Sezvo mugadziri wehondo wepasirose - anogara ari muzita re "dziviriro" - United States inoratidza zvakanaka kuti hondo inopesana neayo ega.
A December 2014 Gallup sarudzo yemarudzi e65 akawana United States kuva kure uye kure nyika inonzi ndiyo ngozi huru kune rugare munyika, uye a Pew sarudzo mu2017 yakawana hukuru munyika zhinji dzakabvunzwa dzichiona United States sekutyisidzira. Chero imwe nyika inotarisira kuenzanisa neUnited States muma polls aya angada kuita muhondo dzakawanda "dzinozvidzivirira" isati yaunza iwo mamwe mazinga ekutya nekutsamwa.
Haisi iyo chete nyika iri kunze kweUnited States kana kunyangwe kunze kwemauto eUS anoziva dambudziko iri. Zvave kungove zvakajairika kune vatungamiriri vemauto eUS, kazhinji vachangobva pamudyandigere, kukakavara kuti hondo dzakasiyana-siyana kana maitiro anovandudza vavengi vatsva kupfuura vavengi vavanovauraya.
Ugandanga hwakagara huchiwedzera munguva yehondo yehugandanga (sekuenzaniswa ne Global Terrorism Index). Zvinenge zvose (99.5%) zvekurwisana kwemagandanga kunoitika kune dzimwe nyika dzakabatanidzwa muhondo uye / kana kuita zvekushungurudzwa zvakadai sekuiswa mujeri pasina kutongwa, kutambudzwa, kana kuurayiwa mutemo. Nhamba yepamusoro yehugandanga iri "yakasunungurwa" uye "democratized" Iraq neA Afghanistan. Mapoka emagandanga anokonzera hugandanga (kureva, kwete-nyika, zvematongerwe enyika anoita zvechisimba) pasi pose zvakakura kubva muhondo dzeUnited States nehugandanga.
Heano mamwe mazviri kubva Peace Sciences Digest: “Kuendeswa kwemauto kune imwe nyika kunowedzera mukana wekurwiswa kubva kumasangano anotyisa kubva munyika iyoyo. Zvombo zvinotumirwa kunze kwenyika kune imwe nyika zvinowedzera mukana wekurwiswa kubva kumasangano anotyisa kubva munyika iyoyo. 95% yekurwisa kwese kwemagandanga kunoitwa kukurudzira vanhu vanobva kune dzimwe nyika kuti vasiye nyika yemagandanga. ”Hondo dzekuIraq neAfghanistan, nekushungurudzwa kwevasungwa panguva yavo, zvakava maturusi makuru ekutsvaga hugandanga hunopokana neUS. Muna 2006, masangano enjere eUS akaburitsa National Intelligence Estimate izvo zvakasvika pakupedzisira izvozvi. Sangano re Associated Press rakashuma kuti: "Hondo muIraq yava chinhu chinokonzera célèbre chechiIslam, chinokonzera kutsamwa kukuru kweUnited States iyo inogona kuwedzera kukura isati yava nani, vezvematongerwo enyika vanoongorora vanopedzisa mumushumo unopesana nekutaura kweMutungamiri Bush nyika iri kukura yakachengeteka. ... [T] Vaongorori venyika vese vanofunga kuti pasinei nekukuvadza kwakanyanya kune hutungamiri hweAl-Qaida, kutyisidzira kubva kuIslam kunopararira kwakapararira zvose muhuwandu uye munharaunda. "
A kudzidza kwemarudzi akapinda muHondo yeAfghanistan yakawanikwa kuti zvichienderana nenhamba yemasoja avakatumira ikoko, vakasangana nemagandanga akadzoka. Nekudaro, iyo hondo yehugandanga zvakavimbika uye zvakafanotaurwa zvakagadzira hugandanga.
Veterans veUnited States vanouraya mauto muIraq neAghanistan vakabvunzurudzwa mubhuku raJeremy Scahill uye firimu Dirty Wars vakati chero nguva pavakashanda nzira yavo kuburikidza nehuwandu hwevanhu kuti vauraye, vakapiwa ruzivo rwakakura; iyo yakanyora yakakura sechikonzero chekushanda nzira yavo kuburikidza nayo. Gavhuna Stanley McChrystal, uyo mutungamiriri we US uye mauto eNATO muAghanistan akaudza Rolling Stone muna June 2010 kuti "kune munhu wose asina mhosva iwe waunouraya, unosika 10 vavengi vatsva." Bhizinesi reInvestigative Journalism nevamwe vakanyora zvakanyora mazita evanhu vakawanda vasina mhosva vakaurayiwa nematambudziko e drone.
