Ndira

January 1
January 2
January 3
January 4
January 5
January 6
January 7
January 8
January 9
January 10
January 11
January 12
January 13
January 14
January 15
January 16
January 17
January 18
January 19
January 20
January 21
January 22
January 23
January 24
January 25
January 26
January 27
January 28
January 29
January 30
January 31

January 1. Iri izuva regore idzva uye zuva repasirese rerunyararo. Nhasi uno unotanga zvekare kumwe kupfuuridza pakarenda yaGregory, yakaunzwa naPope Gregory XIII muna 1582 uye nhasi uno ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa karenda yenyika. Nhasi anotanga mwedzi waJanuary, anonzi Janus, mwari-akatarisana-maviri emasuo uye shanduko, kana Juno, Mambokadzi wevamwari, mwanasikana waSaturn, uye vese mudzimai nehanzvadzi yaJupiter. Juno ishanduro yehondo yemwarikadzi wechiGiriki Hera. Muna 1967 Chechi yeKaturike yakazivisa Ndira 1 kuva zuva renyika rerunyararo. Vazhinji vasiri maKaturike vanotorawo mukana wekupemberera, kusimudzira, kudzidzisa, nekusimudzira runyararo. Mutsika yakafara yezvisarudzo zveGore Idzva, vanapapa vagara vachishandisa Zuva reRunyararo pasi rose kuita hurukuro nekuburitsa zvirevo mukutsigira kufambisa nyika kuti ive nerunyararo, nekumiririra zvimwe zvikonzero zvakasiyana. Zuva reNyika Runyararo muna Ndira 1 harifanirwe kuvhiringidzwa neInternational Day of Peace, yakagadzwa neUnited Nations muna 1982 uye yakatarwa gore rega munaGunyana 21st. Iyo yekupedzisira yave kuzivikanwa zvirinani, pamwe nekuti haina kutangwa nechitendero chimwe chete, kunyangwe izwi rekuti "International" muzita rayo raive kushaya simba kune avo vanotenda kuti nyika chinotadzisa rugare. Zuva rePasi rose rerunyararo harina kufanana neRunyararo Svondo rinouya kuEngland neWales neSvondo rinowira pakati paNdira 14 na20. Kwese uye chero isu tiri munyika, tinogona kusarudza kugadzirisa nhasi kushandira runyararo.

January 2. Nezuva rino mu1905, iyo Conference of Industrial Unionists muChicago yakagadzira Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), inozivikanwa seThe Wobblies, iyo inobatanidza zvese-kusanganisira kushanda pamwe chete nevashandi vose munyika. MaWobblies akatsigira kodzero dzevashandi, kodzero dzevanhu, hutongi hwevanhu, uye rugare. Chiratidzo chavo chinorangarirwa munziyo dzavakagadzira nekuimba. Mumwe akanzi maKristu paHondo uye akaisanganisira aya mazwi: "Pamberi, masoja echiKristu! Nzira yeduty iri pachena; Urayai vavakidzani vechiKristu, kana kuti navo vaurawe. Vadzvanyiriri varikusvora iko kusasununguka swill, Mwari ari kumusoro ari kukushevedza kuti ubire, uye kubata chibharo, uye kuuraya. Mabasa ako ese akatsveneswa neGwayana riri kumusoro; Kana iwe uchida Mweya Mutsvene, enda kuuraya, kunamata, uye kufa. Pamberi, masoja echiKristu! Kubvarura uye kubvarura uye kurova! Rega Jesu akapfava aropafadze dynamite yako. Splinter dehenya rine shrapnel, sanganisa sod; vanhu vasingataure rurimi rwako vakakodzera kutukwa naMwari. Pwanyai mikova yedzimba dzose, mhandara dzakanaka dzinobata; shandisa simba rako uye nekodzero inoera kuvabata sezvaunoda. Pamberi, masoja echiKristu! Kuvhiringidza zvese zvaunosangana nazvo; Tsika rusununguko rwevanhu pasi petsoka dzinozvipira. Rumbidzai Ishe uyo dhora chikwangwani chinomhanyisa mujaho waanofarira! Ita marara ekunze aremekedze yako yemhando yebhuruu yenyasha. Vimba neruponeso rwekunyepedzera, shanda semidziyo yevadzvinyiriri; Nhoroondo ichati nezvako: 'Rudzi irworwo rwemapenzi anotukwa namwari!' ”Mumakore anodarika zana kubva rwiyo urwu rwanyorwa, nzwisiso yekunyomba yakadzikira zvishoma, uyezve hapana maKristu anotora chikamu muhondo zvekare.

January 3. Pazuva rino mu1967, Jack Ruby, uyo akaurayiwa nemutungamiriri weMutungamiriri weMutungamiri John F. Kennedy, akaurayiwa, Lee Harvey Oswald, akafa mujeri reTexas. Ruby akatongerwa mhosva yekuuraya Oswald mazuva maviri mushure mekupfura kwaKennedy apo Oswald aive mumaoko emapurisa. Ruby akatongerwa rufu; zvakadaro kutongwa kwake kwakakwidzwa, uye akapiwa kutongwa kutsva kunyangwe hazvo kupfura kwakaitika pamberi pemapurisa nevatori venhau vachitora mifananidzo. Sezvo zuva rekutongwa kwatsva kwaRuby rakanga richiiswa, anonzi akafa kubva muchirwere chemapapu nekuda kwekenza yemapapu isingazivikanwe. Zvinoenderana nezvinyorwa zvisati zvamboburitswa neNational Archives kusvika munaNovember 2017, Jack Ruby akange audza mupi weFBI kuti "atarise mafireworks" pazuva rakaurayiwa Mutungamiri John F. Kennedy, uye aive munzvimbo yakaurayiwa mhondi. Ruby akaramba izvi panguva yekutongwa kwake, achichengetedza kuti aiita zvekuda nyika paakauraya Oswald. Iyo yepamutemo Warren Commission mushumo wa1964 yakagumisa kuti kana Oswald kana Ruby vaive chikamu chehurongwa hukuru hwekuuraya Mutungamiri Kennedy. Kunyangwe paine mhedzisiro inoratidzika kunge yakasimba, chirevo chakatadza kunyaradza kusahadzika kwakatenderedza chiitiko ichi. Muna 1978, House Select Committee yeAassassinations yakapedzisa mushumo wekutanga kuti Kennedy "zvimwe akaurayiwa nekuda kwekurangana" uko kungangodaro kwakabatanidza vapfuri vakawanda uye mhosva dzakarongeka. Zvakawanikwa nekomiti iyi, seye Warren Commission, zvinoramba zvichipokana zvikuru. Pfungwa dzepurezidhendi wemutungamiriri weUS dzamuita akanyanya kufarirwa uye akashayikwa zvakanyanya: "Dzoka kubva pamumvuri wehondo utsvage nzira yerunyararo," akadaro.

January 4. Pazuva rino mu1948, rudzi rweBurma (iro rinzikanwawo seMyanmar) rwakasununguka pachavo rwechiBritain rwechikoloni uye rikava hurumende yakazvimiririra. VaBrithani vakanga varwa hondo nhatu dzokurwisana neBurma muzana remakore re19th, chikamu chechitatu chacho mu1886 chakaita Burma ruzivo rweBritish India. Rangoon (Yangon) yakava guta guru uye nzvimbo yakawanda yechiteshi pakati peCalcutta neSingapore. Vakawanda veIndia neChinese vakauya neBrithani, uye hutsika hukuru hwemagariro hwakaguma mukurwisana, kurwisana, uye kupembera. Kutonga kweBritain, nekuramba kubvisa shangu pavanopinda pagodasi, vakatungamirira vatongi veBuddhist kuti varambe. Rangoon University yakabudisa radicals, uye mudzidzi wechidiki wezvemitemo, Aung San, akatanga zvose "Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League" (AFPFL), uye "People's Revolutionary Party" (PRP). Yaiva yeSani, pakati pevamwe, vakakwanisa kutaurirana hurumende yeBurma kubva kuBritain muna 1947 uye kugadzira chibvumirano nemarudzi akasiyana ehurumende yeBurma yakabatana. Sani yakaurayiwa vasati vasununguka. Mwanasikana weSan mudiki kuna Aung San Suu Kyi akapfuurira basa rake kune democracy. Muna 1962, mauto eBurmese akatora hurumende. Yakaurayawo vadzidzi veC100 vakapinda murugare runyararo paRangoon University. Muna 1976, vadzidzi ve100 vakasungwa mushure mekugara nyore-mukati. Suu Kyi akaiswa pasi musungwa, asi akagamuchira Nobel Peace Prize mu1991. Kunyange zvazvo mauto anoramba ari simba guru muMyanmar, Suu Kyi akasarudzwa State Counselor (kana kuti gurukota) mu 2016, yakatsigirwa neBurmese National League yeDemocratic. Suu Kyi ave achitsoropodzwa pasi pose mukutarisira kana kubvumira mauto eBurma kuuraya mazana evarume, vakadzi, uye vana veboka reRohingya.

