavagari vemo muSri Lanka yakatema miti mamiriyoni mashanu. Kubata kweSoviet neUS kuAfghanistan kwakaparadza kana kukanganisa zviuru zvemisha nematsime emvura. Ethiopia inogona kunge yakadzora kushanduka kwayo kuita gwenga nemari inosvika mamiriyoni makumi mashanu emadhora mukusimazve masango, asi yakasarudza kushandisa madhora mazana maviri nemakumi manomwe nemashanu emadhora pachinzvimbo chemauto ayo - gore rega rega pakati pa50 na275. Hondo yevagari vemuRwanda yakaipisisa, inosundwa nemauto okuMadokero, yakasundira vanhu munzvimbo dzinogarwa nemhuka dziri mungozi yokutsakatika, kubatanidza magorila. Kutamiswa nehondo yevagari vepasi pasi rose kuenda kunzvimbo dzisingagarwi kwakakanganisa gadziriro yezvipenyu zvikuru. Kukuvadza kunoitwa nehondo kuri kuwedzera, sezvakaita kuoma kwedambudziko rezvakatipoteredza iro hondo inokonzeresa.

Maonero epasirese atiri kupesana nawo anogona kuratidzwa nechikepe, The Arizona, imwe yemafuta maviri achiri kubuda muPearl Harbor. Zvakasiiwa ipapo separaganda yehondo, sehumbowo hwekuti mutengesi wepamusoro wezvombo pasi rose, muvaki wepamusoro-soro, mushandisi wepamusoro wemauto, uye wepamusoro anodziya munhu asina mhosva. Uye mafuta anobvumirwa kuramba achidonha nekuda kwechikonzero chimwe chete. Humbowo hwehuipi hwevavengi veUS, kunyangwe vavengi vakaramba vachichinja. Vanhu vanodonhedza misodzi uye vanonzwa mireza ichisimudzwa mudumbu mavo panzvimbo yakanaka yemafuta, vachibvumidzwa kuenderera mberi vachisvibisa Pacific Ocean sehumbowo hwekuti isu tinotora zvakakomba sei uye zvine hungwaru propaganda yedu yehondo.

Empty Justifications, Nhema Solutions

Mauto anowanzoti ndiwo anogadzirisa matambudziko aanokonzera, uye dambudziko remamiriro ekunze harina kusiyana. Mauto anobvuma kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye kutsamira kwemafuta efossil senyaya dzekuchengetedzwa kwedivi pane kugovana kutyisidzira kuripo: the 2021 DoD Climate Risk Analysis uye 2021 DoD Climate Adaptation Chirongwa kurukura nzira yekuenderera mberi nekushanda kwavo mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai sekukuvadzwa kwemabhesi nemidziyo; kuwedzera kukakavara pamusoro pezviwanikwa; hondo munzvimbo itsva yegungwa yakasiiwa nekunyunguduka kweArctic, kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika kubva kumafungu evapoteri vemamiriro ekunze… asi vanopedza nguva shoma kana pasina nguva vachinetsana nenyaya yekuti basa remauto ndiro rinonyanya kufambisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Iyo DoD Climate Adaptation Chirongwa pachinzvimbo ichikurudzira kukwidziridza "yakakosha sainzi, tsvakiridzo, uye budiriro kugona" ku "incentiviz[e] hunyanzvi" hwe "mbiri-yekushandisa matekinoroji" kuitira "kunyatso kuwiriranisa zvibodzwa zvemamiriro ekunze nezvinodiwa zvemishini" - mu mamwe mazwi, kuita kuti tsvagiridzo yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze ionekwe kune zvinangwa zvemauto nekudzora mari yayo.

