America yeAmnesia

Na Thomas A. Bass, August 4, 2017, MekongReview.

Echinhu chakakanganisika nechave chitsva chechikamu chegumi chePBS paHondo yeVietnam inoonekwa mumaminitsi mashanu ekutanga. Inzwi kubva pane zvisinganzwisisiki pamusoro pehondo "yakatanga nokutenda kwakanaka" kuti nenzira imwe neimwe yakamhanya nemigwagwa ndokuuraya mamiriyoni evanhu. Tinoona moto unopisa moto uye murwi akafa muhomwe yemuviri ari kuchinjwa kuva helicopter, sezvinoita rotor thump, thump, thump, sechiitiko kubva Apocalypse Now. Ipapo tinocheka kumariro pamugwagwa we Main Street uye nebhokisi rakavharwa neNyeredzi neStripes, iro rinowedzera, sezvo kamera inoshambadzira, yakawanda uye mazana emaruva, ichiita se hex inopikisa vashandi vanogona kunge vachida kufunga kuti iyi firimu haina kukwana nyika.

Zvose zvakanyatsoenderana neyodhadhiri zvinoratidzika mumaminetsi mashomanana anotevera, sezvo firimu ichidzoka zvakare (iyo inoshandisa mifananidzo yakawanda kumashure) muchikamu chezvinyorwa zvekuchengetedza uye mimhanzi kubva panguva uye inotanga mazwi - vazhinji vavo veVietnam - avo vanorondedzera izvi nhoroondo. Iyi firimu inovimba zvikuru nevanyori nevanyori, kusanganisira vaAmerica Tim O'Brien naKar Marlantes nevanyori veVietnam Le Minh Khue, naBao Ninh, avo Kushungurudza kweHondo mazana seimwe yemabhuku makuru pamusoro peVietnam kana chero hondo.

Izvo-kugadzirisa, mureza-nhoroondo yakafukidzwa, nhoroondo dzinotyisa, kuregererwa kwekudzikinura uye chido cheku "kuporesa" pane chokwadi ndeye cinematic topoi yatakasvika kutarisira kubva kuna Ken Burns naLynn Novick kuburikidza nemavhidhiyo avo pamusoro peIndaneti Hondo, Chirongwa , baseball, jazz uye dzimwe nheyo muUnited States history. Burns ave ari kushandiswa kwemigodhi iyi kwemakore makumi mana, kubvira paakaita firimu yake yekutanga pamusoro peBrooklyn Bridge mu 1981, uye Novick ave ari kurutivi rwake kubvira 1990, paakamupa iye semuchengetedzi kuti awane mvumo yemifananidzo ye The Civil War uye iye akaratidza mubatanidzi anokosha.

Muhurukuro dzavo, Burns anonyanya kukurukura, nepo Yale-akadzidziswa, aimbova nyanzvi yeS Smithsonian akaturika kumashure. Novick inogamuchira pamwe chete kubhadhara muzvikwereti kune mafirimu avo, asi vanhu vakawanda vanovataurira seKen Burns michina. (Pashure pezvose, ndiye iye ane "chiitiko" chinonzi shure kwake: nzira yekugadzira mafirimu, ikozvino yakagadzirwa se "Ken Burns" bhatani, iyo inogonesa munhu kuti apfuure pamusoro pemifananidzo.) Mumwe anoshamisika kuti chii chiripo pakati peNoveick uye Burns: munyori wechirwere uye murangariro.

Iko kunopisa pakati pezvakaitika uye dhiramu kunoumba zvikamu zvine gumi zvePBS series, inotanga nehurumende yekuFrance yeVietnam mu1858 uye inopera nekuwa kweSaigon mu1975. Sezvo firimu ichicheka kubva kune murefu Novickian kutsanangurwa kuBurnsian pedyo-ups, dzimwe nguva inonzwa sokuti yakarongwa nevanhu vaviri vanoita mafirimu maviri akasiyana. Tinogona kutarisa mifananidzo yezvinyorwa kubva ku1940s yeHo Minh inogamuchira mauto eUnited States evanhu vekuchenjera avo vakauya kuzomutsigira zvakare mugomo rake redoubt, apo kamwe-kamwe firimu inochinja kubva kune yakasviba nechena kuti iite ruvara uye tiri kutarisa mumwe wekare wekuAmerica kutaura pamusoro pake Viet Cong-yakakonzera kutya kwerima, iyo inomuita kuti arara nehusiku huri chiedza, sevana vake. Kunyange tisati tasvika kuHo Chi Minh uye kukundwa kwake kweFrance kuDien Bien Phu mu1954, tiri kutarisa marita eUnited States anotsanangura kugadzikana kwake kune akaparadzanisa America mu1972, kunyorera kwaanoti kwaiva kwakaoma kudarika kurwisa Viet Cong.

