Wolemba George Lakey, Kuchita Zosagwirizana, February 28, 2022
M'mbiri yonse, anthu omwe akuyang'anizana ndi ntchito akhala akugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zopanda chiwawa kuti alepheretse adani awo.
Monga momwe zilili ndi anthu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikizapo zikwi zikwi za anthu a ku Russia olimba mtima omwe akutsutsa kuukira kwankhanza kwa dziko lawo ku Ukraine, ndikudziwa kuti palibe zinthu zokwanira zotetezera ufulu wa Ukraine ndikukhumba demokalase. Biden, mayiko a NATO, ndi ena akuyendetsa mphamvu zachuma, koma zikuwoneka kuti sizokwanira.
N’zoona kuti kutumiza asilikali kungangoipiraipira. Koma bwanji ngati pali chida chosagwiritsidwa ntchito chogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu chomwe sichikuganiziridwa nkomwe? Nanga bwanji ngati zinthu zikuyenda motere: Pali mudzi womwe kwa zaka zambiri umadalira mtsinje, ndipo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo ukuuma. Potengera chuma chomwe chilipo, mudziwu uli kutali kwambiri ndi mtsinje kuti ungamange payipi, ndipo mudziwo ukuyang'ana kumapeto kwake. Chimene palibe amene adachiwona chinali kasupe kakang'ono m'chigwa chakuseri kwa manda, chomwe - ndi zida zokumba bwino - zitha kukhala gwero lamadzi ambiri ndikupulumutsa mudziwo?
Kungoyang'ana koyamba momwe zinalili ku Czechoslovakia pa Ogasiti 20, 1968, pomwe Soviet Union idasamukira kuyambiranso ulamuliro wake - Asitikali aku Czechoslovakia sakanatha kupulumutsa. Mtsogoleri wa dzikolo, Alexander Dubcek, anatsekera asilikali ake m’nyumba zawo zankhondo pofuna kupewa mikangano yopanda pake yomwe ingangochititsa anthu ovulala ndi kuphedwa. Asilikali a Pangano la Warsaw atalowa m'dziko lake, adalemba malangizo kwa akazembe ake ku UN kuti apereke mlandu kumeneko, ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito maola apakati pausiku kukonzekera kumangidwa ndi tsogolo lomwe lidamuyembekezera ku Moscow.
Komabe, osazindikirika ndi a Dubcek, kapena atolankhani akunja kapena oukirawo, panali chofanana ndi gwero lamadzi mumtsinje wa kuseri kwa manda. Chomwe chinayambitsa izi chinali miyezi yapitayi ya kufotokoza kwamphamvu kwa ndale kochitidwa ndi gulu lomakula la otsutsa omwe atsimikiza kupanga mtundu watsopano wadongosolo: "socialism yokhala ndi nkhope yamunthu." Anthu ambiri a ku Czechs ndi Slovakia anali atayamba kale kuukira, akugwira ntchito limodzi pamene adapanga masomphenya atsopano.
Kuthamanga kwawo kunawathandiza pamene kuwukirako kunayamba, ndipo anapita patsogolo kwambiri. Pa Oga. 21, ku Prague kunali kuima pang'ono kwa anthu masauzande ambiri. Akuluakulu a bwalo la ndege ku Ruzyno anakana kupereka mafuta ku ndege za Soviet. M’malo angapo, makamu a anthu anakhala m’njira ya akasinja obwera; m'mudzi wina, nzika anapanga unyolo anthu kuwoloka mlatho pa mtsinje Upa kwa maola asanu ndi anayi, kuchititsa akasinja Russian potsirizira pake kukhota mchira.
Swastikas anajambula pa akasinja. Timapepala ta m’Chirasha, Chijeremani ndi Chipolishi tinagaŵiridwa kufotokoza kwa oukirawo kuti anali olakwa, ndipo kukambitsirana kosaŵerengeka kunachitidwa pakati pa asilikali osokonezeka ndi odzitetezera ndi achichepere okwiya Achicheki. Magulu ankhondo anapatsidwa njira zolakwika, zizindikiro za m’misewu ndipo ngakhale zikwangwani za m’mudzi zinasinthidwa, ndipo panali kukana kugwirizana ndi chakudya. Mawayilesi a Clandestine amaulutsa upangiri ndi nkhani zotsutsa kwa anthu.
Patsiku lachiŵiri la kuukirako, anthu okwana 20,000 anachitira chionetsero pa Wenceslas Square ku Prague; pa tsiku lachitatu ntchito ya ola limodzi inayimitsidwa pabwalo mochititsa mantha. Patsiku lachinayi ophunzira achichepere ndi ogwira ntchito adanyoza nthawi yofikira panyumba ya Soviet ndikukhala pansi-usana-usana pa fano la St. Wenceslas. Anthu asanu ndi anayi mwa 10 alionse m’misewu ya Prague anali atavala mbendera za Czechoslovakia m’zipapu zawo. Nthaŵi zonse pamene Arasha ankafuna kulengeza chinachake, anthuwo ankafuula kwambiri moti anthu a ku Russia sankatha kuwamva.
