Hondo Inopedza Isu

Pasina kana kufunga nezve tradeoffs kana kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza, hondo inoisa panjodzi hupenyu hwese paPasi. Zvombo zvehondo zvine ngozi nemaune kana netsaona apocalypse. Tinogona kubvisa zvombo zvenyukireya zvese kana kuzviona zvichiwanda. Hapana nzira yepakati. Tinogona kunge tisina nyika dzezvombo zvenyukireya, kana kuti tinogona kuva nezvakawanda. Iyi haisi tsika kana pfungwa inonzwisisika, asi kucherechedza kunoshanda kunotsigirwa nekutsvaga mumabhuku akadai Apocalypse Musingaiti: Kuumba Nzira kune Nyukliya Isapon-Free World naTad Daley. Chero bedzi dzimwe nyika dziine zvombo zvenyukireya vamwe vanozozvishuva, uye kana vanazvo zvakanyanya kupararira kune vamwe vachiri. The Doomsday Clock kwave pedyo kusvika pakati pousiku sezvazvanga zvamboita. Kana zvombo zvenyukireya zvikapfuurira kuvapo, sezvingabvira zvikuru kuchava nengwavaira yenyukireya, uye kana zvombo zvakawedzera kuwanda, zvichakurumidza kuuya. Mazana ezviitiko takaparadza nyika yedu kuburikidza nenjodzi, kuvhiringidzika, kusanzwisisika, uye machismo isinganzwisisiki. Paunowedzera muhutano chaihwo uye huchiwedzera huri hurumende dzisiri dzehurumende kuwana nekushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya, njodzi inokura zvinoshamisa - uye inongowedzerwa nemitemo yenyika yenyukireya iyo inobata nehugandanga mune nzira dzinoita seyakagadzirirwa kutora magandanga akawanda.

Kuva nezvombo zvenyukireya hakuiti zvachose kutichengetedza; hapana kutengeserana kunobatanidzwa mukuzvibvisa. Havadzivisi kurwiswa nemagandanga nevasiri vehurumende mune chero nzira. Uyewo havawedzeri iota kune simba guru remauto kudzivirira nyika kurwisa, zvichipiwa simba reUnited States rokuparadza chero kupi zvako panguva ipi zvayo nezvombo zvisiri zvenyukireya. Nukes zvakare haakunde hondo, uye United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, France, neChina dzakarasikirwa nehondo dzisiri dzenyukireya ivo vaine zvombo zvenyukireya. Uye, kana pakaitika hondo yenyukireya yepasi rose, chero huwandu hwezvombo hunotyisa hunogona kudzivirira nyika neimwe nzira kubva kuapocalypse.

Kunyange zvazvo hondo nevanhu vari pamwe chete, hondo inoisa vanhu mungozi nedzimwe nzira zvakare. Semugadziri wepamusoro-soro wepasi rose, muvaki wepasi, mutengesi wezvombo kunze kwenyika, uye mupedzi wemauto - nguva dzose muzita re "kuzvidzivirira" - muenzaniso weUnited States unoratidza zvakanaka kuti hondo haibatsiri pazvimiro zvayo. Zviripachena kuti zvinoisa mungozi avo vazvinorwiswa, asi zvakare zvinoisa mungozi kune avo vane hurumende dzinobhadhara, mari, kana kuzvidzivirira kubva kure. Muna Zvita 2014 Gallup sarudzo yemarudzi e65 akawana United States kuva kure uye kure nyika inonzi ndiyo ngozi huru kune rugare munyika, uye a Pew sarudzo muna 2017 vakawana hukuru munyika dzakawanda dzakabvunzurudzwa dzichiona United States sekutyisidzira. Chero imwe nyika inotarisira kufanana neUnited States musarudzo idzi yaizoda kurwa hondo dzakawanda "dziviriro" isati yaunza mazinga akafanana ekutya nekugumbuka. Haisi chete nyika iri kunze kweUnited States kana kunyange kunze kwemauto eUS anoziva nezvedambudziko iri. Yave kuita senge tsika yevakuru vemauto eUS, kazhinji vachangobva pamudyandigere, kukakavara kuti hondo dzakasiyana-siyana kana mazano ari kugadzira vavengi vatsva vakawanda kupfuura vavengi vavari kuuraya. Hugandanga hwakagara huchiwedzera munguva yehondo yehugandanga (sekuyerwa ne Global Terrorism Index). Zvinenge zvose (99.5%) zvekurwisana kwemagandanga kunoitika kune dzimwe nyika dzakabatanidzwa muhondo uye / kana kuita zvekushungurudzwa zvakadai sekuiswa mujeri pasina kutongwa, kutambudzwa, kana kuurayiwa mutemo. Nhamba yepamusoro yehugandanga iri "yakasunungurwa" uye "democratized" Iraq neA Afghanistan. Mapoka emagandanga anokonzera hugandanga (kureva, kwete-nyika, zvematongerwe enyika anoita zvechisimba) pasi pose zvakakura kubva muhondo dzeUnited States nehugandanga.