January 5. Nezuva rino mu1968, Antonin Novotny, mutongi weStalinist weCzechoslovakia, akabudirira semunyori wekutanga naAlexander Dubcek, uyo aidavira hukama hwevanhu hunogona kuwanikwa. Dubcek yakatsigira communism, asi yakaunza rusununguko rwokutaura mukushandurwa kunotsigira hurumende, uye kodzero dzevanhu. Iyi nguva inozivikanwa se "Prague Spring." Soviet Union yakapinda muCzechoslovakia; vatungamiri vakasununguka vakaendeswa kuMoscow, uye vakatsiviwa neSoviet vakuru. Kugadziriswa kwaDubcek kwakabviswa, uye Gustav Husak uyo akatsiva iye zvakare akagadza hurumende yehurumende yeCommunist. Izvi zvakakonzera kupesana kukuru munyika yose. Zviteshi zvepaRadio, mapepanhau, uye mabhuku akabudiswa munguva ino, zvakadai seThe Garden Party uye The Memorandum neCoplav Havel dzakarambidzwa, uye Havel akavharirwa kwemakore anenge mana. Zviuru zvevadzidzi vaitora runyararo rwemazuva mana vagere-kuchikoro chesekondari uye makoroji munyika yose, uye mafekitari achivatumira zvokudya pamwe chete. Dzimwe zviitiko zvinotyisa uye zvinotyisa zvakabva zvaitika. MunaJanuary 1969, Jan Palach mumwe mudzidzi wekoroji akazviisa mumoto muWenceslas Square kunopesana nebasa uye kubviswa kwemasimba ehurumende. Rufu rwake rwakave rwakafanana neChitsuwa chePrague, uye kumuviga wake kwakave kumwe kumwe kuratidza kupikisa. Mumwe mudzidzi wechipiri, Jan Zajíc akaita chiito chakafanana mumakamuri, uye chechitatu, Evžen Plocek, akafa mu Jihlava. Sezvo hurumende dzeKomonisiti dzakanga dzichidzingwa kumabvazuva kweEurope, kupemberera kwePrague kwakaramba kuripo kusvika munaDisemba 1989 apo hurumende yaHusak yakazobvuma. Dubcek zvakare akanzi mutungamiriri weParamende, uye Vaclav Havel akava mutevedzeri weCzechoslovakia. Kuunza chikoministiri kuguma muCzechoslovakia, kana Prague "Zhizha," yakatora makore anopfuura makumi maviri ekupikisa.

January 6. Nezuva rino mu1941, Mutungamiri Franklin Delano Roosevelt akaita mutauro wakatanga kutaura izwi rokuti "Rusununguko Rune," ayo akati aisanganisira rusununguko rwokutaura uye kutaura; rusununguko rwechitendero; rusununguko kubva pakutya; uye rusununguko kubva pakushaiwa. Kutaura kwake kwakanangana nerusununguko rwevagari venyika dzese, zvakadaro vagari vemuUnited States uye nezvenyika zhinji vachiri kunetsekana mune yega yega yenzvimbo ina. Heano mamwe emashoko akataurwa naPurezidhendi Roosevelt musi iwoyo: “Mumazuva anotevera, ayo atiri kutsvaga kuchengetedza, tinotarisira kune nyika yakavambwa nerusununguko runokosha rwevanhu. Yekutanga rusununguko rwekutaura uye rwekutaura - kwese kuri munyika. Chechipiri rusununguko rwemunhu wese kunamata Mwari nenzira yake - kwese-kwese pasi. Chechitatu rusununguko kubva mukushaiwa - uko, kunoshandurwa mumazwi epasirese, zvinoreva kunzwisiswa kwezvehupfumi uko kunochengetedza kurudzi rwese hupenyu hune runyararo hupenyu kuvagari varo - kwese kupi pasi. Chechina rusununguko kubva mukutya - uko, kunoshandurwa kuita mazwi epasirese, kunoreva kudzikiswa kwepasi rose kwezvombo kusvika pakadai uye nenzira yakanyanyisa zvekuti hapana nyika inozogona kuita chiito chekumanikidza kune chero muvakidzani. - chero kupi zvako munyika…. Pfungwa yepamusoro iyi hapana magumo kunze kwekukunda. ” Nhasi hurumende yeUS inodzora kodzero dzekutanga Amendment. Mapolls anowana hukuru kunze kwenyika vanoona iyo US sengozi huru kurunyararo. Uye iyo US inotungamira nyika dzese dzakapfuma muhurombo. Iko Kusununguka Kwechina kunoramba kuchirwira.

January 7. Pazuva rino mu1932, Munyori wehurumende yeUnited States Henry Stimson akaendesa Stimson Doctrine. United States yainge yashevedzwa neLeague of Nations kuti itore danho pakurwiswa kweChina kwakaitwa neJapan. Stimson, nemvumo yeMutungamiri Herbert Hoover, akazivisa mune yainziwo dzidziso yeHoover-Stimson, kupokana kweUS nehondo yazvino muManchuria. Dzidziso yakataura, kutanga, kuti United States yaisazobvuma chero chibvumirano chakakanganisa hutongi kana kuvimbika kweChina; uye chechipiri, kuti yaisazoziva shanduko ipi neipi yenharaunda inowanikwa kuburikidza nesimba remaoko. Chirevo ichi chaive pamusoro pekurambidzwa kwehondo kuburikidza ne1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact iyo yakazopedzisira yagumisa kugamuchirwa nekucherechedzwa kwekukunda kunenge pasirese. United States yakatambura mukati mekupedzisira kweWWI sezvo vagari vayo vairwisana neWall Street-yakagadzira kushushikana, kukundikana kwakawanda kwebhangi, kushomeka kwemabasa, uye hasha dzakakura dzehondo. IUS yaisakwanisa kupinda muhondo nyowani munguva pfupi uye yainge yaramba kutsigira Chikwata cheMarudzi. Iyo Stimson Dzidziso kubvira ipapo yakatsanangurwa seisingashande, nekuda kwekupinda kweShanghai nemaJapan masvondo matatu akatevera, uye hondo dzakazotevera muEurope dzese dzichisanganisira dzimwe nyika dzakashora mutemo. Vamwe vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanofunga kuti dzidziso iyi yaive yekuzvishandira, uye yaireva kungo chengetedza kutengeserana kuvhurika panguva ye Great Kuderera asi ichiramba isina kwayakarerekera. Kune rimwe divi, kune vanyori vezvakaitika kare uye vezvemitemo vadzidzi vanoziva kuti kuiswa kwehunhu mune zvematongerwo enyika kwakagadzira iyo Stimpson Dzidziso inobatsira mukuumba maonero epasirese ehondo nemhedzisiro yayo.

January 8. Pazuva rino, AJ Muste (1885 - 1967), akaberekerwa kuDutch akazvarwa muAmerica, akatanga hupenyu hwake. AJ Muste akanga ari mumwe wevatungamiri vasiri vevanhu vasiri vevanhu munguva yake. Kutanga semushumiri muChechi yeDutch Reformed, akazova sangano rezvemagariro evanhu uye mushandi wehurumende, uye aiva mumwe wevakiki uye mutungamiriri wekutanga we Brookwood Labor College yeNew York. Mune 1936, akazvipira kuhondo uye akaisa simba rake pakurwiswa kwehondo, kodzero dzevanhu, rusununguko rwevanhu, nekudzivirira. Akashanda nemapoka akawanda emasangano, kusanganisira Fellowship of Reconciliation, Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), uye War Resisters League, uye yakashanda semhariri we Kusunungurwa magazini. Akaenderera mberi nebasa rake rerunyararo panguva yehondo yeUS kuVietnam; nguva pfupi asati afa, akaenda kuNorth Vietnam nechikwata chevafundisi uye akasangana nemutungamiri wechiKomonisiti Ho Chi Minh. AJ Muste airemekedzwa zvakanyanya uye achiyemurwa mukufambiswa kwerunyararo nekuda kwekugona kwake kutaurirana nevanhu veese mazera uye nharaunda, kuteerera nekufungisisa pane ese maonero maonero, uye kuyambuka madaro pakati pezvikamu zvakasiyana zvematongerwo enyika. Iyo AJ Muste Chirangaridzo Institute yakarongeka muna 1974 kuchengetedza nhaka yaAJ iri mupenyu kuburikidza nerutsigiro rusingaperi rwechisimba chisiri chekuchinja kwenzanga. Sangano rinoburitsa mapepa netubhuku tusingaite mhirizhonga, rinopa rubatsiro uye rutsigiro kumapoka anodzika midzi muUS ne pasirese, kuNew York City "Peace Pentagon." Mumashoko aMadee: “Iko hakuna nzira yerunyararo; rugare ndiyo nzira. ”

