NaBill Disler
"Kushambadzirwa kwemakambani ehurumende yeAfghanistan, ayo aidzora zvicherwa zvakawanda zvenyika, kwanga kuchienderera mberi asi kusati kwapera." (Kubva kuchinyorwa cha2011 cheUS Geological Survey's Minerals Yearbook)
Tave kuhondo muAfghanistan kweanopfuura makore gumi nemana. Izvi zvinopindura mibvunzo mina yekutanga yevatori venhau yekuti ndiani, chii, kupi, uye rinhi, asi hazvipindure mubvunzo unonyanya kukosha. Sei?
Kuti tinzwisise kubatanidzwa kweUS muAfghanistan nhasi zvinogona kubatsira kana tikadzidzazve izwi rakafanana kubva kuOld West. Izwi nderekuti "kuda-svetuka". Munhoroondo yeOld West, sezvatakadzidziswa nemabhaisikopo ekuHollywood ekuma1930, '40s, uye'50s, vaisvetuka-svetuka vaivapo nevanochera masango, makororo, makororo emombe, nembavha dzemabhiza dzaitamba mutambo wacho. vakashata vanodiwa venyaya. Mamwe emagamba edu makuru eHollywood, anosanganisira Audie Murphy (gamba reHondo Yenyika II muhupenyu chaihwo), iyo Lone Ranger, Gabby Hayes, naJohn Wayne, vakamhanya-mhanya nemavarmnts aya.
Pfupiso yebhaisikopo raAudie Murphy "Duel kuSilver Creek" inopa tsananguro yakanaka yehudzamu hwehuipi hunonyura.
“Boka revanhu vanosvetuka-svetuka vane utsinye vanopinda munharaunda yacho ndokutanga kubira, kubira uye kuuraya vashandi vemumigodhi vakapfuma. Hongu, hapana zvapupu zvekuunza avo vane mhosva dzemhosva. "
Kudzidza nhoroondo, kunyangwe nhoroondo yeHollywood, kunogona kutibatsira kuona zviitiko zvakafanana munguva ino here? Kana tikaona mazuva ano emakambani anodaidzira-vanosvetuka semhando imwechete yevadzimi-pasi vakaba kubva kune vakatendeseka, vanoshanda nesimba mumigodhi muOld West, zvichatibatsira here kunzwisisa kuti sei mauto eUS achigara muAfghanistan?
Minerals Yearbook yeUS Geological Survey kubva ku2011 inotiudza kuti JP Morgan Chase arikudyara mumigodhi yegoridhe muAfghanistan. Kupinda muna 2012 kunotiudza kuti Exxon Mobil iri kufunga nezve kukwidza mafuta ekurejesa kuchamhembe kweAfghanistan. Kupinda kwa2011 kunotiudzawo kuti "Kushambadzirwa kwemakambani ehurumende yeAfghanistan, ayo aidzora zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvenyika, kwanga kuchienderera mberi asi kusiri kupera." Izvi hazvitsananguri 21st zana remakore-kusvetuka-svetuka? Hurumende mbiri dzine huori, United States neAfghanistan, dzinorega masoja adzo achifa ivo vachifambisa kubiwa kwehupfumi hwenyika.
Mukupera kwema1990, makambani akati wandei, pakati pavo Unocal wekuUS, Bridas wekuArgentina, uye Daewoo wekuSouth Korea, akapa hurumende yeTaliban kuti ivake pombi yegasi rechisikigo kubva kuTurkmenistan, kuburikidza neAfghanistan kuenda kuPakistan. Asi maTaliban pavakangodzingwa musimba mukupera kwa2001 nemauto eUS, chero nhaurirano yepombi sechikonzero chekupindirwa neUS yakaunzwa nevenhau huru sefungidziro yemurwiri werunyararo. Vatauri veMedia vakatiudza kakawanda kuti "Hapana Ropa reMafuta" harina kushanda kuhondo iyi. Zvino tinoona kuti pfungwa yepipeline haina kumbofa, yakanga yangovanda.
Musi waZvita 13, 2015, mapurezidhendi eTurkmenistan neAfghanistan, mutungamiriri wePakistan, uye mutevedzeri wemutungamiri weIndia vakasangana muTurkmenistan. Tafura ine mabhatani mana yakamiswa kuitira kuti vatungamiri vakwanise kudzvanya mabhatani panguva imwe chete aizotanga kuvakwa kwepombi yeTAPI gasi rechisikigo. (TAPI idimikira renyika ina dziri kubatanidzwa mukuvakwa kwepombi.) Mhemberero huru iyi yakauya mushure memakore enhaurirano pakati penyika ina panyaya dzekuchengetedzwa kwepombi uye zvibvumirano zvemitengo.