Nenguva yechipiri, "Riding the Tiger" (1961-1963), isu tiri kuenda kunzvimbo yeBurns ndima. Hondo yakagadzirirwa sehondo yehurumende, neUnited States kudzivirira hurumende yakasarudzwa yehurumende yehurumende kumaodzanyemba ichirwisana neKomonisiti inopinda ichibva kuchamhembe. Vakomana veAmerica vari kurwisana nemuvengi asingatyi Mwari uyo Burns anoratidza semvura yakatsvuka inokambaira pamakomo eSouth Asia uye nenyika yose.

Nheyo dzezvakaitika kare muna Chikamu Chekutanga, "Déjà Vu" (1858-1961), iyo inopesana nemafungiro aya ehondo, inoregererwa kana kusanzwisiswa. Southern Vietnam yakanga isati yava nyika yakazvimiririra. Kubvira ku1862 kusvika ku1949, ndiyo yaiva yeFrance yeColchinachina, imwe yezvikamu zvishanu zvezvikamu zveIndochina yeFrench (iyo iri iri Tonkin, Annam, Cambodia uye Laos). Kukunda mauto eFrance akabatanidzwa kumaodzanyemba kweVietnam mushure me1954, iyo iyo US Air Force colonel neCIA vashandi Edward Lansdale vakatanga kushanda kuti vawedzere iyi yekare yaimbova nehurumende. IU.S. yakagadza Ngo Dinh Diem semutongi wekuVietnam wekumaodzanyemba, vakamubatsira kuti aparadze vadzivisi vake uye akaita sarudzo idzo Diem dzaba, ne98.2 muzana yevhoti yakakurumbira.

Tiye akakonzera nguva muzvisikwa zveLansdale yaive yakareba kwemwedzi yeHondo yeSects, yakatanga muna April 1955. (Hondo haina kutaurwa mufirimu.) Uye kwete Lansdale akaonekwa mumufananidzo weagere pedyo neDiem.) Tambo yakanga yakanyorwa yakarayira mumiriri weUnited States kuti abvise Diem. (Iyo yakafanana netambo, yakatumira makore gumi gare gare, yaizoita kuti chiedza cheDiem chiurayiwe.) Manheru manheru tambo isati yabuda, Diem yakatanga kutyisa kukuru kweBinh Xuyen mhirizhonga, yakatungamirirwa nerwizi Pirate Bay Vien, uyo aiva nemauto e2,500 ari pasi pemurairo wake . Apo hondo yacho yapera, makiromita makiromita eSaigon akanga aiswa uye 20,000 vanhu vakasara vasina pokugara.

VaFrance vaibhadhara hurumende yavo muAsia kuburikidza nehupfumi hweopium (imwe chokwadi yakabuda kunze kwefirimu). Vakanyora zvikwereti kubva kuView's river pirates, avo vaibvumirwawo kumhanya mapurisa enyika uye mhirizhonga yaSaigon uye mabheji. Kurwiswa kwaDiem kwaBhinh Xuyen kwaive kushungurudzwa kwevaFrance. Yaiva chiziviso cheCIA kuti vaFrench vakanga vapedza muSouth-Asia. VaUnited States vakanga vaine mari yehondo yavo yekoloni, vachibhadhara kusvika 80 muzana yemari, asi mushure mekukunda kweFrance paDien Bien Phu, yakanga yava nguva yokuti varasikirwa vabude muguta.

Imwe nguva rwizi rwacho rwakakundwa uye mamwe mapoka ekupikisa akadai seHoa Hao uye Cao Dai asina kukonzerwa neCIA bribes, Diem naLansdale vakatanga kutora "yeHintergia" yakasununguka. Ne 23 Gunyana 1955, Diem yaive ichireva kusarudzwa kwake kusarudzwa. Mazuva matatu gare gare akazivisa kusikwa kweRepublic of Vietnam, inonyatsozivikanwa seSouth Vietnam. Akasunungura chisarudzo chaida kubatanidza kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba kweVietnam - sarudzo izvo Mutungamiri Eisenhower nevamwe vose vaiziva kuti zvakakundwa naHo Chi Minh - ndokutanga kuvaka dhurumende yezvematongerwo enyika iyo yakasara kwemakore makumi maviri, isati yanyura muguruva rekupedzisira helikopta ichisimudza kubva kuAmerica Embassy.