Muna 2013, McChrystal akati kune kupararira kwakapesana nehondo dze drone muPakistan. Maererano nepepanhau rePakistan mambakwedza musi waFebruary 10, 2013, McChrystal, "akanyevera kuti zhinji dzakawanda drone inouraya muPakistan pasina kuziva kuti vanhu vanofunga kuti varwi pachavo vanogona kuva chinhu chakaipa. Gen. McChrystal akati akanzwisisa nei chiKapistani, kunyange munzvimbo dzisingatambudziki nedrones, dzakaita zvisina kunaka nematambudziko. Akakumbira vaAmerica kuti vaizoita sei kana nyika yevakidzani seMexico yakatanga kupisa dhoni dzedhara kuTexas. VaPakistani, akati, vakaona drones sekuratidzira simba reAmerica kurwisana nenyika yavo uye vakaita nenzira yakakodzera. 'Zvinondityisidzira pamusoro pemakwikwi emadhora ndizvo zvavanoonekwa munyika yose,' Gen. McChrystal akati mune imwe hurukuro yakambotaurwa. 'Kusuruvara kwakagadzirwa neAmerica kushandiswa kwekusagadzikana ... kwakawanda zvikuru kudarika mavhareji emuAmerica anokoshesa. Ivo vanovengwa panzvimbo yakatarisa, kunyange nevanhu vasina kumbobvira vaona mumwe kana kuona migumisiro yeimwe. '"
Kubva kare 2010, Bruce Riedel, uyo akabatanidza kubvunzurudzwa kweAghanistan mutemo weMutungamiri Obama akati, "Kushushikana kwatakaisa pa [jihadist forces] mugore rapfuura kwave kwakavaunganidza pamwe chete, zvinoreva kuti mambure ekubatana ari kukura kusimba kusiri kusimba. "(New York Times, May 9, 2010.) Aimbova Mutungamiriri weNational Intelligence Dennis Blair akati kunyange zvazvo "kudhakwa kuitika kwakabatsira kuderedza hutungamiri hweKaeda muPakistan, vakawedzerawo ruvengo rweAmerica" uye vakavhiringidza "kukwanisa kwedu kushanda nePakistan [mu] kubvisa Taliban nzvimbo tsvene, kukurudzira maIndia-Pakistani kukurukurirana, uye kugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya zvePakistan zvakachengeteka zvikuru. "(New York Times, August 15, 2011.)
Michael Boyle, chikamu cheMutungamiri weAmerican Obama chekutsvaga hutsinye panguva yehutungamiri hwake hweChNUMX, anoti kushandiswa kwemadrones kune "zvakashata zvinogadziriswa zvisinganzwisiswi zvakanaka pamusoro pekuwana matanho ekubatana nekuuraya magandanga. ... Kuwedzerwa kwakakura kwehuwandu hwekufa kwevashandi vashoma kunowedzera kupesana kwezvematongerwe enyika kurongwa hweUnited States muPakistan, Yemen nedzimwe nyika. "(The Guardian, January 7, 2013.) "Tiri kuona iyo blowback. Kana uri kuedza kuuraya nzira yako kune imwe nzira, zvisinei kuti iwe uri chaiye, uri kutsamwisa vanhu kunyange kana vasina kutarirwa, "akadaro Gen. James E. Cartwright, aimbova vachigaro wekasi Joint Chiefs of Staff. (New York Times, March 22, 2013.)
Aya maonero haawanzozivikanwi. Mutungamiri weCIA weIslamabad mu2005-2006 akafunga kuti drone inorwisa, asi ichiri kuwedzera, "yakadukusa zvishoma kunze kwekuvengana kwemafuta kuUnited States mukati mePakistan." (Ona Nzira Yeji rakanyorwa naMark Mazzetti.) Mukuru wehurumende yeUnited States muhurumende yeAustralia, Matthew Hoh, akazvimiririra mukupikisa uye akataura, "Ndinofunga kuti tiri kuwedzera hutsinye. Tiri kuparadza zvinhu zvakawanda zvakanaka chaizvo zvinotora mushure mevakomana vepakati pevane vasina kutyisidzira United States kana kuti havana simba rokutyisidzira United States. "
Hondo dzehondo inopisa njodzi kana kuti apocalypse chisinganzwisisiki.