January 9. Pazuva iri mu1918, US yakarwa hondo yayo yekupedzisira nevaNative America kuHondo yeBurt Valley. MaIndia eYaqui akaendeswa kuchamhembe nehondo yavo refu neMexico, ndokuyambuka muganhu padyo nenzvimbo yemauto kuArizona. Yaquis dzimwe nguva yaizoshanda mumasango eUS macrus, vachitenga zvombo nemubairo wavo, vodzokera navo kuMexico. Pazuva rakaipa iri, mauto akawana boka diki. Kurwa kwakatevera kusvikira mumwe Yaqui atanga kupuruzira maoko ake mukuzvipira. Gumi maYaquis akabatwa, ndokuudzwa kuti vafambe nemaoko avo pamusoro pemisoro yavo. Sabhuku vakamira vakareba, asi vakabata maoko muchiuno. Sezvo maoko ake aisimudzwa nechisimba, zvaive pachena kuti aingozama kubata dumbu rake pamwechete. Akange atambura nekuputika kwakakonzerwa nebara raibatidza makateti akaputirwa muchiuno chake, uye akafa zuva rakatevera. Mumwe wevakabatwa aive mukomana ane makore gumi nerimwe ekuberekwa iyo pfuti yaive yakareba sekureba. Iri boka rakashinga rakanga ragonesa rakakura kutiza. Avo vakatapwa vakabva vaendeswa vakatasva bhiza kuenda kuTucson kunotongwa kumubatanidzwa. Vakakwanisa kufadza varwi mukati merwendo nehushingi nesimba ravo. Pakutongwa, mutongi akarasa mhosva dzese dzemwana anegumi nerimwe, uye akapa vamwe vasere mazuva makumi matatu chete mujeri. Colonel Harold B. Wharfield vakanyora kuti: "mutongo uyu waifarira vaYaquis vangadai vakaendeswa kuMexico uye vakatarisana nekuurayiwa sevapanduki."

January 10. Pazuva rino mu1920 the League of Nations yakatangwa. Yakanga iri yekutanga musangano wepasirese wakagadzwa kuchengetedza runyararo rwenyika. Yakanga isiri pfungwa nyowani. Nhaurirano dzakatevera hondo dzaNapoleoniki dzakatungamira pakupedzisira kuGeneva neHague Kokorodzano. Muna 1906, mubayiro weNobel Prize Theodore Roosevelt akarayira “Chinzwano Chorugare.” Zvino, pakupera kweWWI, maBritish, maFrance neUS vakagadzirira mazano ekongiri. Izvi zvakatungamira mukutaurirana nekutambirwa kwe "Chibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheMarudzi" paParis Peace Conference muna 1919. Sungano, iyo yakanangana nekuchengetedzwa pamwe chete, kutorerwa zvombo, uye kugadzirisa makakatanwa epasi rose kuburikidza nekutaurirana nekutonga, yakazosanganisirwa Chibvumirano cheVersailles. Iyo League yaitongwa neGeneral Assembly uye Executive Council (yakavhurika chete kune makuru masimba). Ne kutanga kweWWII, zvaive pachena kuti League yakanga yatadza. Sei? Governance: Zvisarudzo zvinoda kubvumirana kusina kubvumirwa kweGurisa. Izvi zvakaita kuti nhengo dzeChechi ive veto inoshanda. unhengo: Nyika zhinji hadzina kumbobatana. Pakanga paine makumi mana nenhengo dzekutanga uye makumi mashanu neshanu pakakwirira. Vakawanda vaizviona se “Chinzwano cheVakundi.” Germany haina kubvumidzwa kujoina. Hurumende dzechiKomonisiti hadzina kugamuchirwa. Uye zvinoshamisa kuti United States haina kumbobatana. Mutungamiri Woodrow Wilson, mutsigiri anokosha, havana kukwanisa kuzviwana kuburikidza neSeneti. Kushaya kukwanisa kuita zvisarudzo: Chikwata chaibva kune vakunda veWWI kuti vashandise mazano avo. Vakanga vasingadi kuita kudaro. Zvinangwa zvinopesana: Kudiwa kwekudzivirira zvombo kunopesana nemabasa ekudzivirira zvombo. Muna 1946, mushure mekunge makore 26 chete, Sangano reMarudzi rakatsiviwa neUnited Nations.

January 11. Pazuva rino mu2002, Guantanamo Bay Prison Camp yakatanga kushanda muCuba. Pakutanga raida kuva "chiwi kunze kwemurairo" apo hugandanga hunopomerwa hungavharirwa kunze kwekugadziriswa uye kubvunzurudzwa pasina kuvharwa, jeri nemagetsi eGuantánamo Bay zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya. Guantánamo yava chiratidzo chekusaruramisira, kushungurudzwa, uye kusaremekedza mutemo. Sezvo musasa wejeri wakazaruka, vanenge 800 varume vakapfuura nemasero ayo. Mukuwedzera pakusungwa kusingabvumirwe nemutemo, vazhinji vakave vachitambudzwa uye mamwe maitiro ane utsinye. Vakawanda vave vakachengetwa vasina mhosva kana kuidzwa. Vasungwa vazhinji vakave vakabatwa kwemakore akawanda mushure mokunge vasunungurwa kuti vasunungurwe nemauto eUnited States, vakanamatira mune chegmire umo pasina simba rehurumende rave richida kusvika kusvika kugumisa kuputsa kodzero dzavo. Guantánamo yave iri chinhu chakaipa pamusoro penyaya uye kuchengeteka kweUnited States uye chikwata chekuunganidza vanhu vemapoka akaita seIIS akave akafuka vasungwa vavo muGITMO orange. Mutungamiri weUnited States nemapurisa ake kwemakore vave vasina kushandisa simba rekuvhara kusungwa kusingagumi uye pedyo neGuantánamo. Kuvhara Guantánamo nenzira yakarurama kunoda kupedzisa kusungwa kusingagumi pasina chekuita kana kuidzwa; kutumira vasungwa avo vakacheneswa kuti vaende; uye kuedza vasungwa kune avo vane uchapupu hwekutadza mumatare ematare ehurumende muUnited States. US federal fedare inowanzotora matambudziko makuru ehupfumi. Kana mutongi asingagoni kuisa pamwe mhosva kumusungwa, hapana chikonzero chokuti munhu anofanira kuramba achiiswa mujeri, pasinei neGuantánamo kana United States.

January 12. Pazuva rino mu1970 Biafra, nzvimbo inoputika kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweNigeria, yakapiwa kuBritain Army, nokudaro ichiguma neNigeria Civil Civil War. Nigeria, aichimbova muBritain, yakawana rusununguko mu1960. Iyi hondo yeropa uye inopesana yaiva yekuguma kwekusununguka kwakagadzirirwa zvikuru kune zvinodiwa zvehutongi hwechikoloni. Nigeria yakanga iri yakasiyana neyekutonga nyika. Munguva yechipoloni yakaitwa sezvikamu zviviri, Northern nekuSouth. Muna 1914, nokuda kwehutano hwehutungamiri uye kunyatsogadzirisa kudzora zvinhu, North neSouth zvakabatanidzwa. Nigeria ine mapoka matatu anonyanya kukosha: i Igbo iri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva; iyo Hausa-Fulani iri kuchamhembe; uye Yoruba iri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero. Pakusununguka, Prime Minister yaive ichibva kuchamhembe, nzvimbo yakawanda kwazvo. Kusiyana kwepamatunhu kwakaita kuti kuve nekubatana kwehurumende kwakaoma. Kurwisana kwakakwira panguva yeChNUMX sarudzo. Pakati pemhosva dzakawanda dzekubiridzira, avo vakagadziriswa vakasarudzwa zvakare. Muna 1964, vakuru vakuru vakaedza kubvumirana. Aguiyi-Ironsi, mukuru weNigerian Army uye an Igbo, akaibvisa uye akava mukuru wehurumende. Mwedzi mitanhatu gare gare, vatungamiriri vekuchamhembe vakatora chibvumirano. Yakubu Gowon, nechekumabvazuva, akava mukuru wehurumende. Izvi zvakatungamirira kumagroms muchamhembe. Kusvika ku1966 Igbo vakaurayiwa uye mamiriyoni akatiza. Musi waMay 100,000, 30, the Igbo, akazivisa Southeast Region iyo Independent Republic of Biafra. Hondo yeHondo yakaenda kundorwa kuti iyananise nyika. Chinangwa chavo chekutanga chaiva kutora Port Harcourt uye kutonga kweminda yemafuta. Blockades yakatevera, iyo yakakonzera nzara huru uye nzara yepamusoro kusvika ku1967 mamiriyoni evanhu veBiafran. Makumi makumi mashanu gare gare, hondo nemigumisiro yadzo inoramba ichinyanya kukosha kwekukakavadzana kunotyisa.