Mphamvu zambiri za kukana zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kufooketsa chifuniro ndikuwonjezera chisokonezo cha mphamvu zowukira. Pofika tsiku lachitatu, akuluakulu a asilikali a Soviet anali kugawira timapepala kwa asilikali awo omwe ali ndi zotsutsana ndi a Czechs. Tsiku lotsatira kusinthasintha kunayamba, ndi magulu atsopano akubwera m'mizinda kuti alowe m'malo mwa asilikali a Russia. Asilikali, omwe anali kulimbana nthawi zonse koma popanda chiwopsezo cha kuvulazidwa, anasungunuka mofulumira.
Ku Kremlin, komanso ku Czechs ndi Slovaks, ziwonetserozo zinali zazikulu. Pofuna kukwaniritsa cholinga chake cholowa m’malo mwa boma, akuti boma la Soviet Union linali lokonzeka kusintha dziko la Slovakia kukhala dziko la Soviet Union komanso kuti Bohemia ndi Moravia likhale madera olamulira a Soviet Union. Chimene a Soviet ananyalanyaza, komabe, ndikuti kulamulira koteroko kumadalira kufunitsitsa kwa anthu kulamuliridwa - ndipo kufunitsitsa kumeneko sikunawonekere.
A Kremlin adakakamizika kulolera. M'malo momanga a Dubcek ndikuchita zomwe akufuna, a Kremlin adavomereza kukambirana. Mbali zonse ziwirizo zinagwirizana.
Kwa iwo, a Czechs ndi Slovaks anali ochita bwino osachita zachiwawa, koma analibe dongosolo - dongosolo lomwe lingabweretse zida zawo zamphamvu kwambiri zosagwirizana ndi chuma, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zopanda chiwawa zomwe zilipo. Ngakhale zinali choncho, iwo anakwaniritsa zimene ambiri ankakhulupirira cholinga chawo chofunika kwambiri: kupitiriza ndi boma la Czechoslovakia m’malo molamulidwa ndi Asovieti mwachindunji. Malinga ndi momwe zinthu zinalili, panthawiyi kunali kupambana kwakukulu.
Kwa owonera ambiri m'maiko ena omwe adadzifunsa za kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zopanda chiwawa pofuna chitetezo, August 1968 inali yotsegula maso. Komabe, Czechoslovakia, sinali nthawi yoyamba kuti ziwopsezo za moyo weniweni zidzutse malingaliro atsopano okhudza mphamvu zomwe nthawi zambiri zimanyalanyazidwa zankhondo yopanda ziwawa.
Denmark ndi katswiri wankhondo wotchuka
Mofanana ndi kufufuza kosalekeza kwa madzi otsekemera omwe angathe kukhala ndi moyo, kufunafuna mphamvu zopanda mphamvu zomwe zingathe kuteteza demokarasi kumakopa akatswiri a zamakono: anthu omwe amakonda kuganiza za njira. Munthu woteroyo anali BH Liddell Hart, katswiri wankhondo wotchuka wa ku Britain yemwe ndinakumana naye mu 1964 pa Oxford University Conference on Civil-Based Defense. (Ndinauzidwa kuti ndimutcha "Sir Basil.")
Liddell Hart adatiuza kuti adaitanidwa ndi boma la Denmark nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itangotha kuti akambirane nawo za njira zodzitetezera kunkhondo. Anatero, ndipo adawalangiza kuti asinthe usilikali wawo ndi chitetezo chopanda chiwawa chokhazikitsidwa ndi anthu ophunzitsidwa bwino.
Uphungu wake unandisonkhezera kuyang’ana mosamalitsa zimene a Danes anachita kwenikweni pamene analandidwa m’gulu lankhondo la Nazi Germany m’kati mwa Nkhondo Yadziko II. Boma la Denmark linkadziwa kuti kukana zachiwawa kunali kopanda phindu ndipo kukanangochititsa kuti anthu a ku Denmark afa komanso ataya mtima. M'malo mwake, mzimu wotsutsa unakula pamwamba ndi pansi. Mfumu ya ku Denmark inakana ndi zochita zophiphiritsa, kukwera kavalo wake m'misewu ya Copenhagen kuti apitirizebe kukhala ndi khalidwe komanso kuvala nyenyezi yachiyuda pamene ulamuliro wa Nazi unawonjezera kuzunza Ayuda. Anthu ambiri masiku ano amadziwa za kuthawa kwachiyuda kopambana kwambiri kusalowerera ndale ku Sweden motsogozedwa ndi Danish mobisa.