Tinogona kubvisa zvombo zvenyukireya kana kuti tinogona kuvatarisa zvakanyanya. Hapana nzira yapakati. Isu tinogona kunge tisina zvombo zvenyukireya, kana kuti tinogona kuva nevakawanda. Iyi haisi yemitemo kana kuti inonzwisisika, asi kunyatsocherechedza kunotsigirwa nekutsvakurudza mumabhuku akafanana Apocalypse Musingaiti: Kuumba Nzira kune Nyukliya Isapon-Free World naTad Daley. Chero bedzi dzimwe nyika dzine zvombo zvenyukireya vamwe vachazvida, uye zvakanyanya izvo zvinezvo zviri nyore ivo vachapararira kune vamwe vachiri.
The Doomsday Clock iri sepedyo kusvika pakati peusiku sezvakambove.
Kana zvombo zvenyukireya zvichiri kuenderera mberi, zvinenge zvichida kuva nenyonga yenyukireya, uye kunyanya zvombo zvakura, nokukurumidza zvichauya. Mazana ezviitiko takaparadza nyika yedu kuburikidza nenjodzi, kuvhiringidzika, kusanzwisisika, uye machismo isinganzwisisiki. Paunowedzera muhutano chaihwo uye huchiwedzera huri hurumende dzisiri dzehurumende kuwana nekushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya, njodzi inokura zvinoshamisa - uye inongowedzerwa nemitemo yenyika yenyukireya iyo inobata nehugandanga mune nzira dzinoita seyakagadzirirwa kutora magandanga akawanda.
Kuwana zvombo zvenyukireya hakuiti zvachose kuchengetedza; hakuna chekushandira-inobatanidzwa mukudziparadza. Havana kudzivisa kuparadzirwa kwegandanga nevasiri vese vehurumende nenzira ipi zvayo. Kana kuti haawedzeri iota kune simba guru rehondo rekudzivisa nyika kusarwisa, kupa hurumende yeUnited States kuparadza chero chero ipi zvayo chero nguva chero ipi zvayo nezvisiri zvombo zvenyukireya. Nukeswo haisi kukunda hondo, uye United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, France, neChina vese vakarasikirwa hondo pamusoro pesimba risina magetsi kana vane nukes. Kana, kana zvichiitika hondo yenyika yenyukireya, inogona kuita zvigadziri zvombo zvingadzivirira nyika chero ipi zvayo kubva apocalypse.
Hondo inouya kumba.
Hondo kune dzimwe nyika inowedzera ruvengo kumba uye mhirizhonga mapurisa. Nepo hondo dzichirwiwa muzita rekuti "kutsigira" avo vari kurwa muhondo, varwi vehondo vanopihwa rubatsiro diki pakubata nekuzvibata kwakakomba kwehunhu, kushungurudzika, kukuvara kwehuropi, uye zvimwe zvipingamupinyi munzira yekuchinjika kune vanhu vasina mhirizhonga. Avo vakadzidziswa kuuraya vazhinji nemauto eUS, semuenzaniso, havana mwero avo vanove vashambadzi muUnited States, uko maitiro akadaro asiri echokwadi haagamuchirike. Uye mauto kurasikirwa kana kuba huwandu hukuru hwepfuti dzinoshandiswa mumhirizhonga dzine mhirizhonga dzisiri hondo.
Hondo yekuronga inotungamirira kuhondo.
"Taura zvishoma uye utore tsvimbo huru," akadaro Theodore Roosevelt, uyo aifarira kuvaka chiuto chikuru kana zvakadaro, asi kwete chaizvoizvo kuchiishandisa kunze kwekumanikidzwa. Izvi zvakashanda zvakaisvonaka, pamwe chete nemamwe maduku mashomanana eRoosevelt ekuunganidza simba kuPanama mu1901, Colombia mu1902, Honduras mu1903, Dominican Republic mu1903, Siria mu1903, Abyssinia mu1903, Panama mu1903, Dominican Republic mu 1904, Morocco mu1904, Panama mu1904, Korea mu1904, Cuba mu1906, Honduras mu1907, uye kuPhilippines mumutungamiri weRosevelt.