Lansdale aimbova munhu wokupikisa. Akange achishanda panhoroondo yeLeven Strauss paakatanga kutengesa blue jeans munyika yose. Aiziva kutengesa jeans yebhuruu. Aiziva kutengesa hondo. Chero munhu anoziva nezvehupenyu hweVietnam uye kurwisana kwenguva refu nemauto ehurumende yeFrance angaona zvaiitika. "Chinetso chakanga chiri kuedza kuvhara chimwe chinhu zuva rega rega nhau kana zvichinyanya kukosha chaiyo ndeyekuti zvose zvakabva kuneFrance yeIndaneti-yehondo, iyo inhau," akadaro kare New York Times munyori wenhau David Halberstam. "Saka iwe unofanirwa kunge wakave nendima yechitatu munyaya imwe neimwe iyo inofanira kunge yakati, 'Zvose izvi zvakanyanyisa uye hapana chimwe cheizvi chinoreva chinhu nokuti tiri mumakwara mamwechete seFrench uye isu tiri vasungwa pane zvakaitika kwavari.'"

Kunyange mutauro weWechipiri yeIndochina yakakweretwa kubva kuFrance, uyo akataura nezve "chiedza pamagumo emugwagwa" uye jaunissement (kutumbuka) kweuto ravo, iro rakadanwa neUnited States Vietnami. France inodonha petroleum gelatinisi, napalm, kuVietnam in la sale guerre, "hondo yakasviba", iyo US yakagadzira kunyange yakashata neAgent Orange uye mamwe makemikari.

Kana izvi zvikazivikanwa kuvakuru vakuru vehurumende nevatapi venhau, vaizivikanwa kune vose mushure mokunge Daniel Ellsberg akabudisa iyo Pentagon Papers mu 1971. Zvinyorwa makumi mana zvemashoko makuru epachivande zvakaratidza nhema dzehurumende dzose dzeUnited States kubva Truman naEisenhower kusvika Kennedy naJohnson. The Pentagon Papers tsanangura kuti vanhu veAmerica vakanyengerwa sei pakutsigira kuedza kweFrance yekudzorera Vietnam. Vanotaura nezvekushanda kweLansdale uye kuipa kweUnited States kuburikidza nekukwikwidza kusarudzwa kunoreva kuunzazve Vietnam. Vanotsanangura hondo yekusununguka iyo US iyo isina kumbomira mukana wokukunda, kunyange nehafu yemamiriyoni pasi. Basa racho rakanyatsotungamirirwa pane Chine uye kutamba mutambo wenyika yose wekukurwisa Russia. "Tinofanira kucherechedza kuti South Vietnam (kusiyana nedzimwe nyika dziri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumaodzanyemba kweAsia) zvaive zvakasikwa zveUnited States," akanyora Leslie Gelb, uyo akatungamirira purojekiti, Pentagon Papers muchidimbu. "Vietnam yaiva chikamu pane chessboard, kwete nyika," Gelb anoudza Burns naNovickick.

More kupfuura vanhu makumi masere vakabvunzurudzwa nemavhidhiyo-vanoita makore gumi ivo vakaunganidza zvinhu Hondo yeVietnam, asi rimwe chete rinopfurikidza ndiDhaniel Ellsberg. Ellsberg, aimbova mutungamiri wezvikwata zveMarine Corps, aiva murwi wegung-ho paakashanda kuLansdale muVietnam kubva ku1965 kusvika ku1967. Asi sezvo hondo yakakonzera, uye Ellsberg akatya kuti Nixon yaizoedza kugumisa kusagadzikana nezvombo zvenyukireya (vaFrance vakanga vatobvunza Eisenhower kuti vauye bhomba muVietnam), akafamba kune rumwe rutivi.