January 13. Nezuva rino mu1991, Soviet Special Forces yakarwisana nechiLithuanian terevhizheni uye redhiyoti, ichiuraya 14 uye ichikuvadza pamusoro pe500 sematangi akafamba nemapoka evarwi vasina kuchengetedzwa vakarinda shongwe mukudzivirirwa kweLithuanian broadcasting hurumende. Supreme Council of Lithuania yakabudisa chimbichimbi kunyika kuti ione kuti Soviet Union yakarwisa hurumende yavo, uye kuti maLithuanian aida kuchengetedza rusununguko kune chero mamiriro ezvinhu. Lithuania yakanga yakazivisa rusununguko rwayo mu1990. Paramende yeLithuania yakakurumidza kupedza mutemo unopa hurumende yekutapwa mune zvakaitika apo Gwaro rinofanira kuvharwa neuto reSoviet. Mutungamiri weRussia, Boris Yeltsin, akapindura nekuramba ruoko rwake mukurwiswa, uye akakurudzira mauto eRussia achitaura ichi chakanga chisiri pamutemo, uye achivakurudzira kuti vafunge nezvemhuri yavo yakasara pamba. Pasinei nokuti iye naMikhail Gorbachev vairamba kubatanidzwa chero kupi zvako, Soviet kuurayiwa uye kuuraya kwakaramba kuripo. Boka revanhu veLithuani vakatsvaka kuchengetedza TV neredhiyo. Matangi eSoviet akaenderera mberi ndokudzinga vanhu vazhinji. Mauto eSoviet akatora uye akavhara terevhizheni iri kurarama. Asi terevhizheni duku yeTV yakatanga kupararira mumitauro yakawanda kuti nyika izive. Boka guru revanhu rakaungana kuti ridzivirire chivako chikuru cheKomiti, uye mauto eSoviet akadzoka. Kudengenyeka kwenyika dzakazotevera. MunaFebruary, Lithuanians dzakasarudza zvinoshamisa nekuda kwekusununguka. Sezvo Lithuania yakawana rusununguko rwayo, yakava pachena kuti kupinda kwehondo kwakanga kusina kugadzirira nyika yekuwedzera rusununguko rwekukurukurirana.

January 14. Pazuva rino mu1892 Martin Niemöller akaberekwa. Akafa muna 1984. Mufundisi uyu akatanhamara wePurotesitendi akabuda semuvengi akasununguka waAdolf Hitler akapedza makore manomwe ekupedzisira ekutonga kweNazi mumisasa yevasungwa, kunyangwe aive nehukama hwenyika. Niemöller anogona kunge anoyeukwa zvakanyanya neshoko rinoti: "Kutanga vakauya veSocialists, uye ini handina kutaura nekuti ini ndakanga ndisiri weSocialist. Vakabva vauya veTrade Unionists, uye ini handina kutaura nekuti ini ndakanga ndisiri Trade Unionist. Ipapo vakauya nekuda kwemaJuda, uye ini handina kutaura nekuti ini ndaive ndisiri muJuda. Vakabva vauya vachinditsvaga, uye pakanga pasina akasara kuti anditaurire. ” Niemöller akaburitswa muGerman Navy mushure meHondo Yenyika I. Akafunga kutevedzera tsoka dzababa vake nekupinda seminari. Niemöller akazozivikanwa semuparidzi anokwezva. Zvisinei nekunyeverwa nemapurisa, akaenderera mberi achiparidza achipesana nekuyedza kwehurumende kupindira mumachechi uye nezvaaiona senge chihedheni chinokurudzirwa nevaNazi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, Niemöller akasungwa kakawanda akaiswa mutirongo kwake ega pakati pa1934 na1937. Niemöller akazove mukurumbira kunze kwenyika. Akaendesa kero yekuvhura pamusangano we1946 weFederal Council of Churches muUnited States uye akafamba achitaura zvakanyanya nezve chiitiko cheGerman pasi peNazi. Pakazosvika pakati-1950s, Niemöller akashanda nemapoka akati wandei epasi rose, kusanganisira World Council of Churches, kurunyararo rwenyika dzese. Urudzi rwechiGerman rwaNiemöller haruna kuzungunuka apo aishora kupatsanurwa kweGerman, achiti akasarudza kubatana kunyangwe zvaive pasi peCommunism.

January 15. Pazuva rino muna 1929, Martin Luther King, Jr. akaberekwa. Upenyu hwake hwakaguma pakarepo uye zvinosuruvarisa musi waApril 4th, 1968, paakaurayiwa muMemphis, Tennessee. Iye oga asiri mutungamiriri wenyika kuti ave nezororo renyika yeUnited States azvitsaurirwa mukukudzwa kwake, uye iye oga asiri mutungamiri akayeuchidzwa nechokufukidzira chikuru muWashington, DC, Dr. King's "Ndine Hope" kutaura, Nhaurirano yeNobel Prize, uye "Tsamba inobva kuJeri Birmingham" iri pakati pezvinyorwa zvinoremekedzwa zvikuru uye zvinyorwa mumutauro weChirungu. Kuratidza kufemerwa kubva mukutenda kwake kwechiKristu uye dzidziso dzeMahatma Gandhi, Dr. King akatungamira musangano munguva yekupedzisira ye1950s uye 1960s kuti uwane kukwana kwepamutemo kweAfrica America muUnited States. Munguva shomanana nemakore anopfuura 13 ekutungamira kwake kwemazuva ano eAmerican Civil Rights Movement, kubva munaDecember, 1955 kusvikira muna April 4, 1968, veAmerica vakawana kufambira mberi kwechokwadi kune kuenzana kwemadzinza muAmerica kupfuura makore akapfuura e350 akanga abudiswa. Dhiyabhorosi anonyanya kuonekwa semumwe wevatungamiri vasiri vese vasiri ivo munhoroondo yepasi rose. Nepo vamwe vachikurudzira rusununguko ne "chero nzira dzinodikanwa," Martin Luther King, Jr. akashandisa simba remashoko nemabasa ekudzivisa kusingaiti, zvakadai sekumuratidzira, kurongeka kwenzvimbo, uye kusateerera kwevanhu kuti vaite zvinangwa zvisingaiti zvisingakwanisi. Akaenderera mberi achitungamirira mishandirapamwe yakafanana pamusoro peurombo, uye kurwisana kwenyika dzose, nguva dzose kuchengetedza kutendeseka kumitemo yake yekusagadzikana. Kurwisana kwake nehondo yeVietnam, nekukurudzira kwekufamba kupfuura rusarura, mauto, uye kunyanya kuda pfuma kunoramba kuchikurudzira rugare uye kururamisira vanoita zvekutsvaga kutsvaga kubatana kwakakura kwenyika iri nani.

January 16. Pazuva rino muna 1968, Abbie Hoffman naJerry Rubin vakasimbisa Youth International Party (the Yippies), zuva rimwe chete pamberi peMutungamiri Lyndon Baines Johnson akapa State yake yeUnited Address Address kuti US inokunda hondo muVietnam. MaYippies anga ari chikamu chevazhinji vanopokana nehondo kufamba kwema1960- 70s ayo akakura kubva musangano rekodzero dzevanhu. Vaviri Hoffman naRubin vaive chikamu cheanopokana-nehondo Kurume paPentagon muna Gumiguru 1967, iyo yainzi naJerry Rubin "musimboti wezvematongerwo enyika weYippie." Hoffman naRubin vakashandisa “Yippie style” mumabasa avo ekurwisa hondo neanosimudzira hupfumi, vakabatana nevaimbi vakaita saCounte Joe neFish, uye vadetembi / vanyori vakaita saAllen Ginsberg uyo akataura manzwiro aHoffman nezvenguva dzemhirizhonga: "[Hoffman] akataura kuti zvematongerwo enyika zvaive zvemitambo uye zvemashiripiti, kutaura zvazviri, kwaive kushandurwa kwemifananidzo kubudikidza nenhepfenyuro dzevanhu vazhinji kwaivhiringidza nekurarisa vanhu muUnited States, zvichivaita kuti vagamuchire hondo yavaisatenda mazviri. ” Kuratidzira kwakawanda uye kuratidzira kwemaYippies kwaisanganisira imwe kuDemocratic National Convention muna 1968 kwavakabatana neBlack Panther, Vadzidzi veDemocratic Society (SDS) neNational Mobilization Committee yekupedza Hondo muVietnam (iyo MOBE). Mutambo wavo wemitambo weHupenyu muLincoln Park, kusanganisira kusarudzwa kwenguruve inonzi Pigasus semumiriri wavo wepurezidhendi, zvakakonzera kusungwa nekutongwa kwaHoffman, Rubin, nenhengo dzemamwe mapoka. Vatsigiri veYippies vakapfuurira kuratidzira kwavo kwezvematongerwo enyika, ndokuvhura Yippie Museum muNew York City.