Vanhu vokutanga vatinoziva avo vakagadzirira hondo - hero yeSumerian Gilgamesh neshamwari yake Enkido, kana vaGiriki vakarwa paTroy - vakagadzirirawo kusaka mhuka dzesango. Barbara Ehrenreich anotsanangura kuti,
Tinoda kutenda kune umwe neumwe vavariro dzakanaka. "Gara wakagadzirira" ndiyo mutsara wa Boy Boy, shure kwezvose. Zvinongonzwisisika, zvinotarisirwa, uye zvakachengeteka kugadzirirwa. Hazvifaniri kugadzirirwa zvaizova zvisina musoro, zvakarurama?
Dambudziko iri nharo nderokuti haisi kupenga zvachose. Pane zvishoma zvishoma hazvipenzi zvachose kuti vanhu vatsvake pfuti mumisha yavo kuti vadzivirire kubva kumabhiriji. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, kune zvimwe zvikonzero zvokufungisisa, kusanganisira kukwirira kwezviitiko zvepfuti, kushandiswa kwepfuti mumamiriro ekutsamwa, kukwanisa kwevapambi vemhosva kuti vashandise pfuti dzeimba kumirisana navo, kubiridzira kwepfuti, kushungurudzwa Mhinduro yepfuti inokonzera kuedza kuderedza zvinokonzera utsotsi, nezvimwewo.
Pamusoro pehuwandu hwehondo nekusimbisa rudzi rwehondo, zvinhu zvakafanana zvinofanira kufungwa. Njodzi dzinokonzerwa nezvombo, kushandiswa kwakaipa kune vanhu, kuba, kutengesa kune vanobatana vanova vavengi, uye kukanganisa kubva kuedza kuderedza zvikonzero zvehugandanga nehondo zvinofanira kufungwa zvose. Saka, zvechokwadi, inofanirwa kushandiswa kushandisa zvombo kana iwe uinazvo. Pane dzimwe nguva, zvombo zvakawanda hazvikwanisi kubudiswa kusvikira pesa iripo yapera uye hutsva hutsva huongororwa "panhandare yehondo."
Asi pane zvimwe zvikonzero zvekufunga nezvazvo. Rudzi rwekuunganidza zvombo zvehondo rinomanikidzwa kune mamwe marudzi kuti aite zvakafanana. Kunyange rudzi ruchida kurwisana chete mukuzvidzivirira, runogona kunzwisisa "kudzivirirwa" kuti ive yekukwanisa kudzorera kune mamwe marudzi. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvive zvakakosha kugadzira zvombo uye mazano ehondo ine utsinye, uye kunyange "hondo yekutanga," kuchengeta zvinyorwa zvemutemo zvinotanga kuvhura nekudziwedzera, uye kukurudzira mamwe marudzi kuti aite zvakafanana. Kana iwe ukaisa vanhu vazhinji kuti vashandire kuronga chimwe chinhu, kana chirongwa ichocho chiri chaicho chikuru chekutsinhanisa kwevanhu uye chikonzero chinodada, zvinogona kuva zvakaoma kuchengetedza vanhu ivavo kuwana mikana yekuita zvirongwa zvavo.
Pane zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinobudirira kupfuura hondo yekudzivirira.
World BEYOND War zvave A Global Security System: An Alternative to War.
A December 2014 Gallup sarudzo yemarudzi e65 akawana United States kuva kure uye kure nyika inonzi ndiyo ngozi huru kune rugare munyika, uye a Pew sarudzo mu2017 yakawana hukuru munyika zhinji dzakabvunzwa dzichiona United States sekutyisidzira. Chero imwe nyika inotarisira kuenzanisa neUnited States muma polls aya angada kuita muhondo dzakawanda "dzinozvidzivirira" isati yaunza iwo mamwe mazinga ekutya nekutsamwa.
Haisi iyo chete nyika iri kunze kweUnited States kana kunyangwe kunze kwemauto eUS anoziva dambudziko iri. Zvave kungove zvakajairika kune vatungamiriri vemauto eUS, kazhinji vachangobva pamudyandigere, kukakavara kuti hondo dzakasiyana-siyana kana maitiro anovandudza vavengi vatsva kupfuura vavengi vavanovauraya.