Ellsberg nhasi inotsoropodza zvinotyisa zvehurumende yenyukireya yeUnited States uye mauto ehondo kubva kuVietnam kuenda kuIraq. Kusasipo kwake kubva mufirimu, kunze kwekuchengetedzwa kwezvinyorwa, kunosimbisa zvidzidzo zvayo. Yakabhadharwa neBhange reAmerica, David Koch nevamwe vatsigiri vesangano, iyo documentary inotsigira zvakanyanya kune vaimbova vakuru, CIA vashandi nevatungamiriri vehurumende, vasingazivikanwi nehuwandu kana zita, asi nemazita avo uye anodyne tsanangudzo dzakadai se "mupi wezano" kana kuti "Masimba anokosha". Runyora ruduku runosanganisira:

• Lewis Sorley, chizvarwa chechitatu chekuWest Point akapedza kudzidza kuti US akakunda hondo mu1971 ndokubva arasa kukunda kwayo ne "kutengesa" vashanduki vayo kumaodzanyemba (kunyange zvazvo vakanga vatengeswa ne $ 6 mabhiriyoni eAmerica mberi ivo vakawira pasi kuenda kuNorth Vietnam mune 1975).

• Rufus Phillips, mumwe weLansdale "vanyori vemavara" avo vakashanda kwemakore akawanda mukushanda kwepfungwa uye kushanda nesimba.

• Donald Gregg, mutungamiri weIran-contra-arm-for-hostages scandal uye CIA mupi wepurogiramu yePoenix uye mamwe mapoka mashomanana.

• John Negroponte, aimbova mutungamiri wehurumende yenyika uye mumiririri kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi pose dzinotarisirwa kuti zviite basa.

• Sam Wilson, mukuru wemauto eUnited States uye Lansdale avo vakagadzira shoko rokuti "simba rekushingaira".

• Stuart Herrington, mukuru wehurumende yeUnited States anonzi "Army's interview", achibva kuVietnam achienda ku Abu Ghraib.

• Robert Rheault, uyo akanga ari muenzaniso weColonel Kurtz, murwi wenhema muApocalypse Now. Rheault akanga ari mutungamiri wenyika ari mutungamiri wemauto anokosha muVietnam, asati atomanikidzwa kusiya basa apo iye nevashanu vevarume vake vakapomerwa mhosva yekuponda nekugadzirira. VeGreen Berets vakange vauraya mumwe wevashandi vavo vechiVietnam, vachifungidzirwa kuva yenguvo, uye vakarasa mutumbi wake mugungwa.

Zuva iro Nixon akawana hurumende kubvisa mhosva dzaipomerwa neRheault ndiro zuva iro Daniel Ellsberg akasarudza kusunungura Pentagon Papers. "Ndaifunga kuti: Handisi kuzova chikamu chemuchina uyu wenhema, ichi chivharo-up, kuuraya uku, zvakare" akanyora Ellsberg mu Zvinyorwa: Mheyo yeVietnam uye Pentagon Papers. "Ndiyo nzira inongoramba iripo, pamatanho ose, kubva pasi kusvikira kumusoro - kubva kune sergeant kuti atonge mukuru - kuvanza kuuraya." Gwaro reGreen Beret, rakanzi Ellsberg, raiva shanduro "yeiyo yaive ichiita muVietnam , pamwero mukuru, zvichienderera mberi kwechitatu chezana remakore ".

Burns uye Novick vakatenderera zvakanyanya kune mumwe munhu - chaizvoizvo, akaenda navo pakurwendo rwavo rwekutsvaga kwemufirimu - uyo anowanikwa mu documentary se "Duong Van Mai, Hanoi" uye gare gare se "Duong Van Mai, Saigon". Uyu ndiye zita remusikana weDuong Van Mai Elliott, uyo ave akaroora kwemakore makumi mashanu nematatu kuna David Elliott, aimbova muRAND mubvunzurudzo muVietnam uye purofesa wezvematongerwo enyika paPomona College muCalifornia. Sezvo achienda kuchikoro kuGeorgetown University munguva yekutanga ye1960s, Mai Elliott vakagara kwenguva refu muUnited States kupfuura muVietnam.