January 17. Pazuva rino mu1893, vashandi veUnited States, mabhizinesi, uye Marines vakakunda ushe hweHawaii muOahu, kutanga rambo rurefu rwehurumende ine chisimba uye inotyisa inoparadza nyika yose. Mambokadzi weHawaii, Lili'uokalani, akapindura nechirevo chinotevera kunaMutungamiriri Benjamin Harrison: "Ini Lili'uokalani, Nenyasha dzaMwari, uye pasi peBumbiro reHumambo hweHawaii, Mambokadzi, ndiri kuratidzira zvine mutsindo kurwisa chero zviito zvinoitirwa ini neHurumende yebumbiro reMambo weHawaii nevamwe vanhu vanozviti vakagadzira Hurumende yeRinowirirana neiyo yehumambo… kudzivirira chero kubonderana kwemauto, uye pamwe kurasikirwa neupenyu, ndinoita izvi ndichiratidzira, uye inokurudzirwa nechisimba chirevo chinopa simba rangu kusvika panguva yakadai Hurumende yeUnited States, pazvinenge zvataurwa kwazviri, kubvisa zviito zvemumiriri wayo uye kundidzorera musimba randinoti semutongi webumbiro remitemo reHawaiian Islands.."James H. Blount akatumidzwa kuti Akamishinari Mukuru, akatumirwa kuzotsvaga, uye kuudza zvaakawana pane kutora. Blount akagumisa kuti United States yakanga iine mhinduro yakananga yekuderedzwa zvisina kukodzera kwehurumende yeHawaii, uye kuti hurumende dzeUnited States dzakaputsa mitemo yepasi pose pamwe neHawaiian munharaunda yekutonga. Makore zana gare gare, pazuva rino mu1993, Hawaii yakabata chiratidzo chikuru pamusoro pekushanda kweUnited States. IU.S. yakabva yatumira kukumbira ruregerero, ichibvuma kuti vaHawaii "havana kumbobvira varegerera zvido zvavo ... kune hutongi hwavo." Vanhu vekuHawaii vanoramba vachikurudzira kuHawaii kusunungurwa kubva kuUnited States, uye kubva kuUnited States.

January 18. Pazuva rino, mu2001, maviri nhengo dzeboka rakananga reboka, Trident Plowshares, dzakasunungurwa mushure mokunge dzipomerwa mhosva yekukuvadza Britain HMS Vengeance iyo yaitakura chikamu chimwe muzvina chezvombo zvenyukireya zveBritain. Sylvia Boyes, 57, weWest Yorkshire, uye River, aimbova Keith Wright, 45, weManchester, akabvuma kurwisa HMS Vengeance vaine sando nematemo padoko muBarrow-in-Furness, Cumbria, muna Mbudzi wa1999. Vaviri ava vakaramba chero kutadza, zvisinei, vachiti zviito zvavo zvaive nemutemo nekuti zvombo zvenyukireya zvaive zvisiri pamutemo pasi pemutemo wepasi rose. Dzimwezve nharo dzakatenderedza vezvematongerwo enyika kuvimbwa nhumbi yenyukireya kwakatungamira mukubvumidzwa nedare kuti vanhuwo zvavo vainzwa kushushikana uye vanosungirwa kuita. Mutauriri weTrident Plowshares akawedzera kuti: "Pakupedzisira muenzaniso wakagadzwa wekuti vanhu veChirungu vatevere hana yavo uye vazivise kuti Trident haisi pamutemo." Zviito zvekutanga muBritain zvichitungamira mukukanganwirwa kweTrident Plowshares zvaisanganisira mhosva dzakamhan'arwa muna 1996 apo jeri kuLiverpool Crown Court rakasunungura vakadzi vaviri vakapomerwa mhosva yekukonzera kukuvara kukuru kune ndege yeHawk murwi wefekitori yeBritish Aerospace. Muna 1999, sheriff muGreenock, Strathclyde, akawana vakadzi vatatu vakapomerwa mhosva yekukuvadza Trident submarine computer michina panzvimbo yemasoja paLoch Goil vasina mhosva. Uye muna 2000, vakadzi vaviri vakapomerwa mhosva yekupfapfaidza kupesana nehondo masirogu pagungwa renyukireya vakasunungurwa muManchester, kunyangwe hazvo muchuchisi akazosundira kutongwa zvekare. Kushaikwa kwekuzvipira nehurumende pamatanho ekuenda kurunyararo rwenyika dzese kwakasiya vanhu vese pasi rese vachitya hondo yenyukireya, uye nekutenda kushoma kuhurumende dzavo kudzora njodzi.

January 19. Pazuva rino muC1920, mukutarisana nekushungurudzwa kwevanhu vakasununguka, kodzero duku, boka duku rakatora, uye American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) yakazvarwa. Kutevera Hondo Yenyika I, paiva nokutya kuti Komonisiti yeRubhurani muRussia yaizopararira kuUnited States. Sezvakanyanya kuitika apo kutya kunodarika kukwikwidzana kwakagadzikana, kodzero dzevanhu dzakabhadhara mutengo. MunaNovember 1919 naJanuary 1920, mune izvo zvinoshamisa zvakazozivikanwa se "Palmer Raids," Attorney General Mitchell Palmer akatanga kutenderera nekudzinga izvo zvinonzi "radicals." Zviuru zvevanhu zvakasungwa pasina mvumo uye pasina hanya nekudzivirirwa kwebumbiro remutemo kunopesana nemutemo kutsvaga uye kubatwa, zvakashungurudzwa, uye zvakabatwa mumamiriro ezvinhu anotyisa. I ACLU yakavadzivirira, uye yakachinja pamusoro pemakore kubva kuboka duku iri kuenda muchengeti wekutanga wehurumende wekodzero dzakanyorwa muSouth Constitution. Vakadzivirira vadzidzisi mune Scopes nyaya mu 1925, akarwisana nevechiJapan America mu1942, akabatana neAACP mu1954 muhondo yepamutemo yekudzidzisa kwakakwana Brown v. Bhodi yeZvikoro, uye vakadzivirira vadzidzi vakasungwa nekuda kwekunyorwa kwehondo uye yeVietnam. Vanoramba vachirwira kodzero yekuberekwa, kutaura kwakasununguka, kuenzana, kuvanzika uye kusagadzikana kwekwenyika, uye vari kutungamirira kurwisana kupedza kutambudzwa uye kuda kutongerwa zvakakwana kune avo vanozvigamuchira. Kwemakore anoda kusvika 100, ACLU yakashanda kuchengetedza uye kuchengetedza kodzero dzevanhu nehutongi hwakasimbiswa nemitemo yeBumbiro reMitemo yeUnited States. IAACLU yakabatanidzwa mune dzimwe mhosva dzeDare Repamusorosoro kudarika imwe sangano rimwe nerimwe, uye ndiro iro guru rehurumende rezvemitemo yemitemo.

January 20. Pazuva iri mu1987, mutsigiri wehutano uye mutongi wehupenyu Terry Waite, nhume yakakosha yeAkibhishopi weCanterbury, yakatorwa kutapwa muRebhanoni. Aive aripo kuzotaurirana nezvekusunungurwa kwevatorwa vekumadokero. Waite aive nekodhi rekodhi inonakidza. Muna 1980 akabudirira kutaurirana nezvekuburitswa kwevapambwa muIran. Muna 1984 akabudirira kutaurirana nezvekuburitswa kwevakapambwa muLibya. Muna 1987 haana kubudirira zvakanyanya. Panguva yekutaurirana, iye pachake akatorwa akabatwa. Musi waNovember 18, 1991, pasi pemakore mashanu chete gare gare, iye nevamwe vakasunungurwa. Waite anga atambura zvakanyanya uye akatambirwa kumba segamba. Zvisinei, zviito zvake muRebhanoni zvinogona kunge zvisiri izvo zvavaitaridzika. Zvakazoonekwa kuti asati aenda kuLebanon akasangana na Lt. Colonel Oliver North. Maodzanyemba aida kubhadhara Contras muNicaragua. Iyo US Congress yakanga yazvirambidza. Iran yaida zvombo asi yaive pasi pechirango chemaoko. Maodzanyemba akaronga kuti maoko aende kuIran kuchinjana mari yakatumirwa kuContras. Asi kuchamhembe kwaida kuvhara. Uye maIranani vaida inishuwarenzi. Vatapwa vaizoitwa kudzamara maoko aunzwa. Terry Waite aizozoratidzwa semurume akataura nezvekusunungurwa kwavo. Hapana munhu aizoona chibvumirano chemaoko chakavanzika kumashure. Kunyangwe Terry Waite aiziva kuti arikutamba hazvina chokwadi. Zvisinei, North zvechokwadi aiziva. Mumwe mutori wenhau aiferefeta akataura kuti mukuru weNational Security Council akabvuma kuti North "yakamhanya Terry Waite kunge mumiririri." Iyi yambiro yenyaya inosimbisa kudiwa, kunyangwe kune avo vane humbowo hwakanakisa uye vavariro dzakanakisa, kuchengetedza kungwara kana kusaziva kubatana.

