Wolemba David Swanson, October 1, 2020
Mukasaka pa intaneti zithunzi za "salute ya Nazi" mumapeza zithunzi zakale zaku Germany ndi zithunzi zaposachedwa zaku United States. Koma mukafufuza zithunzi za “Bellamy salute” mumapeza zithunzi zosawerengeka za ana ndi achikulire aku US atanyamula manja awo akumanja mowumirira patsogolo pawo zomwe zidzakantha anthu ambiri ngati saluti ya Nazi. Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1890 mpaka 1942 United States inagwiritsa ntchito salute ya Bellamy kutsagana ndi mawu olembedwa ndi Francis Bellamy ndipo amadziwika kuti Pledge of Allegiance. Mu 1942, US Congress idalangiza anthu aku America kuti m'malo mwake aike manja awo pamtima polumbira ku mbendera, kuti asaganize molakwika ndi chipani cha Nazi.[I]
Chithunzi cha Jacques-Louis David cha 1784 Lumbiro la Horatii akukhulupirira kuti anayamba fashoni yomwe inatenga zaka mazana ambiri yosonyeza Aroma akale akupanga mawonekedwe ofanana kwambiri ndi salute ya Bellamy kapena Nazi.[Ii]
A US siteji kupanga Ben kuvulala, ndi filimu ya 1907 yofanana ndi yomweyi, inagwiritsa ntchito manja. Omwe amachigwiritsa ntchito muzopanga zazikulu zaku US za nthawi imeneyo akadadziwa za saluti ya Bellamy komanso mwambo wowonetsera "salute yachiroma" muzojambula za neoclassical. Monga momwe tikudziŵira, “lonje lachiroma” silinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwenikweni ndi Aroma akale.
Inde, ndi moni wophweka, osati wovuta kuganiza; pali zinthu zambiri zomwe anthu angachite ndi manja awo. Koma pamene akatswiri a ku Italy a fascists anachitola, chinali chisanakhalepo ku Roma wakale kapena kupangidwa chatsopano. Zinali zowoneka mu Ben kuvulala, ndi mafilimu angapo a ku Italy omwe adakhazikitsidwa nthawi zakale, kuphatikizapo Kabiria (1914), yolembedwa ndi Gabriele D'Annunzio.
Kuyambira 1919 mpaka 1920 D'Annunzio adadzipanga kukhala wolamulira wankhanza wa Italy Regency ya Carnaro, yomwe inali kukula kwa mzinda umodzi waung'ono. Anayambitsa machitidwe ambiri omwe Mussolini akanakhala oyenera posachedwapa, kuphatikizapo boma la kampani, miyambo ya anthu, zigawenga zovala malaya akuda, zokamba za pakhonde, ndi "salute ya Aroma," zomwe akanaziwona. Kabiria.
Pofika m’chaka cha 1923, chipani cha Nazi chinali chitachita sawatcha kaamba ka kupereka moni kwa Hitler, mwachiwonekere akutsanzira Achitaliyana. M'zaka za m'ma 1930 magulu achifasisi m'maiko ena ndi maboma osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi adazitenga. Hitler mwiniwakeyo adalongosola chiyambi cha ku Germany chazaka zapakati pa salute, zomwe, monga momwe tikudziwira, sizili zenizeni kuti chiyambi cha Roma wakale kapena theka la zinthu zomwe zimatuluka m'kamwa mwa Donald Trump.[III] Hitler ndithudi ankadziwa za ntchito ya Mussolini ya sawatcha ndipo pafupifupi ndithu ankadziwa za ntchito US. Kaya kugwirizana kwa US kunamupangitsa iye kugwirizana ndi sawatcha kapena ayi, zikuwoneka kuti sizinamulepheretse kulandira sawatcha.