Elliott, iye amene aimbova mushandi weRAND, ndiye mwanasikana weaimbova mukuru mukuru wehurumende muhurumende yekuFrance yehurumende. Mushure mokunge vaFrance vakundwa muHondo yekutanga yeIndochina, mhuri yake yakabva kuHanoi ichienda kuSaigon, kunze kwehanzvadzi yaEliott, iyo yakabatana neVi Viet Minh kuchamhembe. Izvi zvinobvumira Elliott kuomerera - sezvaanoita kakawanda mukuonekwa kwake pachena - kuti Vietnam ye "hondo yevanhu". Hondo iyi yakaparadzanisa mhuri yakafanana nayo, asi varwi vorudzi rwemakoroni vakagadzirirwa kurwisana nevekolonialist havaiti hondo yehurumende. Hapana anoreva Hondo yekutanga yeIndochina sehondo yehurumende. Yaiva hondo yakarwisana nekoloni yakazununguka pakuita basa, kunze kwekuti panguva ino Lansdale naDiem vakanga vasika sangano rehurumende yenyika. MaAmerica loath kubatsira France kuisazve umambo hwehurumende muAsia inogona kunzwa zvakanaka pamusoro pekudzivirira hovha dzakachena muhondo yehurumende. Elliott, munhu ane ruzivo uye anonyatsogadzirisa hondo iyi, anosanganisira musikana akaora mwoyo mauto eUnited States ari kuedza kuponesa kubva kumhirizhonga yeKomonisiti.

Oapo Lansdale yakabviswa kubva munhoroondo yeHondo yeVietnam, tinotarisa tichiona maawa gumi nemasere ekuuraya, kupindira nekutaura-musoro hupupuriro hunokohwa, kutanga sekuchema kunonzwika, ezvo sezvidzidzo zvekare uye pakupedzisira sehurukuro dzakazara. Izvi zvakapoteredzwa nemakumbo ezvakaitika kare anobva kuHondo yekutanga yeIndochina kusvika muChipiri ndokubva atarisa kuhondo paAp Bac na Khe Sanh, Tet Offensive, kurwisa kwebhomba pamusoro peNorth Vietnam, kusunungurwa kweSouth POWs uye yekupedzisira helicopter ichisimudza kubva denga reU.S. Embassy (iro raive denga reimba yeCIA yakachengeteka paChnUMX Ly Tu Trong Street). Pakupera kwemufirimu - iyo inowedzera uye inokakavara, yakafanana nehondo pachayo - kupfuura varwi ve22 US, chikamu chemamiriyoni evanhu veSouth Vietnam, mamiriyoni eViv Cong neNorth Vietnam nemauto e58,000 mamiriyoni (kunyanya kumaodzanyemba ), kwete kutaura makumi ezviuru zvekare muLaos neCambodia, ichafa.

Mifananidzo yeVietnam inotarirwa mumamiriro ezvinhu ezvakaitika kare muUnited States munguva yehutungamiri hutanhatu hwakasimbisa izvi (kutanga naHarry Truman pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II). Iyo ikamera inopfurikidza nekuurayiwa kwaJohn Kennedy naRobert Kennedy naMartin Luther King, mapurisa emapurisa pamusangano weChicago Democratic mu1968 uye mhirizhonga yakasiyana-siyana yekurwisana, kusanganisira iyo iyo vana vana vakaurayiwa vakafa muKiteni State University. Iyo firimu inosanganisira kukurukurirana kwakaitwa naNixon naBusinger vachivhara zvirongwa zvavo. ("Chengetedza yakachengeteka woiwana", Nixon inotaura nezvekupomera uchapupu pa Brookings Institute). Inoratidza Walter Cronkite kurasikirwa nekutenda muVietnam venture uye Watergate burglary uye kuregera kwaNixon uye kurwisana pamusoro pekuvaka Maya Lin yeVietnam Veterans Memorial ("gash of shame" yakashanduka yakaipa nzvimbo de mémoire).

Kune vakawanda, iyo firimu ichatiyeuchidza nezvatinoziva kare. Kune vamwe, ichava sumo kumakore makumi maviri ekuzvikudza kweAmerica uye kupfuurira. Vanhu vangave vakashamiswa kudzidza nezvekunyengedzera kwaNixon mukuparadzanisa runyararo rweRyndon Johnson runyararo mu1968, kuitira kuti awedzere mikana yake yekusarudzwa. Iyi haisi nguva bedzi iri mu documentary iyo yekare-kanzira yekunyengedzera kwenyika inobatanidza nezviitiko zvezvino. Vanyori vanogonawo kushamisika kuziva kuti hondo yeAp Bac mu1963, kukundwa kukuru kweHondo yeRiphabliki yeVietnam nevakuru vayo veUnited States, yakanzi yakakunda, nokuti muvengi, mushure mekuuraya mauto makumi masere eARV nevashanyi vatatu vokuUnited States , yakanyangarika kumashure. Chero bedzi munyaya yakareba-yepamusoro yeuto reUnited States raigona kuwana bombed-out rice paddy kunonzi kukunda, asi kazhinji, gore negore, United States yaizo "kukunda" hondo yose yairwisana nayo pamusoro pegomo risina maturo uye mupunga paddies zvakatorwa apo muvengi akatakura vakafa vavo, akabatanidzwa uye akarwiswazve kune imwe nzvimbo.

