Wolemba David Swanson, October 5, 2020
Kuchokera ku Kusiya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse
Hitler anali kukonzekera nkhondo kalekale asanaiyambe. Hitler anabwezeretsanso dziko la Rhineland, kulanda Austria, ndi kuopseza Czechoslovakia. Akuluakulu akuluakulu a asilikali a ku Germany ndi "anzeru" adakonza chiwembu. Koma Hitler anatchuka ndi sitepe iliyonse imene anatenga, ndipo kupanda kwa chitsutso chamtundu uliwonse kuchokera ku Britain kapena France kunadabwitsa ndi kufooketsa okonza chiwembuwo. Boma la Britain linkadziwa za ziwembu zachiwembuzo ndipo linkadziwa za mapulani ankhondo, komabe linasankha kusachirikiza otsutsa a chipani cha Nazi, kusachirikiza okonza chiwembu, kusalowa m’nkhondo, kusawopseza kulowa m’nkhondo. osati kutsekereza Germany, kuti asachite mozama za kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito zida ndikupereka Germany, kuti asagwirizane ndi Kellogg-Briand Pact kudzera m'makhothi monga zomwe zikanadzachitika nkhondo itatha ku Nuremberg koma zikanatheka nkhondo isanachitike (osachepera ndi omwe akuimbidwa mlandu. posakhalitsa) pa kuukira kwa Italy pa Ethiopia kapena kuukira kwa Germany ku Czechoslovakia, osati kufuna kuti United States ilowe mu League of Nations, osati kufuna kuti bungwe la League of Nations lichitepo kanthu, osati kufalitsa anthu a ku Germany kuti agwirizane ndi kukana kopanda chiwawa, osati kuchoka. amene anaopsezedwa ndi kupha fuko, osalingalira za msonkhano wapadziko lonse wa mtendere kapena kukhazikitsidwa kwa United Nations, ndi kusalabadira zimene Soviet Union ikunena.
Soviet Union inali kulinganiza mgwirizano wotsutsana ndi Germany, mgwirizano ndi England ndi France kuti achitepo kanthu ngati ataukiridwa. England ndi France analibe chidwi ngakhale pang'ono. Soviet Union inayesa njira imeneyi kwa zaka zambiri ndipo inaloŵa m’bungwe la League of Nations. Ngakhale Poland analibe chidwi. Soviet Union ndi dziko lokhalo lomwe likufuna kulowa ndikumenyera nkhondo ku Czechoslovakia ngati dziko la Germany litaukira, koma Poland - yomwe imayenera kudziwa kuti ndiyotsatira chiwembu cha Nazi - idakana kuti Soviet Union ifike ku Czechoslovakia. Dziko la Poland, lomwe pambuyo pake linalandidwanso ndi Soviet Union, liyenera kuti linkaopa kuti asilikali a Soviet sangadutsemo koma kulanda mzindawo. Ngakhale kuti Winston Churchill akuwoneka kuti anali wofunitsitsa kumenya nkhondo ndi Germany, Neville Chamberlain sanangokana kugwirizana ndi Soviet Union kapena kutenga sitepe iliyonse yachiwawa kapena yopanda chiwawa m'malo mwa Czechoslovakia, koma adafuna kuti Czechoslovakia isakane, ndipo iperekedwe. chuma cha Czechoslovakian ku England kupita ku chipani cha Nazi. Chamberlain akuwoneka kuti anali ku mbali ya chipani cha Nazi kupitirira zomwe zikanamveka zoyambitsa mtendere, zomwe zimachititsa kuti malonda omwe nthawi zambiri azichita m'malo mwake sanagwirizane nawo. Kumbali yake, Churchill anali wosilira za chifano kotero kuti akatswiri a mbiri yakale amamukayikira kuti pambuyo pake anaganiza zokhazikitsa Mtsogoleri wa chipani cha Nazi ku Windsor monga wolamulira wachifasisti ku England, koma malingaliro a Churchill kwazaka zambiri akuwoneka kuti anali omenyera nkhondo mtendere.