Malonje ovomerezeka a Olimpiki ndi ofanananso ndi ena, ngakhale sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri chifukwa anthu safuna kuoneka ngati a Nazi. Inagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa Masewera a Olimpiki a 1936 ku Berlin, ndipo inasokoneza anthu ambiri kuyambira nthawi imeneyo kuti ndani akupereka sawatcha pa Masewera a Olimpiki ndi omwe amachitira sawatcha Hitler. Zolemba zochokera ku Olimpiki za 1924 zikuwonetsa saluti ndi mkono womwe uli wolunjika. Chithunzi cha 1920 Olimpiki chikuwonetsa moni wosiyana.
Zikuoneka kuti anthu angapo anali ndi lingaliro lofanana panthaŵi imodzi, mwinamwake mosonkhezeredwa ndi wina ndi mnzake. Ndipo zikuwoneka kuti Hitler adapatsa lingalirolo dzina loyipa, ndikupangitsa wina aliyense kusiya, kusintha, kapena kutsitsa kuyambira pamenepo.
Zikupanga kusiyana kotani? Hitler akanatha kuyambitsa salute imeneyo popanda United States kukhalapo. Kapena ngati sakanatero, akanayambitsa sawatcha wina umene sukanakhala wabwino kapena woipitsitsa. Inde kumene. Koma vuto silili pamene mkono wayikidwa. Vuto ndilo lamulo lovomerezeka la nkhondo ndi kumvera kwakhungu, kumvera.
Kunali kofunikira kwenikweni mu Germany ya chipani cha Nazi kupereka sawatcha mu moni, wotsagana ndi mawu akuti Hail Hitler! kapena Tikuoneni Chigonjetso! Zinalinso zofunika pamene Nyimbo Yadziko kapena Nyimbo Yachipani cha Nazi inkayimbidwa. Nyimbo ya fukoyi inkakondwerera kupambana kwa Germany, machismo, ndi nkhondo.[Iv] Nyimbo ya Nazi inali kukondwerera mbendera, Hitler, ndi nkhondo.[V]
Pamene Francis Bellamy adapanga Pledge of Allegiance, idaperekedwa ngati gawo la pulogalamu ya masukulu omwe amaphatikiza zipembedzo, kukonda dziko lako, mbendera, kumvera, miyambo, nkhondo, milu ndi milu ya zinthu zapadera.[vi]
Zachidziwikire, mtundu waposachedwa wa lonjezoli ndi wosiyana pang'ono ndi pamwambapa ndipo umati: "Ndikulonjeza kukhulupirika ku Mbendera ya United States of America, ndi Republic yomwe ikuyimira, Mtundu umodzi pansi pa Mulungu, wosagawanika, ufulu ndi ufulu. chilungamo kwa onse.”[vii]
Utundu, zankhondo, zachipembedzo, zachilendo, ndi lumbiro lamwambo la kukhulupirika ku nsalu: izi ndi zosakanikirana. Kuyika izi kwa ana kuyenera kukhala njira yoyipa kwambiri yowakonzekeretsa kutsutsa fascism. Mutalumbira kukhulupirika kwanu ku mbendera, kodi muyenera kuchita chiyani ngati wina akugwedeza mbenderayo ndi kukuwa kuti alendo oipa akuyenera kuphedwa? Kaŵirikaŵiri ndi woimba mluzu wa boma la United States kapena womenyera nkhondo msilikali yemwe sangakuuzeni kuti ndi nthawi yochuluka bwanji yomwe anakhala akuyesa kudzichotsera kukonda dziko lako komwe kudayikidwa mwa iwo ali ana.