Tinofanira kutarisa zvakadzama, kwete chete panoisa mauto ezviwanikwa nemari, asiwo kuvapo kwavo kwenyama. Nhoroondo, kutangwa kwehondo nenyika dzakapfuma mune varombo hakuenderane nekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kana kushaikwa kwedemocracy kana kutyisidzira kwehugandanga, asi kunoenderana zvakanyanya kuvapo kwemafuta. Nekudaro, maitiro matsva ari kubuda padivi neiyi akagadzwa ndeyevadiki vemauto / mapurisa kuchengetedza "Nzvimbo Dzakachengetedzwa" dzenyika dzakasiyana siyana, kunyanya muAfrica neAsia. Papepa kuvapo kwavo ndekwezvinangwa zvekuchengetedza. Asi vanoshungurudza nekudzinga vanhu veko, vobva vaunza vashanyi kuti vaone nzvimbo uye kuvhima mikombe, sezvakataurwa neSurvival International. Kunyura zvakadzika, idzi “Nzvimbo Dzakachengetedzwa” chikamu chezvirongwa zvekabhoni emission cap-and-trade programme, uko masangano anogona kubudisa magreenhouse gasi obva a“kanzura” utsi nekuva muridzi uye 'kudzivirira' chikamu chevhu chiri kutora kabhoni. Saka nekugadzirisa miganhu ye "Nzvimbo Dzakadzivirirwa", mauto emapurisa / mapurisa ari kuchengetedza zvisina kunanga kushandiswa kwemafuta efossil sezvakaita muhondo dzemafuta, zvese zvichionekwa pamusoro kuti ive chikamu chekugadzirisa mamiriro ekunze. 

Idzi ndidzo dzimwe nzira dzehondo dzichaedza kuvanza kutyisidzira kwayo kupasi. Varatidziri vemamiriro ekunze vanofanirwa kungwarira - sezvo dambudziko rezvakatipoteredza richiwedzera, kufunga nezvemauto-indastiri yakaoma semubatanidzwa wekugadzirisa nayo inotityisidzira nekutenderera kwakashata.

Izvo zvinokanganisa Spare No Side

Hondo haisi kungouraya vavengi vayo chete, asiwo kune vanhu yainoti inodzivirira. Mauto eUS ndiye chechitatu-guru guru rinosvibisa mvura yeUnited States. Nzvimbo dzemauto zvakare chikamu chakakura cheSuperfund nzvimbo (nzvimbo dzakasvibiswa dzakaiswa paEnvironmental Protection Agency's National Priorities List kuti icheneswe zvakanyanya), asi iyo DoD ine mukurumbira unodhonza tsoka pakubatana neiyo EPA yekuchenesa maitiro. Idzo nzvimbo dzakaisa mungozi kwete nyika chete, asi vanhu vari pairi nepedyo. Nzvimbo dzekugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya muWashington, Tennessee, Colorado, Georgia, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakaisa chepfu kunharaunda yakapoteredza pamwe chete nevashandi vavo, vanopfuura 3,000 vavo vakapiwa muripo muna 2000. Kubva muna 2015, hurumende yakabvuma kuti kuratidzwa kwemwaranzi nehumwe huturu. zvingangove zvakakonzera kana kupa mupiro kune 15,809 vaimbova vashandi vezvombo zvenyukireya veUnited States vakafa - izvi zvinenge zvisingatarisirwi zvakapiwa mutoro mukuru wehumbowo wakaiswa pavashandi kuisa zvichemo.

Kuyedzwa kwenyukireya chimwe chikamu chikuru chekukuvadza kwezvakatipoteredza nekune dzimwe nyika kwakakonzerwa nemauto imwe yavo nedzimwe nyika. Kuedzwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya neUnited States neSoviet Union kwaisanganisira ongororo dzemuchadenga dzinosvika mazana mana nemakumi maviri nenhatu pakati pa423 na1945 uye bvunzo dzepasi pevhu zviuru gumi nemazana mana pakati pa1957 na1,400. Nuclear Testing Tally kubva 1945-2017.) Kukuvadzwa kwemwaranzi iyoyo hakusati kwanyatsozivikanwa, asi kuchiri kupararira, sezvatinoziva kare. Tsvagiridzo muna 2009 yakaratidza kuti kuyedza kwenyukireya kweChinese pakati pa1964 na1996 kwakauraya vanhu vazhinji zvakananga kupfuura kuyedzwa kwenyukireya chero imwe nyika. Jun Takada, nyanzvi yefizikisi yekuJapan, akaverenga kuti vanhu vanosvika miriyoni 1.48 vakafumurwa uye 190,000 vavo vanogona kunge vakafa nezvirwere zvine chekuita nemwaranzi kubva kumayedzo eChinese.