Ugandanga hwakagara huchiwedzera munguva yehondo yehugandanga (sekuenzaniswa ne Global Terrorism Index). Zvinenge zvose (99.5%) zvekurwisana kwemagandanga kunoitika kune dzimwe nyika dzakabatanidzwa muhondo uye / kana kuita zvekushungurudzwa zvakadai sekuiswa mujeri pasina kutongwa, kutambudzwa, kana kuurayiwa mutemo. Nhamba yepamusoro yehugandanga iri "yakasunungurwa" uye "democratized" Iraq neA Afghanistan. Mapoka emagandanga anokonzera hugandanga (kureva, kwete-nyika, zvematongerwe enyika anoita zvechisimba) pasi pose zvakakura kubva muhondo dzeUnited States nehugandanga.
Heano mamwe mazviri kubva Peace Sciences Digest: “Kuendeswa kwemauto kune imwe nyika kunowedzera mukana wekurwiswa kubva kumasangano anotyisa kubva munyika iyoyo. Zvombo zvinotumirwa kunze kwenyika kune imwe nyika zvinowedzera mukana wekurwiswa kubva kumasangano anotyisa kubva munyika iyoyo. 95% yekurwisa kwese kwemagandanga kunoitwa kukurudzira vanhu vanobva kune dzimwe nyika kuti vasiye nyika yemagandanga. ”Hondo dzekuIraq neAfghanistan, nekushungurudzwa kwevasungwa panguva yavo, zvakava maturusi makuru ekutsvaga hugandanga hunopokana neUS. Muna 2006, masangano enjere eUS akaburitsa National Intelligence Estimate izvo zvakasvika pakupedzisira izvozvi. Sangano re Associated Press rakashuma kuti: "Hondo muIraq yava chinhu chinokonzera célèbre chechiIslam, chinokonzera kutsamwa kukuru kweUnited States iyo inogona kuwedzera kukura isati yava nani, vezvematongerwo enyika vanoongorora vanopedzisa mumushumo unopesana nekutaura kweMutungamiri Bush nyika iri kukura yakachengeteka. ... [T] Vaongorori venyika vese vanofunga kuti pasinei nekukuvadza kwakanyanya kune hutungamiri hweAl-Qaida, kutyisidzira kubva kuIslam kunopararira kwakapararira zvose muhuwandu uye munharaunda. "
A kudzidza kwemarudzi akapinda muHondo yeAfghanistan yakawanikwa kuti zvichienderana nenhamba yemasoja avakatumira ikoko, vakasangana nemagandanga akadzoka. Nekudaro, iyo hondo yehugandanga zvakavimbika uye zvakafanotaurwa zvakagadzira hugandanga.
Veterans veUnited States vanouraya mauto muIraq neAghanistan vakabvunzurudzwa mubhuku raJeremy Scahill uye firimu Dirty Wars vakati chero nguva pavakashanda nzira yavo kuburikidza nehuwandu hwevanhu kuti vauraye, vakapiwa ruzivo rwakakura; iyo yakanyora yakakura sechikonzero chekushanda nzira yavo kuburikidza nayo. Gavhuna Stanley McChrystal, uyo mutungamiriri we US uye mauto eNATO muAghanistan akaudza Rolling Stone muna June 2010 kuti "kune munhu wose asina mhosva iwe waunouraya, unosika 10 vavengi vatsva." Bhizinesi reInvestigative Journalism nevamwe vakanyora zvakanyora mazita evanhu vakawanda vasina mhosva vakaurayiwa nematambudziko e drone.