Anthu ena amene amapita ku United States kuchokera m’mayiko ena amadabwa kuona ana ataimirira, akugwiritsa ntchito sawatcha yapamtima yosinthidwa, ndiponso akumatchula lumbiro losonyeza kukhulupirika ku “mtundu wolamulidwa ndi Mulungu.” Zikuwoneka kuti kusinthidwa kwa malo amanja sikunapambane powaletsa kuti aziwoneka ngati a Nazi.[viii]
Saluti ya Nazi sinasiyidwe kokha mu Germany; zaletsedwa. Ngakhale mbendera ndi nyimbo za chipani cha Nazi zimatha kupezeka nthawi zina pamisonkhano yatsankho ku United States, ndizoletsedwa ku Germany, komwe ma Neo-Nazi nthawi zina amagwedeza mbendera ya Confederate States of America ngati njira yovomerezeka yofotokozera mfundo yomweyo.
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Kuchokera ku Kusiya Nkhondo Yadziko II M'mbuyo.
Sabata lamawa njira yapaintaneti imayamba pamutu wakusiya WWII kumbuyo:
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[I] Erin Blakemore, Magazini a Smithsonian, "Malamulo Okhudza Momwe Mungayankhire Mbendera ya US Anakhalapo Chifukwa Palibe Amene Anafuna Kuwoneka Ngati Mtsogoleri Wa Nazi," August 12, 2016, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/rules-about-how-to- adilesi-ife-flag-idabwera-chifukwa-palibe-wofuna-kuwoneka-ngati-nazi-180960100
[Ii] Jessie Guy-Ryan, Atlas Obscura, "Mmene Salute ya Nazi Inakhalira Chiwonetsero Chonyansa Kwambiri Padziko Lonse: Hitler adayambitsa mizu ya German kuti apereke moni-koma mbiri yake inali yodzaza ndi chinyengo," March 12, 2016, https://www.atlasobscura .com/articles/how-the-nazi-salute-became-the-worlds-most-offensive-gesture
[III] Table Talk ya Hitler: 1941-1944 (New York: Enigma Books, 2000), https://www.nationalists.org/pdf/hitler/hitlers-table-talk-roper.pdf tsamba 179
[Iv] Wikipedia, "Deutschlandlied," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandlied
[V] Wikipedia, "Horst-Wessel-Lied," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied
[vi] Mnzake wa Achinyamata, 65 (1892): 446-447. Idasindikizidwanso mu Scot M. Guenter, Mbendera ya ku America, 1777-1924: Cultural Shifts (Cranbury, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson Press, 1990). Zotchulidwa Ndi Nkhani Za Mbiri Yakale: US Survey Course pa Web, George Mason University, "'Dziko Limodzi! Chinenero Chimodzi! Mbendera Imodzi!' The Invention of an American Tradition,” http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5762
[vii] Khodi ya US, Mutu 4, Chaputala 1, Gawo 4, https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title4/chapter1&edition=prelim
[viii] “Mndandanda wa mayiko onse kumene ana amalonjeza kukhulupirika ku mbendera nthawi zonse ungakhale waufupi kwambiri, osaphatikizapo mayiko olemera a Kumadzulo kusiyapo United States. Ngakhale kuti mayiko ena ali ndi malumbiro ku mayiko (Singapore) kapena olamulira ankhanza (North Korea), ndingapeze dziko limodzi kupatulapo United States kumene aliyense amanena kuti ana amalonjeza kuti adzakhala okhulupirika ku mbendera: Mexico. Ndipo ndikudziwa maiko ena awiri omwe ali ndi lumbiro lomvera mbendera, ngakhale sakuwoneka kuti amaigwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi monga momwe United States imachitira. Onsewa ndi mayiko omwe ali pansi pa chikoka cha US, ndipo muzochitika zonsezi lonjezoli ndi latsopano. Dziko la Philippines lakhala likuchita lonjezo lokhulupirika kuyambira 1996, ndi South Korea kuyambira 1972, koma lonjezo lake kuyambira 2007. Kuchokera kwa David Swanson, Kuchiritsa Kudzipatula: Cholakwika Ndi Chiyani Ndi Momwe Timaganizira Zokhudza United States? Kodi Tingachite Chiyani Pazimenezi? (David Swanson, 2018).
Yankho Limodzi
trump kwa president? ayi!