Nevatapi venhau vanotaura kukundwa uye Pentagon kurira kukunda, "kutendeseka kusina", iyo ikozvino yakanga yakurira kuva mhepo, yakatanga kuoneka, pamwe nekurwiswa pamutsara wekusatendeseka uye neimwe nzira "kurasika" hondo. Zvichemo pamusoro pe "nhau dzezvakaipa" uye vatori venhau se "vavengi vevanhu" ndezvevanhu vakawanda sequelae inogona kuteverwa zvakare kuHondo yeVietnam. Apo Morley Yakachengeteka mavara edzimba akavhara dzimba dzakaputika mumatombo emumusha weKam Ne mu1965, Zita rakachengeteka rakasvibiswa nemhosva dzokuti akanga atora Marines neZipo dzavo. Dhainformation, hondo dzepfungwa, kuvhara maitiro, nhau dzinokonzerwa, nhepfenyuro uye nhepfenyuro dzepamutemo zvichinyanya kurarama mhemberero dzeVietnam.

Iyo firimu inonyanya kurondedzera gambit kuvimba kwayo kune vanyori uye vanyori, mazita maviri anokosha ari Bao Ninh (ane zita rechokwadi ndiHoang Au Phuong), uyo aimbova mwana wechidiki akadzokera kumba mushure memakore matanhatu okurwisana nechokudzika kweHo Chi Minh Trail kusvika nyora The Sorrow of War, uye aimbova mugungwa Tim O'Brien, uyo akadzoka kubva kuhondo yake kundonyora Zvinhu Zvavakaita uye Going After Cacciato. Iyo firimu inoguma na O'Brien vachiverenga nezvemauto anotakura zviyeuchidzo kubva kuVietnam, uye ipapo chikwata chechikwereti, achipa mazita aEmai Elliott akazara nevamwe vanhu.

Iyi ndiyo pandakatanga kutamba nheyo zvakare, ndichifamba muchikamu cheChipiri, kushamiswa kwete kuti yakayeukwa zvakadini, asi kuti yakawanda yakasara kana yakanganwika. Zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvakanaka zvakagadzirwa pamusoro peHondo yeVietnam, neveCanada, French uye vamwe veEurope. Vanyori venhau vokuAmerica Stanley Karnow naDrew Pearson vakanetseka nekutaura hondo muTV. Asi hukama hwakakonzerwa neUnited States nekukanganwa zvidzidzo zveVietnam, kuviga pasi pekusava nehanya nekushuva nyika uye nekuzvidza nekuzvidza nhoroondo, kuibvisa kubva mukukakavara kwekuita firimu huru pamusoro pehondo iyi.

Sei, somuenzaniso, inobvunzurudzwa yefirimu iyi chete inenge iri pedyo-pedyo? Dai ikamera yakanga yadzoka, tingadai taona kuti Seniatori Max Cleland haana mitsipa - akavarasikirwa ne "fire friendly" ku Khe Sanh. Uye zvakadini kana Bao Ninh naTim O'Brien vange vabvumidzwa kusangana? Kuyeuka kwavo kwaizodai kwakaunza dambudziko risina maturo rehondo munguva ino. Uye panzvimbo yekutsvaga kwayo "kugadziriswa" uye kuporesa kuyananiswa, zvakadini kana firimu yakanga yatiyeuchidza kuti mauto eUnited States ari kushanda iye zvino mu137 yenyika ye194 yenyika, kana 70 muzana yenyika?