Muna 2013, McChrystal akati kune kupararira kwakapesana nehondo dze drone muPakistan. Maererano nepepanhau rePakistan mambakwedza musi waFebruary 10, 2013, McChrystal, "akanyevera kuti zhinji dzakawanda drone inouraya muPakistan pasina kuziva kuti vanhu vanofunga kuti varwi pachavo vanogona kuva chinhu chakaipa. Gen. McChrystal akati akanzwisisa nei chiKapistani, kunyange munzvimbo dzisingatambudziki nedrones, dzakaita zvisina kunaka nematambudziko. Akakumbira vaAmerica kuti vaizoita sei kana nyika yevakidzani seMexico yakatanga kupisa dhoni dzedhara kuTexas. VaPakistani, akati, vakaona drones sekuratidzira simba reAmerica kurwisana nenyika yavo uye vakaita nenzira yakakodzera. 'Zvinondityisidzira pamusoro pemakwikwi emadhora ndizvo zvavanoonekwa munyika yose,' Gen. McChrystal akati mune imwe hurukuro yakambotaurwa. 'Kusuruvara kwakagadzirwa neAmerica kushandiswa kwekusagadzikana ... kwakawanda zvikuru kudarika mavhareji emuAmerica anokoshesa. Ivo vanovengwa panzvimbo yakatarisa, kunyange nevanhu vasina kumbobvira vaona mumwe kana kuona migumisiro yeimwe. '"
Kubva kare 2010, Bruce Riedel, uyo akabatanidza kubvunzurudzwa kweAghanistan mutemo weMutungamiri Obama akati, "Kushushikana kwatakaisa pa [jihadist forces] mugore rapfuura kwave kwakavaunganidza pamwe chete, zvinoreva kuti mambure ekubatana ari kukura kusimba kusiri kusimba. "(New York Times, May 9, 2010.) Aimbova Mutungamiriri weNational Intelligence Dennis Blair akati kunyange zvazvo "kudhakwa kuitika kwakabatsira kuderedza hutungamiri hweKaeda muPakistan, vakawedzerawo ruvengo rweAmerica" uye vakavhiringidza "kukwanisa kwedu kushanda nePakistan [mu] kubvisa Taliban nzvimbo tsvene, kukurudzira maIndia-Pakistani kukurukurirana, uye kugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya zvePakistan zvakachengeteka zvikuru. "(New York Times, August 15, 2011.)
Michael Boyle, chikamu cheMutungamiri weAmerican Obama chekutsvaga hutsinye panguva yehutungamiri hwake hweChNUMX, anoti kushandiswa kwemadrones kune "zvakashata zvinogadziriswa zvisinganzwisiswi zvakanaka pamusoro pekuwana matanho ekubatana nekuuraya magandanga. ... Kuwedzerwa kwakakura kwehuwandu hwekufa kwevashandi vashoma kunowedzera kupesana kwezvematongerwe enyika kurongwa hweUnited States muPakistan, Yemen nedzimwe nyika. "(The Guardian, January 7, 2013.) "Tiri kuona iyo blowback. Kana uri kuedza kuuraya nzira yako kune imwe nzira, zvisinei kuti iwe uri chaiye, uri kutsamwisa vanhu kunyange kana vasina kutarirwa, "akadaro Gen. James E. Cartwright, aimbova vachigaro wekasi Joint Chiefs of Staff. (New York Times, March 22, 2013.)
Aya maonero haawanzozivikanwi. Mutungamiri weCIA weIslamabad mu2005-2006 akafunga kuti drone inorwisa, asi ichiri kuwedzera, "yakadukusa zvishoma kunze kwekuvengana kwemafuta kuUnited States mukati mePakistan." (Ona Nzira Yeji rakanyorwa naMark Mazzetti.) Mukuru wehurumende yeUnited States muhurumende yeAustralia, Matthew Hoh, akazvimiririra mukupikisa uye akataura, "Ndinofunga kuti tiri kuwedzera hutsinye. Tiri kuparadza zvinhu zvakawanda zvakanaka chaizvo zvinotora mushure mevakomana vepakati pevane vasina kutyisidzira United States kana kuti havana simba rokutyisidzira United States. "
Hondo dzehondo inopisa njodzi kana kuti apocalypse chisinganzwisisiki.
Tinogona kubvisa zvombo zvenyukireya kana kuti tinogona kuvatarisa zvakanyanya. Hapana nzira yapakati. Isu tinogona kunge tisina zvombo zvenyukireya, kana kuti tinogona kuva nevakawanda. Iyi haisi yemitemo kana kuti inonzwisisika, asi kunyatsocherechedza kunotsigirwa nekutsvakurudza mumabhuku akafanana Apocalypse Musingaiti: Kuumba Nzira kune Nyukliya Isapon-Free World naTad Daley. Chero bedzi dzimwe nyika dzine zvombo zvenyukireya vamwe vachazvida, uye zvakanyanya izvo zvinezvo zviri nyore ivo vachapararira kune vamwe vachiri.
The Doomsday Clock iri sepedyo kusvika pakati peusiku sezvakambove.