Iyo yakavhurika yaive nhau huru kumaodzanyemba kweAsia uye yakafukidzwa nemapepanhau makuru muIndia, Pakistan, neAfghanistan. Dzinofanira kunge dziri nhau huru muUnited States zvakare, asi, kunze kwendima imwe chete muKune dzimwe nyika Policy pamhepo, vezvenhau vekuUS vakafuratira nyaya yacho. Yakatofuratirwa neHouston Chronicle, bepanhau rekumusha kwemakambani makuru ekuvaka mapaipi eUS.
Mutauriri wedhipatimendi reUS State akaudza Press Trust yeIndia kuti "United States inokorokotedza Turkmenistan nevamwe vayo padanho richangopfuura rekuvaka pombi yegasi rechisikigo muAfghanistan ..." Asi, vezvenhau veUS vakafunga kuti iyi yaive nhau yekuti US. vagari vaisafanira kuziva. (“US Welcomes Ground-Breaking Of TAPI Pipeline”, NDTV, Zvita 16, 2015. NDTV inobva kuNew Delhi.)
Vazhinji vamiriri verunyararo vaifungidzira kubva pakutanga kuti pombi yegasi rechisikigo iyi yaive imwe yenzira idzo mubatanidzwa wemakara waitarisira kuwana pundutso muhondo iyi. Asi nyaya yakasimudzirwa nevezvenhau nguva dzose mushure meSept 11, 2001 yaive yekuti Afghanistan yaingova murwi wematombo asina kukosha aive asina kukosha kwehupfumi; saka, chinangwa chehondo chinofanira kunge chiri chekutorera magandanga hwaro uye, sebhonasi, kuparadzira democracy, kubatsira vakadzi, uye kuvakazve nyika.
Muna 2010 iyo New York Times yakashuma nezve "zvichangobva kuwanikwa zvicherwa deposits" muAfghanistan. Chinyorwa chaJames Risen chakataura kuti maererano nevakuru veUS "madhipoziti anga asingazivikanwe ... akakura kwazvo… zvekuti Afghanistan inogona kupedzisira yashandurwa kuita imwe yenzvimbo dzakakosha kwazvo dzemigodhi pasi rose." ("US Inozivisa Hukuru Hupfumi hweMineral muAfghanistan", NY Times, Chikumi 13, 2010) ( http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/14/world/asia/14minerals.html?pagewanted=1&_r=0)
Asi nhau dzehupfumi hwezvicherwa muAfghanistan dzaive dzisiri nyowani. Muchokwadi, hupfumi hweAfghanistan hwave huchizivikanwa kwemazana emakore.
Iyo 1981 National Geographic Atlas of the World yakati nezveAfghanistan: "Mipata yakaorera uye ine zvicherwa-zvikomo zveHindu Kush zvakakundwa kakawanda kubva kare."
Mumakore ekuma1960, Minerals Yearbook yeUS Geological Survey yakashuma kuti Afghanistan yaive yakapfuma mugasi rechisikigo, mhangura, iron ore, goridhe, sirivheri, uye matombo anokosha anokosha. Afghanistan ine chromite inoomesa simbi. Iine barite inoshandiswa mutsime remafuta "drilling fluid". Iyo 1963 Minerals Yearbook yekupinda muAfghanistan inoti "nzvimbo dzinozivikanwa dzegasi rechisikigo dzakakura uye dzine zvazvinoreva." Kupinda kwa1982 kunotaura nezveHajigak iron ore deposit kuti "ongororo yakazvimirira ya1977 yakagumisa kuti dhipoziti yacho yakanga yakakura zvakakwana uye yegiredhi rakakwana kutsigira indasitiri huru yesimbi nesimbi."
Chinhu chakanyanya kutaurwa neMinerals Yearbook chakauya muna 1992, pavakashuma nezve“nyika inochengeterwa gasi remusikirwo yakawanda, inofungidzirwa kuva macubic metres mabhiriyoni 2,000 360…” Yearbook yakashumawo “simbi yemhangura inobva munzvimbo inochengeterwa zvinhu inofungidzirwa kuti 1,700 MMT (miriyoni). metric tons)" uye kuti "zvakapfuma zvakachengetwa zvesimbi zvakafungidzirwa paXNUMX MMT."