Udindo wa ambiri a boma la Britain kuyambira 1919 mpaka kuwuka kwa Hitler ndi kupitirira kunali chithandizo chokhazikika pa chitukuko cha boma lamanja ku Germany. Chilichonse chomwe chikanatheka kuti chikomyunizimu ndi anthu otsalira achoke ku Germany chinathandizidwa. Pa September 22, 1933, nduna yaikulu yakale ya ku Britain ndiponso Mtsogoleri wa Chipani cha Liberal, David Lloyd George, ananena kuti: “Ndikudziwa kuti ku Germany kwachitika nkhanza zoopsa kwambiri ndipo tonsefe timadana nazo komanso kuzitsutsa. Koma dziko lomwe likudutsa mchisinthiko nthawi zonse limakhala ndi zochitika zoopsa kwambiri chifukwa cha chilungamo chomwe chimagwidwa apa ndi apo ndi wopanduka wokwiya. " Ngati maulamuliro Ogwirizana angagwetse chipani cha Nazi, Lloyd George anachenjeza kuti, “chikominisi choipitsitsa” chidzalowa m’malo mwake. “Ndithu chimenecho sichingakhale cholinga chathu,” iye anatero.[I]
Kotero, ndilo linali vuto ndi Nazism: maapulo ochepa oipa! Munthu ayenera kukhala womvetsetsa panthawi ya zigawenga. Ndipo, kupatulapo, a British anali atatopa ndi nkhondo pambuyo pa WWI. Koma chodabwitsa ndichakuti nthawi yomweyo kumapeto kwa WWI, pomwe palibe amene akanatopa kwambiri ndi nkhondo chifukwa cha WWI, kusinthaku kunachitika - chimodzi ndi gawo lake la maapulo oyipa omwe akanaloleredwa modabwitsa: kusintha ku Russia. Pamene kusintha kwa Russia kunachitika, United States, Britain, France, ndi ogwirizana adatumiza ndalama zoyamba mu 1917, ndiyeno asilikali mu 1918, ku Russia kuti athandize mbali yotsutsana ndi nkhondo. Kupyolera mu 1920 maiko omvetsetsa ndi okonda mtendere ameneŵa anamenyana mu Russia m’kuyesayesa kolephera kulanda boma lachigamulo la Russia. Ngakhale kuti nkhondoyi siimapangitsa kuti ikhale mabuku aku US, anthu aku Russia amakonda kukumbukira ngati chiyambi cha kutsutsidwa kwazaka zana limodzi ndi udani wolimbikira kuchokera ku United States ndi Western Europe, mgwirizano wa WWII.