January 21. Pazuva rino mu1977, Mutungamiri weUnited States Jimmy Carter, pazuva rake rokutanga semutungamiri, akaregerera nguva yose yeVietnam-shanduro yekunyora dodgers. IU.SU yaipomera varume ve209,517 kuputsa mitemo yemirairo, asi imwe 360,000 haina kumbopomerwa mhosva. Vashanu vatungamiri vekare vakanga vatarisa izvo vekuVietnam vakadana neAmerican War, uye United States inodana Hondo yeVietnam. Vaviri veavo vatungamiri vakanga vasarudzwa pamavimbiso ekugumisa hondo, vakavimbisa kuti vakanga vasina kuchengeta. Carter akanga apikira kupa mhirizhonga isingabvumirwi nevarume vakanga vatiza basa rekuti vatiza nyika kana kuti vakakundikana kunyoresa. Akakurumidza kuchengeta vimbiso iyoyo. Carter haana kureurura kukanganwira kune avo vakanga vasiri nhengo dzeuto reUnited States uye vakasiiwa, kana kune ani zvake anonzi aita zvechisimba semupurota. Panenge ne90 muzana yevaya vakabva muUnited States kuti vasazoendeswa kuCanada, sezvakaitwa nevazhinji vakadzvara. Hurumende yeCanada yakabvumira izvi, sezvakanga zvamboita kuti vanhu vatize varanda nekuyambuka muganhu wayo. Panyaya ye50,000 raododers rakagadzirisa zvachose muCanada. Kunyange zvazvo zvinyorwa zvapera muna 1973, mutungamiri weC1980 Carter akadzokorora zvinodiwa kuti kila 18 ane makore ane makore erejistre rekunyora kune rimwe remangwana rakanyorwa. Nhasi vamwe vanoona kushaiwa kwechirevo ichi kune vakadzi, vachivasunungura kubva pakutyisidzirwa kwekumanikidzwa kuenda kuhondo, sekusarura. . . kurwisa vakadzi, vamwe vachiona zvinodiwa zvevarume sechinhu chisina kunaka chekusarura. Nepo pasave pasina kukwanisa kutiza, zviuru zvevanhu zvakasiya mauto eUnited States muzana remakore re21st.

January 22. Pazuva rino mu2006, Evo Morales yakavhurwa semutungamiri weBolivia. Akanga ari mutungamiri wekutanga wekuBolivia. Sezvo mudiki wekoji murimuri, Morales aive achishanda mukurwisana nehondo yezvinodhaka uye akatsigira kodzero dzevanhu vemukurima nekupfuurira kushandiswa kweSain Andes kushandiswa kweshizha rekoca. Muna 1978 akabatana ndokubva amuka kuva mukurumbira mumabasa emaruwa anobatana. Muna 1989 akataura pane imwe chiitiko ichiyeuchidza kuurayiwa kwevarimi ve11 coca nevashandi veRural Area Mobile Patrol Unit. Zuva rinotevera vashandi vanorova Morales, vachimusiya mumakomo kuti afe. Asi akaponeswa uye akararama. Ichi chaiva chekutendeuka kweMorales. Akatanga kufunga nezvekuumba mhirizhonga uye kutanga hondo yehondo yehurumende nehurumende. Mukuguma, zvisinei, akasarudza kwete chisimba. Akatanga nekuvandudza mapiro ezvematongerwe enyika ehurumende. Ne 1995 ndiye aiva mukuru weMovement for Socialism party (MAS) uye akasarudzwa kuCongress. Ne 2006 akanga ari Mutungamiri weBolivia. Kutungamirirwa kwake kwakatarira mukushandisa mitemo yekuderedza urombo uye kusaverenga nekunyora, kuchengetedza mamiriro ezvemamiriro ehurumende, kwehutongi hurumende (Bolivia ine vanhu vakawanda vanogara mumadzinza), uye nekurwisana nemasimba eUnited States nemakambani emarudzi akawanda. Musi waApril 28, 2008, akataurirana neUnited Nations Permanent Forum pamusoro pezvimwe zveMitemo uye mazano anonzi 10 kuti aponese Planet. Mutemo wake wechipiri wakati: ^"Tsiura uye TUMA PASVONDE kuhondo, iyo inongounza ruzivo rweumambo, hutsika, uye mhuri shomanana, asi kwete yevanhu. . . . "

January 23. Nezuva iri mu1974, Egypt neIsrael zvakatanga kusagadzikana kwemasimba akakwanisa kupedzisira apedza kukakavara kwehondo mbiri munyika Yom Kippur War. Hondo yakanga yatanga yapfuura Gumiguru 6, pazuva dzvene revaJudha reYom Kippur, apo mauto eEjipitori neSyria paakatanga kurwisa kuIzirairi netarisiro yekukunda zvakare nzvimbo yavakange varasikirwa nayo muhondo yeArabhu neyeIsrael ya1967. Mauto eIsrael neEjipitori akange atemerwa neSain Separation of Forces Agreement yakasainwa nenyika mbiri mazuva mashanu apfuura, muna Ndira 18, 1974, pasi pechisungo cheGeneva Conference ya1973 yakatsigirwa neUN. Yakadaidzira kuti Israeri ibve munzvimbo kumadokero kweSuez Canal iyo yainge yagara kubvira kumisa moto muna Gumiguru 1973, uye zvakare kudzosera kumashure mamaira akati wandei paSinai kumberi kumabvazuva kweiyo canal kuti nzvimbo inodzorwa neUN inodzorwa pakati pevane hasha. Kugadziriswa zvakadaro kwakasiya Israeri ichitonga iyo yese yeSinai Peninsula, uye rugare ruzere rwakanga ruchiri kuwanikwa. Kushanya kwaNovember 1977 kuJerusarema neMutungamiriri weEgypt Anwar el-Sadat kwakatungamira mukutaurirana kwakakomba gore rakatevera kuCamp David muUS Ikoko, nerubatsiro rwakakomba kubva kunaMutungamiri Jimmy Carter, Sadat uye Mutungamiriri weIsrael Menachem Start vakasvirana pasi Sinai raizodzoserwa kuEjipitori nehukama hwehukama pakati penyika mbiri dzakagadzwa. Chibvumirano chakasainwa musi waKurume 26, 1979, uye musi waApril 25, 1982, Israel yakadzosera chikamu chekupedzisira cheSinai kuEjipitori.

January 24. Pazuva rino mu1961, mabhiriji maviri e-hydrogen akawira kuNorth Carolina apo B-52G ichienda nevashandi vasere vakaputika. Ndege yacho yaiva chikamu cheStategic Air Command yezvikepe zvakasimbiswa panguva yehondo yechando inopesana neSoviet Union. Rimwe remakumi maviri, jet raive chikamu chekufamba ndege pamusoro peAtlantic Coast apo zvakangoerekana zvarasikirwa nemafuta. Vashandi vakaedza kuenda kuSeymour Johnson Air Force Base muGoldsboro, North Carolina, kusati kwatanga kuputika kwaita kuti vashanu vaende ndege neparachute, vana vavo vakapona, uye vamwe vaviri vakafa muende. MK39 mabhaksikliya mabhomba akabudiswa nekuputika, imwe nguva 500 yakasimba kupfuura iyo yakakundwa paHiroshima, Japan. Pakutanga mapepa ehondo akatsigira kuti mabhomba akanga adzorerwa, asina kusarudzwa, uye nzvimbo yakachengeteka. Kutaura zvazviri, imwe bhomba yakaburuswa neparachute uye yakadzorerwa nemumwe chete akabuda kubva kune mana kana matanhatu achida kudzivisa kuvharwa. Imwe bhomba yaiva neropafadzo yakakundikana kushanda nesimba, asi yakaburuka isina parachute uye yakaputsika zvishoma pamusana payo. Zvizhinji zvaro zvinosara kusvikira nhasi nhasi zvakadzika pasi pasi mumvura yakasviba iyo yakasvika. Kwapera mwedzi miviri gare gare, imwe ndege yeB-52G yakaparara pedyo neDenton, North Carolina. Vaviri vevashandi varo vasere vakapona. Moto wacho waioneka we50 mamaira. Mawindo aiputirwa kunze kwezvivako zve10 mairaira zvakapoteredza. Masoja akati ndege yacho yakanga isina zvigetsi zvenyukireya, asi zvekuti yakange ichitaurawo pamusoro pegege pamusoro peGoldsboro.