Ruzivo urwu rwaifanira kunge rwakashanda senzvimbo yekutanga yevatapi venhau vari kutsvaga nhoroondo yeAfghanistan mushure mekurwiswa kwaSept. 11, 2001. Asi vatori venhau vanofanira kunge vakabvunza vanhu vasiri ivo kuti vawane ruzivo. Vaigara vachitaura kuti Afghanistan yakanga isina kukosha kwehupfumi kunze kwematamba, pistachios, makwai nembudzi.
Kupesana neiri fungu reruzivo rwenhema mweya mishoma yakashinga yakaedza kutaura nyaya yechokwadi kuvanhu veAmerica. Mune imwe pfungwa muNew York Times muna Mbudzi 2001 M. Ishaq Nadiri, purofesa wezvehupfumi paNew York University, akanyora kuti Afghanistan “…yakambotumira gasi rechisikigo kuSoviet Union. Ine matura makuru emhangura nesimbi yegiredhi yepamusoro.” (“Kuvakazve Nyika Yakaparadzwa”, NY Times, Mbudzi 26, 2001) ( (http://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/26/opinion/26NADI.html)
Muchikamu chaDecember 2001 muChristian Science Monitor, John F. Shroder, Jr., purofesa we geology paYunivhesiti yeNebraska, akati akanga adzidza zviwanikwa zveAfghanistan kwemakumi emakore uye kuti "zvingave mhangura yakakura kwazvo pasi rose uye yechitatu pakukura kwesimbi yegiredhi yepamusoro, kuwedzera kune magasi, oiri, marasha, matombo anokosha, mvura yepasi pevhu, uye matombo eraimu akawanda ekugadzira kongiri…” Purofesa Shroder akataura kuti makambani akawanda ekuAmerica akanga akamudaidza kuti "kuti azive zvakawanda nezve tarisiro yekuchera mushure mehondo uye kutora hydrocarbon." ("Batsira Afghanistan kushandisa hupfumi hwayo", CS Monitor, Zvita 14, 2001) (http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/1214/p11s2-coop.html)
Nhau idzi dzinogona kutungamira muverengi anofunga kuti abvunze hukuru hwevavariro dzedu muAfghanistan, asi zuva rakatevera koramu yaProfessor Shroder yabuda, New York Times yakapinda mudhorobha kunoisa kibosh pane chero fungidziro iri kukura. Mumaitiro ayo akajairika asingasanganisike, Times yakaramba uye yakasimbisa kuti panogona kunge paine chimwe chinhu chinonakidza mukati meAfghanistan. Mutsara wekutanga wechinyorwa chavo wakataura kuti, "Hakuna mafuta muAfghanistan, asi mune zvematongerwo enyika." Asi gare gare chinyorwa chinoti, "Makambani emafuta nenyanzvi dzedunhu vanoshamisika kana matura matsva emafuta negasi achavhurwa kune vekunze." Pano munyori ari kutaura nezvemafuta negasi zvakachengetwa munyika dziri kuchamhembe kweAfghanistan. (“Sezvo Hondo Inochinja Mibatanidzwa, Zvibvumirano zveOiri Zvinotevera”, NY Times, Zvita 15, 2001.) (http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/15/business/worldbusiness/15BIZ-OIL.html?pagewanted=all)
Munguva yese yekutanga 2,000s, Afghanistan yaidzokororwa ichitsanangurwa senzira yemafuta uye gasi yepakati Asia, asi kwete seine chero kukosha kwayo. Kutaurwa kweMinerals Yearbook kwakachinja zvakanyanya kubva muna 1993 kusvika 2006. Muna 1994, hukuru hwezvicherwa hwakataurwa muna 1992 hwakachinja kuita "Afghanistan… (Izvi zvaiva zvechokwadi asi zvakavanza mufananidzo mukuru.) Muna 1996, mhangura yaichengeterwa kuAinak, yakarondedzerwa naPurofesa Shroder seimwe yemhangura yakakura kudarika dzimwe dzose pasi rose, yakava “dura duku remhangura kuAinak.” Uku kudzikisirwa kwezvicherwa zveAfghanistan kwakaenderera mberi kusvika 2007, pazvakazove zvinotenderwa kutaura kuti Afghanistan yaive yakapfuma.