Mu 1932, Cardinal Pacelli, yemwe mu 1939 adakhala Papa Pius XII, adalembera kalata pakati kapena Center Party, chipani chachitatu chachikulu kwambiri ku Germany. Cardinal anali ndi nkhawa ndi kukwera kwa chikomyunizimu ku Germany, ndipo adalangiza Center Party kuti ithandizire kupanga Hitler kukhala Chancellor. Kuyambira pamenepo pakati adathandizira Hitler.[Ii]
Purezidenti Herbert Hoover, yemwe adataya mafuta a ku Russia pakusintha kwa Russia, adakhulupirira kuti Soviet Union iyenera kuphwanyidwa.[III]
Mtsogoleri wa Windsor, yemwe anali Mfumu ya England mu 1936 mpaka anakana kukwatiwa ndi Wallis Simpson wochititsa manyazi wa ku Baltimore, adamwa tiyi ndi Hitler pa mapiri a Hitler ku Bavaria mu 1937. A Duke ndi a Duchess adayendera mafakitale a ku Germany omwe amapanga zida kukonzekera nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, ndipo "anayendera" asilikali a Nazi. Anadya ndi Goebbels, Göring, Speer, ndi Nduna Yowona Zakunja Joachim von Ribbentrop. Mu 1966, Mtsogoleriyo anakumbukira kuti, “[Hitler] anandipangitsa kuzindikira kuti Red Russia ndi mdani yekhayo, ndi kuti Great Britain ndi Ulaya yense anali ndi chidwi cholimbikitsa Germany kuguba kum’maŵa ndi kuphwanya chikominisi kamodzi kokha. . . . . Ndinkaganiza kuti ifeyo titha kuona mmene chipani cha Nazi ndi Reds chikumenyana.”[Iv]
Kodi “chitonthozo” ndicho chidzudzulo choyenera kwa anthu ofunitsitsa kukhala oonerera kuphedwa kwaunyinji?[V]
Pali chinsinsi chaching'ono chonyansa chobisala mu WWII, nkhondo yonyansa kwambiri moti simungaganize kuti ikhoza kukhala ndi chinsinsi chaching'ono, koma ndi ichi: mdani wamkulu wa Kumadzulo kale, nthawi, ndi pambuyo pa nkhondoyo inali chiwopsezo cha chikomyunizimu cha ku Russia. . Zomwe Chamberlain adatsatira ku Munich sizinali mtendere pakati pa Germany ndi England, komanso nkhondo pakati pa Germany ndi Soviet Union. Chinali cholinga chomwe chidakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali, cholinga chomveka, komanso cholinga chomwe pamapeto pake chinakwaniritsidwa. A Soviet anayesa kupanga pangano ndi Britain ndi France koma adakanidwa. Stalin ankafuna asilikali a Soviet ku Poland, omwe Britain ndi France (ndi Poland) sakanavomereza. Choncho, Soviet Union inasaina pangano lopanda chiwawa ndi Germany, osati mgwirizano wolowa nawo nkhondo iliyonse ndi Germany, koma pangano loti asaukirane, ndi mgwirizano wogawanitsa Eastern Europe. Koma, ndithudi, Germany sanali kutanthauza izo. Hitler ankangofuna kuti asiye yekha kuti aukire Poland. Ndipo kotero iye anali. Panthawiyi, a Soviets adafuna kupanga chitetezo ndikukulitsa ufumu wawo poukira mayiko a Baltic, Finland, ndi Poland.
Maloto akumadzulo ogwetsa ma Communist aku Russia, ndikugwiritsa ntchito moyo waku Germany kuti achite izi, adawoneka ngati ayandikira kwambiri. Kuyambira Seputembala 1939 mpaka Meyi 1940, France ndi England zidamenya nkhondo ndi Germany, koma osati kumenya nkhondo zambiri. Nthawiyi imadziwika kwa akatswiri a mbiri yakale kuti "Nkhondo Yaphony." Ndipotu dziko la Britain ndi France linali kuyembekezera kuti dziko la Germany liukire dziko la Soviet Union, ndipo linatero, koma litangoukira mayiko a Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, France, ndi England. Germany idamenya nkhondo ya WWII kumbali ziwiri, kumadzulo ndi kummawa, koma makamaka kummawa. Pafupifupi 80% ya ovulala aku Germany anali kum'mawa. Anthu a ku Russia anataya, malinga ndi kuwerengera kwa Russia, miyoyo 27 miliyoni.[vi] Komabe, zoopsa zachikomyunizimu zinapulumuka.