January 25. Pazuva iri mu1995, mutsigiri akapa mutungamiriri weRussia Boris Yeltsin bhegi. Mariri, elektroniki data screen rakaratidza kuti chombo chakatenderedzwa maminetsi mana apfuura munharaunda yeGungwa reNorway chakaita senge chakananga kuMoscow. Rakawedzerwa data rakaratidza kuti chombo ichi chaive chepakati-renji chombo chakatumirwa nemauto eNATO kumadokero kweEurope uye kuti nzira yayo yekubhururuka yaienderana nekuburitswa kubva kuAmerican submarine. Ranga riri basa raYeltsin kusarudza mukati memaminitsi asingasviki matanhatu kuti itangezve kudzoreredza kumisikidza kweRussia zvombo zvenyukireya-zvakapinza zvinokwanisa kurova zvinangwa pasi rese. Zvese zvaaizoda kuti aite kudzvanya nhevedzano yemabhatani pazasi pe data screen. Neraki, zvisinei, zvichibva pamutsetse wekupisa kubva kuRussia General Staff, iyo yaive neayo "nhabvu yenyukireya," zvakakurumidza kuve pachena kuti nzira yemajeti anoonekwa aisazoiendesa kunharaunda yeRussia. Pakanga pasina kutyisidzira. Chakanga chave kutangwa chaive dutu remamiriro ekunze kubva kuNorway rakagadzirirwa kudzidza iyo aurora borealis. Norway yakanga yazivisa nyika pamberi pechinangwa, asi, panyaya yeRussia, ruzivo rwacho rwakanga rusati rasvika kuvakuru vechokwadi. Iko kukundikana kuchiri kushanda seimwe yezviyeuchidzo zvakawanda munhoroondo yazvino yekusagona kutaura zvisirizvo, kukanganisa kwevanhu, kana kusashanda zvakanaka kwemuchina kunogona kutungamira kunjodzi isingafungidzirwe yenyukireya. Mhinduro yakanakisa padambudziko ingangove kubviswa zvachose kwezvombo zvenyukireya. Zvichakadaro, kubvisa zvombo zvenyukireya kubva munzvimbo yebvudzi-yekunyevera, sekutsigirwa nevazhinji masayendisiti uye varwiri verunyararo, zvinoita kunge inhanho yepakati.

January 26. Pazuva iri mutungamiri weRussian, Boris Yeltsin, akazivisa chinangwa cheyika yake kuti arege kutarisa zvombo zvenyukireya zvakasungwa mumasvingo eU.S. uye pamwe chete. Chirevo ichi chakatungamira rwendo rwekutanga rwaYeltsin semutungamiri kuUS, kwaaizosangana kuCamp David neMutungamiri George HW Bush. Mumusangano wevatori venhau wakaitirwa imomo muna Kukadzi 1, vatungamiriri vaviri vakazivisa kuti nyika dzavo dzakapinda munguva itsva ye "hushamwari pamwe nekudyidzana." Asi, pakupindura mubvunzo wemutori wenhau nezvekuzivisa kwaYeltsin kwekudzora nhungamiro, Mutungamiri Bush vakaramba kuita iyo US kudare redzimhosva. Panzvimbo iyoyo, akataura chete kuti Secretary of State James Baker aizoenda kuMoscow mukati memwedzi kunovaka hwaro hwekuenderera mberi nekutaura kwemaoko. Ichiratidza iyo yakaziviswa nguva nyowani yeUS / Russia hushamwari, hurukuro dzakabuda dzakakurumidza kuratidza kuva nezvibereko. Musi waNdira 3, 1993, Bush naYeltsin vakasaina wechipiri Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START II), iyo yairambidza kushandiswa kwemota dzakawanda dzakazvimiririra dzinozvimiririra (MIRVs) - mumwe nemumwe akatakura warhead yake - pamakomboti e intercontinental ballistic. Chibvumirano ichi chakazogamuchirwa neveUS (muna1996) neRussia (muna2000), asi kudzokera kumashure kuri kukurumidza muhukama hweUS / Russia kwakazvitadzisa kutanga kushanda. Kutungamirwa kweNATO kwakatungamirwa neNATO kwevarwi veRussia vekuSerbia muKosovo muna 1999 kwakashatisa ruvimbo rweRussia mukufarira kweAmerica, uye US payakaburitsa Chibvumirano cheAnti-Ballistic Missile muna 2002, Russia yakapindura nekubuda mu START II. Mukana wenhoroondo wekutsvaga zvombo zvenyukireya zvakakwana wakaparadzwa, uye, nanhasi, nyika dzese dziri kuenderera mberi nekunanga zvombo zvenyukireya kune imwe nzvimbo huru dzevanhu.

January 27. Pazuva rino mu1945, musasa mukuru weGermany Nazi rufu wakasunungurwa neSoviet Red Army inoita kuti chiyeuchidzo chezuva rino se International Day of Rememoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust. Izwi rechiGiriki, Holocaust, kana "chibayiro nemoto," rinoramba riri sezwi rakabatana zvakanyanya nekuvigwa kwemazana ezviuru mumisasa yerufu kuuraiwa mumakamuri egasi. MaNazi paakatora masimba kuGerman muna 1933, maJuda anodarika mapfumbamwe vaigara munyika dzaizotorwa kana kupambwa nemaNazi eGerman panguva yeHondo Yenyika II. Pakasvika 1945, vangangosvika mamirioni matanhatu maJuda nevamwe vanhu vanosvika mamirioni matatu vaive vauraiwa sechikamu che "Final Solution" yemutemo weNazi. Kunyangwe maJuda vaionekwa sevakaderera, uye kutyisidzira kukuru kuGerman, havazi ivo chete vaibatwa nerusarura rweNazi. Vanoda kusvika mazana maviri ezviuru Roma (maGypsy), maGerman ma6 akaremara mupfungwa kana mumuviri, vasungwa vehondo veSoviet, uye mazana ezviuru evamwe vakatambudzwa uye vakaurawa kwemakore gumi nemaviri. Zano reNazi kwemakore yaive yekudzinga maJuda, kwete kuvauraya. United States nevabatsiri vekumadokero kwemakore vakaramba kutambira vapoteri vechiJuda. Kubata kunotyisa kwemaJuda nemaNazi kwaisambove chikamu chekuparadzira kweWestern kwehondo kusvika hondo yapera. Hondo yakauraya kakati wandei sevanhu vakaurawa mumisasa, uye haina kuita zvemumiriri kana zvemauto kumisa kutyisa kwevaNazi. Germany yakazvipira kumaAllies muna Chivabvu wa3, ichisunungura avo vachiri mumisasa.

January 28. Nezuva rino mu1970, Mutambo weZima weRunyararo wakaitirwa kuMadison Square Garden muNew York City kusimudzira mari yekurwisana nehondo mune zvematongerwo enyika. Chakanga chiri chiitiko chekutanga chemimhanzi chakagadzirwa nechinangwa choga chekusimudza mari yezvinangwa zvehondo. Mutambo weZhizha weMunyararo wakagadzirwa naPeter Yarrow waPeter Paul naMaria; Phil Friedmann, uyo akange ashanda pamushandirapamwe wekutsvaga Presidential Senator Eugene McCarthy; naSid Bernstein, mukurumbira wemimhanzi anosimudzira uyo akatanga kuunza maBeatles kuUnited States. Mamwe ematombo anozivikanwa pasi rese, jazi, blues uye vanhu vanyori vakaita, kusanganisira Ropa Sweat uye Misodzi, Peter Paul naMary, Jimi Hendrix, Richie Havens, Harry Belefonte, Voices of East Harlem, the Rascals, Dave Brubeck, Paul Desmond, Judy Collins uye mutambi weBvudzi. Peter Yarrow naPhil Friedmann vakakwanisa kutsigira vatambi kuti vape nguva yavo nemitambo. Uku kwaive kubudirira kukuru kana tichienzanisa naWoodstock, wakachengetwa mwedzi mishoma yapfuura, apo vazhinji vevanoita zvakafanana vakasimbirira kubhadharwa. Kubudirira kweMutambo Werunyararo Werunyararo kwakatungamira Yarrow, Friedmann, naBernstein kuburitsa Zhizha Runyararo Mutambo kuShea Stadium muNew York. Yakaitwa muna Nyamavhuvhu 6, 1970 kuratidza 25^th chiitiko chekudonhera kwebhobho reatomu kuHiroshima, kushandiswa kokutanga kwezvombo zveatomu. Nokuratidza kuti zviitiko zvemimhanzi zvinogona kushandiswa kusimudzira kuzivikanwa, kubatanidzwa uye mari, Mhemberero dzeRugare yakava muenzaniso wevakawanda vemakambani akabudirira anobatsira akazotevera, akadai seThe Concert yeBangladesh, Farm Aid uye Live Aid.