Kukuvadza uku hakungokonzerwi nokungoregeredza zvechiuto. MuUnited States, kuyedzwa kwenyukireya muma1950 kwakatungamira zviuru zvisingaverengeki zvekufa negomarara muNevada, Utah, neArizona, nzvimbo dzakanyanya kudzikira kubva mukuyedzwa. Mauto aiziva kuti kuputika kwayo kwenyukireya kwaizokanganisa iwo mhepo, uye nekutarisa mhedzisiro, kuita nemazvo mukuyedza kwevanhu. Mune zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakawanda mukati uye mumakumi emakore akatevera Hondo Yenyika II, mukutyora Mutemo weNuremberg we1947, mauto neCIA vakaisa veterans, vasungwa, varombo, vakaremara mupfungwa, uye vamwe vanhu vasingazive kuedza kwevanhu. chinangwa chekuedza zvombo zvenyukireya, makemikari, uye zvipenyu. Chirevo chakagadzirirwa muna 1994 kuUS Senate Committee yeVeterans Affairs inotanga: "Mukati memakore makumi mashanu apfuura, mazana ezviuru zvevarwi vakabatanidzwa mukuedza kwevanhu uye kumwe kufumurwa nemaune kwakaitwa neDhipatimendi reDziviriro (DOD), kazhinji pasina ruzivo rwemember kana kubvumirwa ... varwi dzimwe nguva vairairwa nevakuru vakuru. 'kuzvipira' kutora chikamu mukutsvaga kana kutarisana nemhedzisiro yakaipa. Semuenzaniso, vakati wandei vePersian Gulf War veterans vakabvunzurudzwa nevashandi veKomiti vakataura kuti vakarairwa kutora majekiseni ekuyedza panguva yeOperation Desert Shield kana kutarisana nejeri. Gwaro rakazara rine zvichemo zvakawanda pamusoro pekuvanzika kwemauto uye rinoratidza kuti zvavanenge vawana zvinogona kunge zviri kungobvisa pamusoro pezvanga zvakavanzwa. 

Izvi zvinokonzeresa munyika dzekumba dzemauto zvinotyisa, asi zvisingaite zvakanyanya seizvo zviri munzvimbo dzakatariswa. Hondo mumakore achangopfuura dzakaita kuti nzvimbo huru dzisagarike uye dzakaparira makumi emamiriyoni evapoteri. Mabhomba asiri enyukireya muHondo Yenyika II akaparadza maguta, mapurazi, uye gadziriro dzokudiridza, zvichiita kuti vapoteri vane mamiriyoni 50 uye vanhu vatize. IUS yakabhomba Vietnam, Laos, neCambodia, ichigadzira vapoteri vane mamirioni gumi nenomwe, uye kubva muna 17 kusvika 1965. yakapfapfaidza 14 muzana yemasango eSouth Vietnam nemishonga inouraya sora, vakapisa minda yepurazi, uye kupfura zvipfuwo. 

Kuvhundutsa kwekutanga kwehondo kunokonzeresa mhedzisiro inoparadza inoenderera mberi mushure mekunge runyararo rwaziviswa. Pakati peizvi pane chepfu inosiiwa mumvura, pasi, uye mumhepo. Imwe yeakaipisisa makemikari emishonga, Agent Orange, ichiri kutyisidzira hutano hweVietnamese uye yakakonzera urema hunoberekwa hunosvika mamiriyoni. Pakati pa1944 na1970 mauto eUS akarasa zvitsama zvikuru zvezvombo zvemakemikari kupinda mumakungwa eAtlantic nePacific. Sezvo magasi etsinga negasi remasitadhi zvinoora zvishoma nezvishoma uye zvichivhurika pasi pemvura, chepfu yacho inoyerera ichibuda, ichiuraya zvipenyu zvomugungwa nokuuraya nokukuvadza vabati vehove. Mauto haatomboziva kuti nzvimbo zhinji dzekurasira dziripi. Munguva yeHondo yeGulf, Iraq yakabudisa marita emamiriyoni gumi emafuta muPersian Gulf ndokutungidza matsime emafuta 10, zvichikonzera kukanganisa kukuru kumhuka dzesango uye kuisa chepfu mumvura yepasi nekurasika kwemafuta. Muhondo dzayo mu Yugoslavia uye Iraki, United States yakasiya uranium yapera, iyo inogona kuwedzera njodzi nenyaya dzekufema, matambudziko eitsvo, gomarara, nyaya dzetsinga, nezvimwe.