Pamene ntchito ikupita patsogolo, aku Danes adazindikira kuti dziko lawo linali lofunika kwa Hitler chifukwa cha zokolola zake zachuma. Hitler makamaka anawerengera a Danes kuti amange zombo zankhondo kwa iye, gawo la ndondomeko yake yogonjetsa England.
Anthu a ku Danes anamvetsa (sichoncho tonse?) kuti pamene wina amadalira inu pa chinachake, izo zimakupatsani inu mphamvu! Chotero ogwira ntchito ku Denmark usiku wonse anachoka pakukhala omanga zombo anzeru koposa atsiku lawo kufikira kukhala opusa ndi osapindulitsa. Zida "zinagwetsedwa mwangozi" ku doko, kutayikira "kwawokha" m'mabwalo a zombo, ndi zina zotero. Ajeremani othedwa nzeruwo nthaŵi zina anasonkhezeredwa kukokera zombo zomwe zinali zisanamalizidwe kuchokera ku Denmark kupita ku Hamburg kuti akamalize.
Pamene kukana kunkakula, sitiraka zidayamba kuchuluka, komanso ogwira ntchito amachoka m'mafakitole msanga chifukwa "Ndiyenera kubwerera kukasamalira dimba langa kudakali kuwala, chifukwa banja langa lifa ndi njala popanda masamba."
Danes adapeza njira chikwi chimodzi zolepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kwa aku Germany. Chidziwitso chofalikira, champhamvuchi chinasiyana kwambiri ndi njira ina yankhondo yolimbana ndi chiwawa - yochitidwa ndi anthu ochepa chabe - zomwe zingapweteke ndi kupha ambiri ndikubweretsa kusowa kwakukulu kwa pafupifupi onse.
Factoring mu gawo la maphunziro
Milandu ina yodziwika bwino yokana kuwukiridwa mopanda chiwawa yawunikidwa. Anthu aku Norway, kuti asapambane ndi a Danes, adagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yawo pansi pa ulamuliro wa Nazi kuletsa kulandidwa kwa Nazi popanda chiwawa za ndondomeko ya sukulu yawo. Izi zinali choncho ngakhale kuti Vidkun Quisling wa ku Norway analamula kuti chipani cha Nazi cha ku Norway chiyang’anire dzikoli, yemwe ankathandizidwa ndi asilikali a ku Germany omwe ankagulitsa munthu mmodzi pa anthu 10 alionse a ku Norway.
Wotenga nawo mbali wina yemwe ndidakumana naye pamsonkhano waku Oxford, Wolfgang Sternstein, adalemba zolemba zake pa Ruhrkampf - the 1923 kukana kopanda chiwawa ndi antchito aku Germany mpaka kuukira kwa malo opangira malasha ndi zitsulo a Ruhr Valley ndi asitikali aku France ndi a Belgian, omwe amayesa kulanda zitsulo zolipirira ku Germany. Wolfgang adandiuza kuti inali nkhondo yothandiza kwambiri, yoyitanidwa ndi boma la demokalase la Germany lanthawiyo, Weimar Republic. Zinali zogwira mtima kwambiri kotero kuti maboma a France ndi Belgium adakumbukira asilikali awo chifukwa Ruhr Valley yonse inanyanyala. “Alekeni akumbe malasha ndi zipolopolo zawo,” antchitowo anatero.
Chomwe chimandichititsa chidwi kwambiri pamilandu iyi ndi zina zopambana ndikuti omenya nkhondo osachita zachiwawa adamenya nawo nkhondo popanda kuphunzitsidwa. Kodi ndi mkulu wa asilikali ati amene angauze asilikali kuti apite kukamenya nkhondo popanda kuwaphunzitsa kaye?
Ndinawona kusiyana komwe kunapangitsa kuti ophunzira aku Northern ku US akhale adaphunzitsidwa kupita Kumwera kupita ku Mississippi ndi kuzunzidwa ndi kuphedwa m'manja mwa osankhana mitundu. Chilimwe cha Ufulu cha 1964 chinawona kuti ndikofunikira kuphunzitsidwa.
Chifukwa chake, monga wolimbikira wokonda luso, ndimaganiza za kulimbikitsa chitetezo chomwe chimafuna kuganiza mozama komanso maphunziro olimba. Asilikali angagwirizane nane. Ndipo chomwe chimandidodometsa m'malingaliro mwanga ndikuchita bwino kwachitetezo chopanda chiwawa m'zitsanzozi popanda phindu lililonse! Ganizirani zomwe akanachita ngati akanathandizidwa bwino ndi njira ndi maphunziro.
Nanga bwanji, boma lililonse la demokalase - losagwirizana ndi gulu lankhondo - silikufuna kufufuza mozama zomwe zingatheke pachitetezo chokhazikitsidwa ndi anthu wamba?
