Hondo uye kuparadzirwa kwehondo zvakagadziriswa uye zvakasvibiswa nekusarura, kukanganisa, kuvenga zvechitendero, uye mamwe marudzi ekudanana.
Munyori wenhau dzakaitika Kathleen Belew anoti kune nguva dzose mave nekugadziriswa muUnited States pakati pekuguma kwehondo uye kusimudzirwa kwechichena chiremera chikuru.
"Kana ukatarisa, somuenzaniso, pamakwikwi ehukama hweKu Klux Klan, vanofananidza zvakanyanya nekudzoka kwevarwi vemauto kubva mukurwisana uye mushure mehondo kupfuura zvavanoita nevanopesana nekuenda kune dzimwe nyika, populism, matambudziko ehupfumi, kana chero ipi zvayo zvimwe zviitiko izvo vanyori venhau dzakawanda vakashandisa kuzvitsanangura, "anodaro.
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. akadaidzira kuti taifanira kutarisana nezvinetso zvitatu zvinopindira pamwe chete: kusarura, zvechiuto, uye kunyanya kuda pfuma.
Heino chirevo kubva Hondo Ndicho Nhema naDavid Swanson:
Bigoted Racist Jingoism Inobatsira Mishonga Kuenda
Izvo zvinoita kuti nhema dzinonakidza uye dzisingatauri nhema dzinotendeseka dzakasiyana uye kusarura, kune vamwe uye nekuda kwedu. Pasina rusarura rwechitendero, rusarura, uye kuratidzira nyika inonzi jingoism, hondo dzaizova zvakaoma kutengesa.
Chitendero chine nguva refu chiri kururamiswa kwehondo, iyo yakarwirwa vamwari vasati varwirwa maharahara, madzimambo, uye madzimambo. Kana Barbara Ehrenreich ane zvinyorwa mubhuku rake rinonzi Blood Rites: Origins uye History yePassions of War, avo vekare vakagara mberi kwehondo vakange vari kurwisana neshumba, ingwe, nezvimwe zvikara zvinotyisa zvevanhu.16 Zvechokwadi, izvo zvikara zvinotyisa zvinogona kuva zvinyorwa zvisiri izvo kubva kuna vamwari zvakagadzirwa-uye pasina mazita emadrones ainzi (eg, "Predator"). Iyo "chibayiro chekupedzisira" muhondo inogona kunge yakanyatsobatana nemuitiro wekupira kwevanhu sezvazvakanga zviripo hondo isati yatanga, sezvatinoziva, yakava. Iyo manzwiro (kwete zvivimbiso kana zvakaitwa, asi zvimwe zvekunzwa) zvechitendero nehondo zvingangove zvakafanana, kana zvisingafananidzi, nokuti maitiro acho maviri ane nhoroondo yakafanana uye haasati yakambosiyana.
Nhepfenyuro uye hondo dzekoloni uye dzimwe hondo dzakawanda dzakange dzine zvikonzero zvechitendero. Vanhu veAmerica vakarwa hondo dzechitendero kwezvizvarwa zvakawanda zvisati zvaitika hondo yekusununguka kubva kuEngland. Captain John Underhill mu1637 akatsanangura hondo yake yehondo inopesana nePequot:
Captaine Mason achipinda muWigwam, akaburitsa mucherechedzo wemoto, mushure mekunge akuvadza vazhinji mumba; akabva atungidza moto kuWestside… ini zvangu ndakabatisa moto kumucheto weSouth neine huni hwePowder, iyo moto yemisangano miviri iri pakati peFort yakapisa zvakanyanya, ndokupisa zvese munzvimbo yehafu houre; vazhinji vakashinga vamwe vaisada kubuda, uye vakarwa zvakaomarara… kuitira kuti vapiswe uye vapiswe… uye ndokuparara neushingi…. Dzakawanda dzakapiswa muFort, vese varume, vakadzi uye vana. 17
Izvi zviri mumakomo zvinotsanangura sehondo tsvene: "Ishe anofara kushandisa vanhu vake matambudziko nenhamo, kuitira kuti iye aonekwe navo netsitsi, uye ajekese zvakajeka nyasha dzake dzisina rusununguko kumweya yavo." 18
Pasi pemuganhu zvinoreva mweya wake, uye vanhu vaIshe ndezvevanhu vatsvene. Vanhu vekuAmerica vangave vaiva vakashinga uye vakashinga, asi vakanga vasingazivikanwi sevanhu mupfungwa yakazara. Makore maviri nehafu gare gare, vazhinji vekuAmerica vakanga vawedzera maonero akawanda, uye vazhinji vakanga vasina. Mutungamiri William McKinley vaiona maPhilippines seanoda basa remauto nekuda kwavo pachavo.