January 29. Pazuva rino mu2014, 31 Latin America neCaribbean nyika dzakaratidza nzvimbo yorugare. Kuzivisa kwavo kwakaita kuti Latin America neCaribbean nzvimbo yerunyararo yakavakirwa pakuremekedza misimboti nemitemo yemutemo wepasi rose, kusanganisira UN Charter nezvimwe zvibvumirano. Vazivisa "kuzvipira kwavo zvachose kugadzirisa gakava nenzira dzerunyararo nechinangwa chekubvisa zvachose kutyisidzira kana kushandisa simba munharaunda medu." Vakapa nyika dzavo "kuti vasapindire, zvakananga kana kuti zvisina kunangana, mune zvemukati meimwe Nyika uye vachengete misimboti yehutongi hwenyika, kodzero dzakaenzana uye kuzvitonga kwevanhu." Vakazivisa "kuzvipira kwevanhu veLatin America neCaribbean kukurudzira kubatana pamwe nehukama pakati pavo pamwe nemamwe marudzi zvisinei nekusiyana kwezvematongerwo enyika, zveupfumi, pamwe nehurongwa hwemagariro kana nhanho dzekusimudzira, kudzidzira kushivirira uye kugara pamwe murunyararo. muve vavakidzani vakanaka. ” Vakapa nyika dzavo "kuremekedza zvizere ... kodzero isingabatwe yeHurumende yega yega kusarudza zvematongerwo enyika, zveupfumi, zvemagariro, uye zvetsika nemamiriro, sechinhu chakakosha kuona kugarisana murunyararo pakati penyika." Ivo vakazvipira ivo kune "kusimudzira mudunhu retsika yerunyararo yakavakirwa, inter alia, pamusoro penheyo dzeChibvumirano cheUnited Nations nezveTsika Yerunyararo. ” Vakasimbisawo nyika yavo "kuzvipira ... kuenderera mberi nekukurudzira kushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya sedanho rekutanga uye nekupa zvombo zvakajairika uye zvakakwana, kukurudzira kusimbiswa kwechivimbo pakati penyika."

January 30. Pazuva rino mu1948, Mohandas Gandhi, mutungamiri weIndia Independence Movement neBritain, akaurayiwa. Kubudirira kwake mukushandisa uzivi hwekupokana nekupokana kwakatungamira mukuonekwa kwake sa "Baba veRudzi rwake," pamwe nekufungidzirwa zvakanyanya sababa vevasina mhirizhonga. Mohandas ainziwo "Mahatma," kana "ane mweya une mweya." I "Zuva reChikoro Rekusaita Mhirizhonga uye Runyararo" (DENIP) yakavambwa muSpain mundangariro yake pazuva iri muna 1964. Inozivikanwawo sePasi rose kana Zuva reInternational reNhasi-Mhirizhonga uye Runyararo, iri kupayona, isiri yehurumende. , isiri yehurumende, isiri yehurumende, yakazvimirira, yemahara uye yekuzvidira chirongwa cheVasiri-Mhirizhonga uye Pacifying Dzidzo, inoitwa muzvikoro pasi rese uye mune izvo vadzidzisi nevadzidzi vezvikamu zvese uye vanobva kumatunhu ese vanokokwa kutora chikamu . DENIP inotsigira dzidzo yekusingaperi uye yekubatana, kushivirira, kubatana, kuremekedza kodzero dzevanhu, kwete mhirizhonga nerunyararo. Munyika dzine karenda reSouthern Hemisphere, zororo rinogona kucherechedzwa musi waKurume 30. Meseji yaro yakakosha ndeyekuti "Rudo Rwepasi Pose, Kusava Nemhirizhonga uye Runyararo. Universal Love irinani pane mhirizhonga, uye Runyararo ruri nani kupfuura hondo. Meseji yekudzidzisa iyi dzidzo mumitemo inofanirwa kunge iri yechiitiko uye inogona kushandiswa zvakasununguka munzvimbo yega yega yedzidzo zvinoenderana nemaitiro ayo ekudzidzisa. Shamwari dzeDENIP ndivo vanhu avo, nekugamuchira iwo wega uye hwehukama hukuru hwerudo rwepasirese, rusina mhirizhonga, shiviriro, kubatana, kuremekedza kodzero dzevanhu nerunyararo pamusoro pezvakapesana, vanotsigira kupararira kwemisimboti yakafuridzira zuva.

January 31. Pazuva rino mu2003, Mutungamiri weUnited States George W. Bush uye Gurukota reBritain Tony Blair vakaungana mu White House. Mutungamiri Bush vakaronga zvirongwa zvakasiyana siyana zvekutanga hondo kuIraq, kusanganisira kupenda ndege ine mamakisi eUnited Nations uye kuyedza kuibaya. Bush akati kuna Blair: "IU.S. yaifunga kubhururuka nendege dzekuongorora dzeU2 dzine chifukidziro chekurwa pamusoro peIraq, yakapendwa nemavara eUN. Kana Saddam akavapfura, anenge atyora mutemo. ” Bush akaudza Blair kuti "zvaigonawo kuburitswa musiye munhu aizopa hurukuro kuruzhinji nezveSaddam's WMD, uye paivewo nemikana mishoma yekuti Saddam aurayiwe." Blair akange azvipira UK kutora chikamu muhondo yaBush kuIraq, asi aive achiri kusundidzira Bush kuti ayedze kutora United Nations kuti ibvumidze. "Wechipiri Security Council Resolution," Blair akaudza Bush, "yaizopa inishuwarenzi kupokana nekanga isingatarisirwe uye yepasi rose." VaBush vakavimbisa Blair kuti "US yaizoisa hudzamu hwayo kumashure pakuedza kuwana imwe resolution uye 'yaizokanganisa maoko' uye 'kutotyisidzira'." Asi VaBush vakati kana akakundikana, "mauto anotevedzera zvakadaro." Blair akavimbisa Bush aive "akasimba neMutungamiriri uye akagadzirira kuita chero zvaida kutora zvombo Saddam." Mune kumwe kwekufungidzira kwake kwehuori, Blair akati "aifunga zvisingaite kuti paizove nehondo yemukati pakati pemapoka akasiyana ezvitendero nemadzinza" muIraq. Ipapo Bush naBlair vakaita musangano nevatori venhau kwavakati vari kuita zvese zvavanogona kuti vadzivise hondo.

Runyararo Almanac urwu runokuzivisa iwe matanho akakosha, kufambira mberi, uye zvipingaidzo mukufambiswa kwerunyararo rwakaitika pazuva rega rega regore.

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Izvi Peace Almanac vanofanira kuramba zvakanaka nerimwe gore kusvikira hondo yose aparadza uye inogona kuenderera runyararo kusimbiswa. Pundutso kubva pakutengesa kweye anodhinda uye ePDP maishu anobatsira basa ra World BEYOND War.

Mavara akagadzirwa uye akarongwa na David Swanson.

Audio akanyorwa Tim Pluta.

Zvinhu zvakanyorwa na Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, naTom Schott.

Pfungwa dzenyaya dzakatumirwa na David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

mumhanzi inoshandiswa nemvumo kubva “Kupera Kwehondo,” naEric Colville.

Mumhanzi unoridzwa uye kusanganisa kubudikidza Sergio Diaz.

Graphics na Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ibato risiri renyika rose kupedzisa hondo nekutanga runyararo uye runyararo runyararo. Isu tinovavarira kuumba ziviso yeruzhinji rutsigiro rwekupedza hondo uye kuwedzera humwe hutsigiro. Isu tinoshanda kusimudzira zano rekuti kwete kungodzivirira chero humwe hwehondo asi kudzima iyo yese institution. Isu tinoedza kutsiva tsika yehondo neye yerunyararo umo nzira dzisiri dzekupokana dzekugadzirisa makakatanwa dzinotora nzvimbo yeropa.