Kana zvombo zvenyukireya zvichiri kuenderera mberi, zvinenge zvichida kuva nenyonga yenyukireya, uye kunyanya zvombo zvakura, nokukurumidza zvichauya. Mazana ezviitiko takaparadza nyika yedu kuburikidza nenjodzi, kuvhiringidzika, kusanzwisisika, uye machismo isinganzwisisiki. Paunowedzera muhutano chaihwo uye huchiwedzera huri hurumende dzisiri dzehurumende kuwana nekushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya, njodzi inokura zvinoshamisa - uye inongowedzerwa nemitemo yenyika yenyukireya iyo inobata nehugandanga mune nzira dzinoita seyakagadzirirwa kutora magandanga akawanda.
Kuwana zvombo zvenyukireya hakuiti zvachose kuchengetedza; hakuna chekushandira-inobatanidzwa mukudziparadza. Havana kudzivisa kuparadzirwa kwegandanga nevasiri vese vehurumende nenzira ipi zvayo. Kana kuti haawedzeri iota kune simba guru rehondo rekudzivisa nyika kusarwisa, kupa hurumende yeUnited States kuparadza chero chero ipi zvayo chero nguva chero ipi zvayo nezvisiri zvombo zvenyukireya. Nukeswo haisi kukunda hondo, uye United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, France, neChina vese vakarasikirwa hondo pamusoro pesimba risina magetsi kana vane nukes. Kana, kana zvichiitika hondo yenyika yenyukireya, inogona kuita zvigadziri zvombo zvingadzivirira nyika chero ipi zvayo kubva apocalypse.
Hondo inouya kumba.
Hondo kune dzimwe nyika inowedzera ruvengo kumba uye mhirizhonga mapurisa. Nepo hondo dzichirwiwa muzita rekuti "kutsigira" avo vari kurwa muhondo, varwi vehondo vanopihwa rubatsiro diki pakubata nekuzvibata kwakakomba kwehunhu, kushungurudzika, kukuvara kwehuropi, uye zvimwe zvipingamupinyi munzira yekuchinjika kune vanhu vasina mhirizhonga. Avo vakadzidziswa kuuraya vazhinji nemauto eUS, semuenzaniso, havana mwero avo vanove vashambadzi muUnited States, uko maitiro akadaro asiri echokwadi haagamuchirike. Uye mauto kurasikirwa kana kuba huwandu hukuru hwepfuti dzinoshandiswa mumhirizhonga dzine mhirizhonga dzisiri hondo.
Hondo yekuronga inotungamirira kuhondo.
"Taura zvishoma uye utore tsvimbo huru," akadaro Theodore Roosevelt, uyo aifarira kuvaka chiuto chikuru kana zvakadaro, asi kwete chaizvoizvo kuchiishandisa kunze kwekumanikidzwa. Izvi zvakashanda zvakaisvonaka, pamwe chete nemamwe maduku mashomanana eRoosevelt ekuunganidza simba kuPanama mu1901, Colombia mu1902, Honduras mu1903, Dominican Republic mu1903, Siria mu1903, Abyssinia mu1903, Panama mu1903, Dominican Republic mu 1904, Morocco mu1904, Panama mu1904, Korea mu1904, Cuba mu1906, Honduras mu1907, uye kuPhilippines mumutungamiri weRosevelt.
Vanhu vokutanga vatinoziva avo vakagadzirira hondo - hero yeSumerian Gilgamesh neshamwari yake Enkido, kana vaGiriki vakarwa paTroy - vakagadzirirawo kusaka mhuka dzesango. Barbara Ehrenreich anotsanangura kuti,
". . . pamwe nekuderera kwezvikara zvepanyika uye mhuka dzevanhu, hapangadai zvisiri zvishoma kutora varume vakange vaine ruzivo mukuvhima uye kupesana nemudziviriri wezvidziviriro, uye hapana nzira yakanyatsotarisana kuenda kune chinzvimbo che 'hero.' Chii chakaponesa muvhimi-defender murume kubva kune chekusimudzika kana hupenyu hwekurima kwekurima ndeyekuti ane zvombo uye unyanzvi hwokuzvishandisa. [Lewis] Mumford inoratidza kuti muvhimi-mudziviriri akachengetedza chimiro chake kuburikidza nekushandura kurudzi rwe'kuchengetedza racket ': kumubhadhara (pamwe nezvokudya uye kurarama kwevanhu) kana kuzviisa pasi pezvakaitika kare.Mune mamwe mazwi, hondo ingave yatanga senzira yekuwana ushingi, sezvinoramba ichienderera mberi nemhemberero imwe chete. Zvichida zvakatanga nokuti vanhu vakange vakashonga uye vachida vavengi, sezvo vadzivisi vavo vekare (shumba, mabheji, mhumhi) vakanga vachifa kunze. Chii chakauya pakutanga, hondo kana zvombo? Chirahwe ichocho chinogona kunge chaine mhinduro. Mhinduro yacho inoratidzika kuva zvombo. Uye avo vasingadzidze kubva pakutanga vanogona kuparadzwa kuti vadzoke zvakare.