Nemhaka yake pachake, McKinley mu1899 akaudza kuungana kweMethodisti akanga asina kuda Philippines, uye "pavakasvika kwatiri, sechipo kubva kuna vanamwari, ndakanga ndisingazivi zvokuita navo." McKinley akati akanga anyengetera uye akagamuchira kujekeswa kunotevera. Zvingave "nehupombwe uye zvinonyadzisa" kupa Philippines kuSpain, "bhizinesi rakaipa" kuvapa kuGermany kana kuFrance, uye inofungidzirwa kuti inoita "mhirizhonga uye kushata" kubva kuPhilippines kuenda kumaPhilippines. Saka, kuburikidza nekutungamirirwa naMwari, McKinley akaona kuti akanga asina chaanosarudza: "Hapana chakasara kwatiri kuti tiite asi kutora zvose, uye kudzidzisa maPhilippines, nekusimudzira nekudzivirirana uye kuvanamatira." McKinley akanga achida kurambidza rudzi rune yunivhesiti yakakura kudarika Harvard uye neChristanize vanhu vainyanya kuve muRoma Katurike.19
Hazvina chokwadi kuti nhengo dzakawanda dzekuendeswa kweMethodisti dzakabvunza uchenjeri hwaMcKinley. Sezvo Harold Lasswell akataura muna 1927, "Machechi ezvinyorwa zvose zvinogona kuvimbiswa kuropafadza hondo yakakurumbira, uye kuona mauri mukana wekukunda kwechinangwa chipi nechipi chaMwari chavanosarudza kuwedzera." Zvose zvaidiwa, Lasswell akati, kwaiva nekutora "vafundisi vanoonekwa" kuti vatsigire hondo, uye "magetsi maduku achabva apenya." Vaparidzi veparidzi muUnited States munguva yeHondo Yenyika I vakaratidza Jesu akapfeka khaki uye achiona pasi pfuti. Lasswell akanga ararama kuburikidza nehondo yakarwa navaJalimane, vanhu avo vaimbova vechitendero chimwechete seAmerica.20 Zvakajeka zvakadini kushandisa chitendero muhondo kurwira vaMuslim muzana remakore rechi21. Karim Karim, purofesa wevamwe muCarl University University of Journalism and Communication, anonyora kuti:
Nhoroondo yepamusoro yezvakaitika zve'Muslim 'yakave yakakosha kune hurumende dzekuMadokero dzinoronga kurwisa nyika dzakawanda dzeMuslim. Kana maonero evanhu munyika dzavo anogona kugutsikana kuti vaMuslim vane utsinye uye vanoita zvechisimba, ndokuvauraya uye kuparadza zvinhu zvavo zvinowanikwa zvakajeka.20
Muzvokwadi, hongu, chitendero cheumwe hachina mhosva yekuita hondo, uye vatungamiri veUnited States havachazviti zvinodaro. Asi kutendeukira kwechiKristu kunojairika muuto reUnited States, uye ndizvo zvakaita ruvengo rwevaMuslim. Varwi vakataura kune veMasitarian Religious Freedom Foundation apo pavanotsvaka mazano ekurapa kwepfungwa, ivo vakatumirwa kuvadzidzisi panzvimbo yavo avo vakavakurudzira kuti varambe vari "munhandare" kuti "vauraye vaMuslim kwaKristu." 22