Pamene Germany inaukira Soviet Union mu 1941, Senator wa ku United States Robert Taft anafotokoza maganizo a anthu wamba ndi akuluakulu a asilikali a US pamene ananena kuti Joseph Stalin anali "wolamulira wankhanza kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi," ndipo ananena kuti. “chipambano cha chikomyunizimu . . . zingakhale zoopsa kwambiri kuposa kupambana kwa fascism. "[vii]
Senator Harry S Truman adatenga zomwe zingatchedwe kuti ndi malingaliro oyenera, ngakhale kuti sanali olinganiza pakati pa moyo ndi imfa: "Ngati tiwona kuti Germany ikupambana tiyenera kuthandiza Russia ndipo ngati Russia ikupambana tiyenera kuthandiza Germany, ndipo mwanjira imeneyo tilole. amapha ambiri momwe ndingathere, ngakhale kuti sindikufuna kuona Hitler akupambana mumkhalidwe uliwonse.”[viii]
Mogwirizana ndi maganizo a Truman, pamene dziko la Germany linasamukira ku Soviet Union mofulumira, Pulezidenti Roosevelt anaganiza zotumiza thandizo ku Soviet Union, zomwe anapempha kuti alandire chilango choyipa kuchokera kwa omwe ali kumanja mu ndale za US, ndi kutsutsa kuchokera ku boma la US.[ix] United States idalonjeza thandizo kwa Asovieti, koma magawo atatu mwa anayi a iwo - osachepera panthawiyi - sanafike.[x] A Soviet anali kuwononga kwambiri gulu lankhondo la Nazi kuposa mayiko ena onse, koma anali kuvutikira. M’malo mwa chithandizo cholonjezedwa, Soviet Union inapempha chivomerezo cha kusunga, pambuyo pa nkhondoyo, madera amene inalanda Kum’maŵa kwa Yuropu. Britain inalimbikitsa United States kuti ivomereze, koma United States, panthawiyi, inakana.[xi]
M'malo mwa chithandizo cholonjezedwa kapena kuvomereza madera, Stalin anapempha a British mu September 1941 pempho lachitatu. Zinali izi: kumenya nkhondo yoopsa! Stalin ankafuna kuti kutsogolo kwachiwiri kutsegulidwe kwa chipani cha Nazi kumadzulo, kuukira kwa Britain ku France, kapena asitikali aku Britain omwe adatumizidwa kuti akathandize kummawa. A Soviet adakanidwa thandizo lililonse, ndipo adatanthauzira kukana uku ngati chikhumbo chofuna kuwawona akufooka. Ndipo anafooketsedwa iwo; komabe iwo anapambana. Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 1941 ndiponso m’nyengo yozizira yotsatira, asilikali a Soviet Army anaukira chipani cha Nazi kunja kwa mzinda wa Moscow. Kugonjetsedwa kwa Germany kunayamba dziko la United States lisanalowe nkomwe kunkhondo, ndipo kusanachitike kuukira kulikonse kumadzulo kwa France.[xii]
Kuukira kumeneko kunali kwa nthawi yaitali kwambiri. Mu Meyi 1942 Nduna Yowona Zakunja ku Soviet Vyacheslav Molotov adakumana ndi Roosevelt ku Washington, ndipo adalengeza mapulani otsegulira malo akumadzulo chilimwe chimenecho. Koma sizinali kutero. Churchill ananyengerera Roosevelt kuti m'malo mwake alowe kumpoto kwa Africa ndi Middle East kumene chipani cha Nazi chinali kuopseza zofuna za Britain ndi mafuta.