Hezvino zvimwe zvinhu zvakapfupikiswa ne Peace Sciences Digest: “Kuendeswa kwemauto kune imwe nyika kunowedzera mukana wekurwiswa nemasangano emagandanga anobva munyika iyoyo. Zvombo zvinotengeswa kune imwe nyika zvinowedzera mukana wekurwiswa nemasangano emagandanga anobva munyika iyoyo. 95% yemagandanga anozviuraya anoitwa kukurudzira vagari vekune dzimwe nyika kuti vabve munyika yegandanga. " Hondo dzeIraq neAfghanistan, uye kushungurudzwa kwevasungwa mukati madzo, zvakava maturusi makuru ekuunganidza zvekurwisa hugandanga hweUS. Muna 2006, masangano ehungwaru eUS akagadzira National Intelligence Estimate yakasvika pamhedziso iyoyo. The Associated Press yakati:

"Hondo yeIraq yave chikonzero cheCélèbre kune veIslam vanopfurikidza mwero, zvichikonzera kugumbuka kukuru kweUnited States izvo zvichida zvichatonyanya kuipa zvisati zvaita nani, federal intelligence analysts vanopedzisa mumushumo unopikisana nekukakavara kweMutungamiri Bush kwenyika inokura yakachengeteka. ... [T] vaongorori verudzi vekare vanogumisa kuti kunyangwe kukuvadzwa kwakanyanya kuhutungamiriri hweAl-Qaida, kutyisidzira kubva kune veIslam vanonyanyisa kwakapararira muhuwandu uye munzvimbo.

A kudzidza kwemarudzi akapinda muHondo yeAfghanistan yakawanikwa kuti maererano nehuwandu hwemauto avakatumira ikoko, vakasangana nemhirizhonga yemagandanga. Saka, hondo yehugandanga zvakavimbika uye zvinofungidzirwa yakagadzira hugandanga. Veterans veUS vanouraya zvikwata muIraq neAfghanistan vakabvunzurudzwa mubhuku nefirimu raJeremy Scahill reDirty Wars vakati pese pavaishanda vachinyora mazita evanhu vekuuraya, vaipihwa runyoro rwakakura; runyoro rwakakura somugumisiro wokushanda nenzira yavo machiri.

Hondo kune dzimwe nyika inopawo kukurudzira ruvengo, rusaruro, uye mhirizhonga kumusha, zvinoparira mauto munharaunda  Mapurisa, inowanza zvombo, uye inogadzirisa uye inokudza mauto. Kunyange zvazvo hondo dzichirwiwa muzita re“kutsigira” avo vanorwa muhondo, varwi vehondo vanopiwa rubatsiro ruduku mukubata nechakaipa chakadzika chetsika, kukuvadzwa, kukuvara kweuropi, uye zvimwe zvipingamupinyi munzira yokuchinjira kunzanga isina mhirizhonga. Avo vakadzidziswa kuuraya vanhu vazhinji nemauto eUS, semuenzaniso, havana kuenzana avo vanova vashambadzi muUnited States, uko maitiro akadaro asiri echokwadi haagamuchirike. Uye mauto kurasikirwa kana kuba huwandu hukuru hwepfuti dzinoshandiswa mumhirizhonga dzine mhirizhonga dzisiri hondo.

Pane zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinobudirira kupfuura hondo yekudzivirira.

World BEYOND War zvave A Global Security System: An Alternative to War.