Zvimwe zvakatonyanya kuuraya zvimbambaira nemabhomba emasumbu. Makumi emamiriyoni awo anofungidzirwa kuva akarara pasi pano. Vazhinji vavanyajambwa vavo vanhuwo zvavo, chikamu chikuru muzana chavo vana. Mushumo wa1993 weDhipatimendi Renyika yeUnited States wakadana zvimbambaira kuti “kusvibiswa kunokuvadza zvikuru uye kwakapararira kwakatarisana norudzi rwomunhu.” Zvimbambaira zvinokuvadza mhoteredzo munzira ina, anonyora kudaro Jennifer Leaning, kuti: “Kutya zvimbambaira kunotadzisa kuwana zviwanikwa zvakawanda uye ivhu rinorimika; ruzhinji rwevanhu runomanikidzwa kufamba zvakanaka munzvimbo dzakadzika uye dzisina kusimba kuitira kudzivirira nzvimbo dzezvimbambaira; kutama uku kunomhanyisa kupera kwekusiyana kwezvipenyu; uye kuputika kwezvimbambaira kunovhiringidza nzira dzinokosha dzevhu nemvura.” Huwandu hwepasi hwakakanganiswa hausi hudiki. Mamirioni emahekita muEurope, North Africa, uye Asia ari pasi pekurambidzwa. Chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chenyika muLibya chinovanza zvimbambaira uye mauto eHondo Yenyika II asina kuputika. Nyika zhinji dzepasi rose dzakabvuma kurambidza zvimbambaira nemabhomba emapoka, asi yanga isiri kutaura kwekupedzisira, sezvo mabhomba emapoka akashandiswa neRussia kurwisa Ukraine kutanga muna 2022 uye US yakapa mabhomba emapoka kuUkraine kuti ashandise kurwisa Russia muna 2023. Ruzivo urwu nezvimwe zvinogona kuwanikwa mukati Landmine uye Cluster Munition Monitor mishumo yegore.

Mhedzisiro yehondo haisi yemuviri chete, asi nzanga zvakare: hondo dzekutanga dzinodyara mukana wekuwedzera kune ramangwana. Mushure mekuva nhandare yehondo muCold War, iyo Soviet uye US basa reAfghanistan akatanga kuparadza nokukuvadza zviuru zvemisha nematsime emvura. The US nevabatsiri vayo vakapa mari uye vakashongedza Mujahideen, boka remagandanga akasimba, semauto emumiriri kuti akunde kutonga kweSoviet kweAfghanistan - asi sezvo Mujahideen akaputsika mune zvematongerwo enyika, zvakakonzera maTaliban. Kuti vawane mari yekutonga kweAfghanistan, maTaliban ane aitengesa matanda zvisiri pamutemo kuPakistan, zvichikonzera kuparadzwa kwemasango. Mabhomba eUnited States nevapoteri vanoda huni vawedzera kukuvadza. Masango eAfghanistan anenge aparara, uye shiri zhinji dzinotama dzaimbopfuura nemuAfghanistan hadzichadaro. Mhepo yaro nemvura zvakaiswa muchetura nezvinoputika uye rocket propellants. Hondo inokanganisa zvakatipoteredza, ichikanganisa mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika, zvichiita kuti pave nekuparadzwa kwemhoteredzo yakawanda, mukusimbisa loop.

Kushevedzwa Kwekuita

Militarism mutyairi anouraya wekupunzika kwezvakatipoteredza, kubva pakuparadza kwakananga nharaunda kusvika pakupihwa kwerutsigiro rwakakosha kuenda kumaindasitiri makuru anosvibisa. Mhedzisiro yeChiuto yakavanzwa mumumvuri wemutemo wepasirese, uye pesvedzero yawo inogona kukanganisa kusimudzira nekuita kwemhinduro dzemamiriro ekunze.

Zvisinei, mauto haaiti zvose izvi nemashiripiti. Zviwanikwa zvinoshandiswa nemauto kuzvisimudzira - ivhu, mari, kuda kwezvematongerwo enyika, vashandi vemarudzi ese, nezvimwe - ndizvo chaizvo zviwanikwa zvatinoda kugadzirisa dambudziko rezvakatipoteredza. Pamwe chete, isu tinofanirwa kutora zviwanikwa izvi kubva mumakumbo echiuto uye tozvishandisa zvine hungwaru.

World BEYOND War thanks Alisha Foster naPace e Bene nerubatsiro rukuru nepeji rino.