"Pakupedzisira, kuvapo kwevavhimi vasina kudzidzira mune dzimwe nzvimbo kwakagadzirisa dambudziko idzva uye 'rekune imwe nyika' kudzivirira. Vanovhima-vadziviriri veboka rimwe kana kuti kugadzirisa zvinogona kururamisa kuchengeta kwavo nekuratidza kutyisidzira kunoitwa nevamwe vavo mune mamwe mapoka, uye njodzi inogona kuramba ichiitwa zvakajeka nekurondedzera kupamba nguva nenguva. Sezvakanyorwa naGwynne Dyer mukuongorora kwake kwehondo, 'hondo yekare yakagadzikana. . . yakanga iri mhando yepamusasa mutambo wevarume kune vatsva vasina basa. '"
Tinoda kutenda kune umwe neumwe vavariro dzakanaka. "Gara wakagadzirira" ndiyo mutsara wa Boy Boy, shure kwezvose. Zvinongonzwisisika, zvinotarisirwa, uye zvakachengeteka kugadzirirwa. Hazvifaniri kugadzirirwa zvaizova zvisina musoro, zvakarurama?
Dambudziko iri nharo nderokuti haisi kupenga zvachose. Pane zvishoma zvishoma hazvipenzi zvachose kuti vanhu vatsvake pfuti mumisha yavo kuti vadzivirire kubva kumabhiriji. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, kune zvimwe zvikonzero zvokufungisisa, kusanganisira kukwirira kwezviitiko zvepfuti, kushandiswa kwepfuti mumamiriro ekutsamwa, kukwanisa kwevapambi vemhosva kuti vashandise pfuti dzeimba kumirisana navo, kubiridzira kwepfuti, kushungurudzwa Mhinduro yepfuti inokonzera kuedza kuderedza zvinokonzera utsotsi, nezvimwewo.
Pamusoro pehuwandu hwehondo nekusimbisa rudzi rwehondo, zvinhu zvakafanana zvinofanira kufungwa. Njodzi dzinokonzerwa nezvombo, kushandiswa kwakaipa kune vanhu, kuba, kutengesa kune vanobatana vanova vavengi, uye kukanganisa kubva kuedza kuderedza zvikonzero zvehugandanga nehondo zvinofanira kufungwa zvose. Saka, zvechokwadi, inofanirwa kushandiswa kushandisa zvombo kana iwe uinazvo. Pane dzimwe nguva, zvombo zvakawanda hazvikwanisi kubudiswa kusvikira pesa iripo yapera uye hutsva hutsva huongororwa "panhandare yehondo."
Asi pane zvimwe zvikonzero zvekufunga nezvazvo. Rudzi rwekuunganidza zvombo zvehondo rinomanikidzwa kune mamwe marudzi kuti aite zvakafanana. Kunyange rudzi ruchida kurwisana chete mukuzvidzivirira, runogona kunzwisisa "kudzivirirwa" kuti ive yekukwanisa kudzorera kune mamwe marudzi. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvive zvakakosha kugadzira zvombo uye mazano ehondo ine utsinye, uye kunyange "hondo yekutanga," kuchengeta zvinyorwa zvemutemo zvinotanga kuvhura nekudziwedzera, uye kukurudzira mamwe marudzi kuti aite zvakafanana. Kana iwe ukaisa vanhu vazhinji kuti vashandire kuronga chimwe chinhu, kana chirongwa ichocho chiri chaicho chikuru chekutsinhanisa kwevanhu uye chikonzero chinodada, zvinogona kuva zvakaoma kuchengetedza vanhu ivavo kuwana mikana yekuita zvirongwa zvavo.
World BEYOND War zvave A Global Security System: An Alternative to War.
David Vine's 2020 bhuku United States yeHondo anonyora mashandiro ekuvakwa nekugara kwenzvimbo dzekunze dzechiuto dzinogadzira pane kudzivirira hondo munzvimbo dzemabhesheni.
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