Kubva 1989 kusvika 1993 iyo Minerals Yearbook yakadhinda mamepu eAfghanistan achiratidza nzvimbo yezvicherwa zvakakura. Paive nenzvimbo mbiri dzakanyorwa NG, dzegasi rechisikigo, kuchamhembe nekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweAfghanistan. (Mepu nemashoko zvinogona kuwanikwa nokutsvaka: 1992 Minerals Yearbook. Asia and Pacific, Afghanistan) (http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/EcoNatRes/EcoNatRes-idx?type=article&did=EcoNatRes.MinYB1992v3Asia.CKuo&id=EcoNatRes.MinYB1992v3Asia&isize=M) Pashure pa1993, pakanga pasisina mepu. Izvi zvakafambirana nekudzikiswa kwenyaya dzezvicherwa.
Chii chingakonzera shanduko iyi mukushuma? Muna 1992 hurumende yeNajibullah, iyo yakanga yatsigirwa neSoviet Union, yakakundwa nemujahedeen, bato rinokoshesa zvikuru raitsigirwa neCIA nevePakistani intelligence services. Muna Ndira, 1993, Bill Clinton akatora chigaro. Pakazosvika 1994, hutsinye nehuwori hwemujahedeen zvakakonzera kusimuka kweTaliban. Sarudzo yakabva yaitwa mukati mehurumende yeUS yekufambisa chinyararire kuwana zvicherwa zveAfghan nemakambani eUS?
Iyi ingori dzidziso yekurangana kwevanorwira runyararo here? Kana kuti paive nekurangana chaiko? (Zvinoitika, munoziva, ndicho chikonzero tine izwi rekuti kurangana. Verenga Shakespeare yako.) Mashoko okuti “Hapana Ropa reMafuta” angori chitupa chebapiro rekuruboshwe, kana kuti chinonyatso ratidza purani yekusvetuka-svetuka kwekambani? Iwe iva mutongi.
Kunze kwepombi yeTAPI kune mikana yakawanda yemubatanidzwa wevanokara kuita kuuraya, sekutaura, muAfghanistan. Kutengesa zvombo kumativi ese, kubiridzira opium, uye kubhadharisa zvakanyanya pakuvaka shoddy uye mari yekubvunza isina basa ingori mienzaniso mishoma, asi mukana wekuba zvicherwa ndeimwe yemasimba ekufambisa anoita kuti hondo ienderere mberi. Vamwe vanhu vanokakavara pamusoro pekuti ndechipi chikonzero chechokwadi chehondo, asi pane mari yakakwana inotenderera kuti ipe mapoka akati wandei ehumbavha.
Alfred McCoy, mune yake ichangoburwa chinyorwa chekutengesa opium muAfghanistan, akataura kuti goho reopium ra2013 "rakaunza mari inosvika mabhiriyoni matatu emadhora mumari isiri pamutemo, iyo mutero weTaliban wakatora madhora mazana matatu nemakumi maviri emamiriyoni ..." Mutero uyu unopa chikamu chinopfuura hafu yemari yeTaliban. , maererano nenyaya yacho, asi izvozvo zvinosiya $3 bhiriyoni mupurofiti iyo mumwe munhu ari kuwana. ("Maitirwo eRuva Ropinki Akakunda Nyika Yega Simba: America's Opium War muAfghanistan" naAlfred McCoy, tomdispatch.com, 2-21-2016,) (http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/176106/).
Kana iwe uchida mari yekukurumidza ine mari shoma shoma, uye iwe usina hanya kuti vangani hupenyu hwevanhu hwaunoparadza, saka opium ingangove yako kuba yako yesarudzo. Kana uine imwe nguva uye mari, saka kuvaka kwakashata kana kusabatsira uye kudhura kwemari yekubvunza inogona kunge iri bheji yako yakanaka.
Asi kana iwe uine mari uye nemoyo murefu wekutamba iyo yakareba con, kuba zvicherwa zveAfghanistan kungangove nemubhadharo wakakura. Hurumende yeAfghan inofungidzira kuti panogona kunge paine madhora mazana matatu emamiriyoni emadhora emaminerari pasi pevhu ravo. Corporate America, nekuisa vamwe vakuru vakuru vane huori munzvimbo dzakafanira uye nekubhadhara chiokomuhomwe zvishoma, inogona kubhadhara vashandi vemugodhi weAfghan mari shoma kuti vachere zviwanikwa zvenyika yavo vozviendesa kunze ukuwo maCEO emakambani asingabudi ziya, kunze kwekunge vakagara mugwara. cafe yekunze ine zuva, vachirangana kuba zvimwe zvinhu.