Chitendero chinogona kushandiswa kukurudzira kutenda kuti izvo zvauri kuita zvakanaka kunyange kana zvisinganzwisisi kwauri. Munhu akakwirira anonzwisisa, kunyange iwe usingatendi. Chitendero chinogona kupa hupenyu mushure mekufa uye kutenda kuti uri kuuraya nekuisa njodzi yekufa nekuda kwechikonzero chakakosha zvikuru. Asi chitendero hachisi chega cheboka chakasiyana chinogona kushandiswa kusimudzira hondo. Chero misiyano yemutauro kana mutauro ichaita, uye simba rechisarura kuti rive nemhando dzakaipa dzemhando dzehupenyu hwevanhu dzakanyatsosimbiswa. Sénata Albert J. Beveridge (R-IN) akapa Seneti maonero ake akafanirwa naMwari ehondo kuPhilippine:
Mwari haasi kugadzirira vanhu vanotaura chiChirungu neTeutonic kwemakore ane chiuru pasina asi kusina maturo nekufungisisa kwezvisina maturo uye kuzvidzora. Aihwa! Akaita kuti tive vatungamiri vepanyika vese kuti vagadzirise hurongwa hwekutsvaga hurumende.23
Hondo mbiri dzenyika muEurope, apo dzichirwisana pakati pemarudzi iye zvino zvinowanzofungidzirwa se "dhena," inobatanidza rusarura kumativi ose zvakare. Pepanhau rokuFrance rinonzi La Croix munaAugust 15, 1914, rakapemberera "vanhu vekare vevaGauls, vaRoma, uye vaFrance vachidzoka mukati medu," uye vakataura kuti "maGermany anofanira kunatswa kubva kumhenderekedzo yeruboshwe yeRhinine. Aya mahedheni asingadikanwi anofanira kunge akadzoswa kumashure mukati mawo maganhu. IvaGauls yeFrance neBelgium inofanira kudzosera muvengi wacho nechinetso chakasimba, kamwe chete. Nhangemutange yehondo inowanikwa. "24
Makore matatu gare gare yakave kutendeuka kweUnited States kurasikirwa nepfungwa dzayo. Musi waDecember 7, 1917, Congressman Walter Chandler (D-TN) akaparidzirwa pasi reImba:
Izvo zvakanzi kana iwe ukaongorora ropa remuJuda pasi pe microscope, iwe unowana iyo Talmud neyakare Bhaibheri richitenderera tenderera mune zvimwe zvikamu. Kana iwe ukaongorora ropa remumiriri wechiGerman kana Teuton unowana pfuti dzemuchina uye zvidimbu zvemakomba nemabhomba ari kutenderera muropa…. Varwe kusvikira waparadza boka rose. 25
Iko kufungidzira hakubatsiri chete pakugadzirisa mauto-mari yekuongorora mari-kubva mumapato eVaCongress, asiwo mukubvumira vechidiki vavanotumira kuhondo kuti vauraye. Sezvatichaona muchitsauko 5, kuuraya hakusviki nyore. Panenge ne98 muzana yevanhu vanowanzove vasina kukwanisa kuuraya vamwe vanhu. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, chiremba wepfungwa akagadzira nzira yekubvumira US Navy kuti iite zviri nani kugadzirira vaurayi kuti vauraye. Inosanganisira maitiro, "kuti varume vacho vafunge nezvevangangova vavengi vachatarisana navo semhando dzakaderera dzehupenyu [nemavhidhiyo] dzakanakira kuisa muvengi pasi pevanhu: upenzi hwemunharaunda dzomunharaunda husekwa, zvinoratidzirwa sevanhu vakaipa. "26
Zviri nyore kwazvo kuti musoja weUnited States auraye hajiji kupfuura munhu, sezvazvakanga zviri nyore kuti maNazi auraye Untermenschen kupfuura vanhu chaivo. William Halsey, uyo akaraira mauto eUnited States muSouth Pacific munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, anofunga nezvebasa rake rokuti "Kuuraya Japs, kuuraya Japs, kuuraya Japs mazhinji," uye akanga apika kuti apo hondo yapera, mutauro weJapan ingadai ichitaura chete mugehena.27