Kufanana neBurns yakawanda uye Novick michina, iyi inouya neshamwari yakawanda, Hondo yeVietnam: An Intimate History, iyo iri kusunungurwa panguva imwechete sePBS series. Yakanyorwa naBurns uye yake yakareba amanuensis, Geoffrey C Ward, bhuku racho - inzwi rakawandisa rinorema anenge makirogiramu maviri - rinosunga zvinyorwa zvakafanana sefirimu. Icho chinoshanduka kubva kune zvakaitika kare zvekare zvichienda kuratidzira, uye inoita mifananidzo yakawanda yakaita kuti Vietnam ive yakakosha yehondo yekufananidzira. Mhedziso dzinozivikanwa dzinosanganisira Malcolm Brown's monk moto; Mufananidzo waRarry Burrows wemvura yakakuvadzwa inosvika kumukuru wake afa; Nick Ut mufananidzo weKim Phuc achifamba asina kufuka mumugwagwa ne napalm achipisa nyama yake; Eddie Adams's photo of general Nguyen Ngoc Mushandirapure weVC sapper mumusoro; uye Hugh Van Es's photo of refuges achikwira chikwata chinoputika kupinda muCIA yokupedzisira helikopta ichibhururuka kunze kweSaigon.

Burns's binocular vision mune dzimwe nzira inoshanda zviri nani mubhuku kupfuura movie. Bhuku racho rine nzvimbo yekutora zvakadzama. Inopa nhoroondo yakawanda panguva imwe chete ichiratidza poignant reflections naBao Ninh, mumiririri wehondo yevarwi Jurate Kazickas, nevamwe. Edward Lansdale uye Hondo yeZvibhuku zvinowanikwa mubhuku, asi kwete iyo firimu, pamwe nemashoko anotaura nezveHCNUMX State Department cable iyo inorayira kuti Ngo Dinh Diem iparadzwe - nyika isati yashandurwa neUnited States uye yatengwa mukusikwa kweDiem's ​​South Vietnam . Uyewo pano mumashoko ekutsvaira ndeyekukurukurirana kwaNixon naBanginger pamusoro pekuwedzera nguva yehondo kuitira kukunda masarudzo uye kuchengetedza chiso.

Bhuku racho rine ruzivo rwakawedzerwa rwekubatanidza zvinyorwa zvishanu zvinotungamirirwa nevadzidzisi vanotungamirira nevanyori. Pakati peizvi chikamu chaFredrik Logevall achifungidzira pane zvingave zvakaitika kana Kennedy asina kuurawa; chidimbu na Todd Gitlin pamusangano wekurwisana nehondo; uye kuratidzwa naVideo Thanh Nguyen pahupenyu semupoteri, uyo, mumamiriro ake ezvinhu, akazoshanda mubasa rezvokudya zvevabereki vake muSan Jose kuti akunde mubayiro we 2016 Pulitzer.

Muna 1967, makore masere isati yapera hondo, Lyndon Johnson ari kuzivisa "kufambira mberi kunoshamisa", ne "kubata kweVC pavanhu vari kuputsika". Tinoona mounds emunhu akafa weV Viet Cong akapinda mumakuva makuru. Jenerali Westmoreland inotsigira mutungamiriri wenyika kuti hondo iri kusvika "nheyo yepamusoro", apo mamwe mauto evengi ari kuurayiwa kupfuura kuverengwa. Jimi Hendrix ari kuimba "Wakamboziva" uye vet iri inotsanangura kuti "kukanganisa kwakakunda sei" mu "kurwisana kwepedyo" kwakamudzidzisa "kuparadza gook" uye "kuuraya dinks".

Ne 1969, Operation Speedy Express muMeong Kong Delta inhau inouraya kuwirirana kwe45: 1, ne10,889 Viet Cong varwi vakaurayiwa asi zvombo zve 748 chete zvakadzorerwa. Kevin Buckley naAlexander Shimkin Newsweek vanofungidzira kuti hafu yevanhu vakaurayiwa ndeyevanhu. Nenguva iyo kuurawa kwekuuraya kwakakwira ku134: 1, mauto eUnited States ari kuparadza vanhu kuMi Lai uye kune dzimwewo nzvimbo. Edward Lansdale, panguva iyoyo aive mukuru, akataura pamusoro pechikamu chekupedzisira chehondo yaakanga atanga (achinyora kubva kuna Robert Taber's Hondo yeFlea): "Pane nzira imwe chete yekukunda vanhu vanopandukira vasingazozvipi, uye ndiko kuparadzwa. Pane imwe chete nzira yekudzora ndima inogara ichiramba, uye iyo ndeyokuita kuti ive dongo. Apo izvozvi zvingagoni, kwete chero zvikonzero, zvinoshandiswa, hondo inorasika. "

Hondo yeVietnam
Firimu naKen Burns naLynn Novick
PBS: 2017 

Hondo yeVietnam: An Intimate History
Geoffrey C Ward naKen Burns
Knopf: 2017