Pane kumwe kufunga kunoita kuti zvicherwa zvive zvakakosha. Kunyange hazvo, parizvino, US iri panguva yakakwira kugadzirwa kwemafuta efosil, tichiri kuda kutengwa kunze kwenyika kugutsa zvido zvedu zvesimba rakakura. Dzimwe nyika dzinotonyanya kutsamira pamafuta efossil kupfuura isu. Russia, Venezuela, Iran, neSaudi Arabia, kutaura zvishomanana, zvinoenderana nekutengesa mafuta kunze kwenyika kuti vawane mari. Kukurumidza kukura kwehupfumi hwakaita seChina neIndia kunoenderana nezvinotengwa kunze kwenyika.
IUS inogona kunge isingade mafuta ese eAfghanistan nepakati peAsia kuhupfumi hwayo, asi zvingangove zvakakosha kumakambani eUS kudzora nekudzora kuyerera kwemafuta kune anokwikwidza hupfumi, kunyanya China. Izvi zvinogona kukonzeresa kusuwa kunotungamira hurumende yeUS kubvumidza masevhisi ehungwaru ePakistan kuti agare uye ape maoko maTaliban nepo varwi vedu vachifa muAfghanistan vachirwa hondo yeproxy nePakistan. Nepo chirongwa cheTAPI chakanonoka nekurwa muAfghanistan, China yakavhura pombi yayo yegasi kubva kuTurkmenistan kuenda kumadokero kweChina muna 2009.
Pakupera kwetemu yavo yechipiri, mutungamiri wenyika yeAfghanistan, Karzai, ange achinzi anopokana nebepanhau reNew York Times nekuti akati chinangwa chemutemo weUS ndechekuderedza nyika yavo, kwete kuisimbisa. ("Hamid Karzai Achiri Kumira Sei?", Magazini yeNY Times, Mbudzi 24, 2013) (http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/24/magazine/how-is-hamid-karzai-still-standing.html) Asi yaive paranoia kana tsananguro yakarurama yezviito zveUS? Ingotarisa zvatakaita. Pasi pehutungamiriri hweUS, Afghanistan, gore negore, yakatsvedza pasi peTransparency International huori index kudzamara yasungirirwa kune yechipiri nyika ine huwori.
Chirevo chaGumiguru 2015 neSpecial Inspector General weAfghanistan Reconstruction inoratidza kuti pamusoro pe99% yemari yedu yemutero muAfghanistan yaenda kumari yechiuto kana kutsigira hurumende ine huori. Isingasviki 1% yaenda kune chikafu, zvipfeko, uye pekugara kune vamwe vevarombo pasi pano, maAfghans, zvino vari kutambura kuburikidza ne38 yavo.th gore rehondo. Ndeipi nzira iri nani yekuba hupfumi hwezvicherwa hweAfghanistan pane kugadzira hurumende isina simba uye vanhu vane nzara?
Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., muhurukuro yake yakaisvonaka ye“Beyond Vietnam” paRiverside Church pana April 4, 1967, akataura kuti “isu sorudzi tinofanira kuva nechinjo huru yetsika.” Kuti tive nerunyararo, vanhu vekuAmerica vanofanira kuramba hupfumi hunouya kwatiri kubva muuranda nekuba. Tichafanirwa kusundira makambani parutivi uye kugadzira mabasa ane musoro kune wese munhu kuti tikwanise kudzokera kukuwana chekurarama nacho nenzira dzinozadzisa hutano hwepasi nevagari varo, chirimwa nemhuka zvakafanana. Uye isu tichafanirwa kuvhota kana kukwikwidza zvigaro kuitira kuti tive nevashandi vehurumende vanoshumira runyararo uye kurega kushandisa mauto edu sebasa rekuchengetedza makambani emafuta emafuta.
Dr. King vakataurawo kuti chikonzero chakakosha chekuumba Southern Christian Leadership Conference uye kutaura zvinopesana neHondo yeVietnam kwaiva "Kuponesa mweya weAmerica." Kana tichizoponesa mweya weAmerica nekuunza zororo kuhanzvadzi dzedu nehama dzedu muAfghanistan uye muhondo dzese dzatinopinda madziri, saka nyika yedu inofanira kumira kuve mutungamiri muhondo uye kuve mutungamiri murunyararo.