Kana hondo yakashanduka senzira yevarume vakauraya zvikara zvikuru kuti varambe vakabatikana kuuraya vamwe varume sezvo mhuka idzodzo dzafa, sezvinonzi Ehrenreich inorondedzera, ukama hwaro nekusarura uye zvimwe zvose zvakasiyana pakati pemapoka evanhu ndezvakare. Asi nyika ndeyekupedzisira, ine simba, uye isina kunzwisisika inobva pakuzvipira kwezvakanamano kwakabatana nehondo, uye iyo iyo pachayo yakakura kubva mukugadzira hondo. Ongeye, Invest Diff호 activitésxhobo, volume, volume ,laces, Funny ,落, Differences ,ILLE, Zuva rakatevera United States rakazivisa hondo kuSpain mu1898, nyika yekutanga (New York) yakapfuura mutemo unoda kuti vana vechikoro vakwazisa mureza weU.S. Vamwe vaitevera. Utsanana hwaive chitendero chitsva.28
Samuel Johnson akazviti akataura kuti hupenyu hwekugara huri hutiziro hwekupedzisira hwechirwere, asi vamwe vakaratidza kuti, asi, ndiyo yekutanga. Kana zvasvika pakukurudzira manzwiro ehondo, kana dzimwe kusiyana kusika, pane nguva dzose izvi: muvengi haasi wenyika yedu uye anokukwazisa mureza wedu. Apo United States yakanyepa zvikuru zvakanyanya muHondo yeVietnam, vose kunze kwevaviri senamende vakasarudza kugadziriswa kweGulf of Tonkin. Mumwe wevaviri, Wayne Morse (D-OR) akaudza mamwe masenareta kuti akanga ataurirwa nePentagon kuti kushorwa kweNorth Vietnam kwakange kwavhiringidzwa. Sezvichakurukurwa muchitsauko 2, ruzivo rweMorse rwaiva rwakarurama. Kutambudzwa chero kupi zvingadai kwakatsamwisa. Asi, sezvatichaona, kurwiswa kwacho kwaive kwemafungiro. Vashandi vaMorse havana kumupikisa pamusana pokuti akanga akanganisa, zvakadaro. Panzvimbo pezvo, seneta ikamuudza kuti, "Hell, Wayne, haugone kupinda mumutungamiri wehurumende apo mapegi ose ari kuvhara uye tiri kuda kuenda kugungano renyika. Vose [Mutungamiri] Lyndon [Johnson] anoda chikamu chepepa ichimuudza kuti takaita kunze uko, uye isu tinomutsigira. "29
Sezvo hondo iripo kwemakore, isingarangaradzi ichiparadza mamiriyoni ehupenyu, shenesheni paDare reHuman Relations rakakurukura muchivande kushushikana kwavo kuti vakanga vanyepi. Asi vakasarudza kuramba vakanyarara, uye zvinyorwa zveimwe yemisangano iyi hazvina kuitwa pachena kusvika ku2010.30 Mipuranga yakanga yave ichikurira mumakore ose apfuura.
Hondo yakakosha pakusarura nyika sekusada nyika ndeyehondo. Apo Hondo Yenyika I yakatanga, vazhinji vezvemagariro eEurope vakaungana kumarudzi avo akasiyana-siyana ehurumende uye vakasiya kurwira kwavo kumarudzi akawanda akashanda.31 Kunyange zvakadaro, hapana chinotungamirira kushorwa kweAmerica kune dzimwe nyika sangano rehurumende seUnited States muhondo nekusimbisa kuti masoja eUnited States haambofi ivai pasi pevane simba chero ripi kunze kweWashington, DC
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