Chochititsa chidwi, komabe, m'chilimwe cha 1942, nkhondo ya Soviet yolimbana ndi chipani cha Nazi idalandira uthenga wabwino ku United States, kotero kuti anthu ambiri adakonda US ndi Britain kutsegula kachiwiri kachiwiri. Magalimoto aku US anali ndi zomata zolembedwa kuti "Second Front Now." Koma maboma a US ndi Britain adanyalanyaza zomwe akufuna. Panthawiyi, asilikali a Soviet anapitiriza kukankhira chipani cha Nazi.[xiii]
Ngati munaphunzira za WWII kuchokera ku mafilimu a Hollywood ndi chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino cha US, simungadziwe kuti nkhondo yaikulu yolimbana ndi chipani cha Nazi idachitidwa ndi a Soviet, kuti ngati nkhondoyo inali ndi wopambana wamkulu ndithudi anali Soviet Union. Simungadziwenso kuti Ayuda ambiri adapulumuka chifukwa adasamukira kum'mawa ku Soviet Union isanachitike WWII kapena adathawa kum'mawa mkati mwa Soviet Union pomwe chipani cha Nazi chidaukira. Kupyolera mu 1943, pamtengo wokulirapo ku mbali zonse ziwiri, a Russia anakankhira Ajeremani kubwerera ku Germany, komabe popanda thandizo lalikulu kuchokera kumadzulo. Mu November 1943, ku Tehran, Roosevelt ndi Churchill analonjeza Stalin kuti adzaukira France m'chaka chotsatira, ndipo Stalin analonjeza kuti adzamenyana ndi Japan atangogonjetsedwa Germany. Komabe, sizinali mpaka pa June 6, 1944, pamene asilikali a Allied anafika ku Normandy. Panthawiyo, asilikali a Soviet anali atalanda dera lalikulu la Central Europe. United States ndi Britain anali okondwa kuti a Soviet achita zambiri zakupha ndi kufa kwa zaka zambiri, koma sanafune kuti Soviets ifike ku Berlin ndikulengeza chipambano chokha.
Mayiko atatuwo adagwirizana kuti onse odzipereka ayenera kukhala okwanira ndipo ayenera kupangidwa kwa onse atatu pamodzi. Komabe, ku Italy, Greece, France, ndi kwina kulikonse United States ndi Britain adadula Russia pafupifupi kotheratu, kuletsa chikomyunizimu, kutsekereza otsutsa kumanzere kwa chipani cha Nazi, ndikukhazikitsanso maboma omwe aku Italy, mwachitsanzo, adatcha "fascism popanda Mussolini.”[xiv] Nkhondo itatha, m’zaka za m’ma 1950, United States, mu “Operation Gladio,” “inasiya” azondi ndi zigawenga ndi owononga m’maiko osiyanasiyana a ku Ulaya kuti aletse chisonkhezero chilichonse cha chikomyunizimu.
Poyambirira adakonzekera tsiku loyamba la msonkhano wa Roosevelt ndi Churchill ndi Stalin ku Yalta, US ndi British adawombera mzinda wa Dresden lathyathyathya, kuwononga nyumba zake ndi zojambula zake ndi anthu wamba, mwachiwonekere ngati njira yowopseza Russia.[xv] United States ndiye idapanga ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pamizinda yaku Japan mabomba a nyukiliya, chigamulo choyendetsedwa, mwa zina, ndi chikhumbo chofuna kuwona Japan ikupereka ku United States yokha, popanda Soviet Union, komanso chifukwa chofuna kuwopseza Soviet Union.[xvi]
Germany itangogonja, Winston Churchill anaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito asilikali a chipani cha Nazi pamodzi ndi asilikali ogwirizana nawo kuti amenyane ndi Soviet Union, dziko limene linali litangochita ntchito yaikulu yogonjetsa chipani cha Nazi.[xvii] Izi sizinali zongoganiza chabe. A US ndi a Britain adafuna ndikukwaniritsa kudzipereka kwa Germany pang'ono, adasunga asitikali aku Germany ali ndi zida komanso okonzeka, ndipo adawafotokozera akuluakulu aku Germany zomwe adaphunzira pakulephera kwawo motsutsana ndi aku Russia. Kuukira anthu aku Russia posakhalitsa kunali lingaliro lolimbikitsidwa ndi General George Patton, komanso wolowa m'malo mwa Hitler Admiral Karl Donitz, osatchulanso Allen Dulles ndi OSS. Dulles adapanga mtendere wosiyana ndi Germany ku Italy kuti athetse anthu aku Russia, ndipo adayamba kuwononga demokalase ku Europe nthawi yomweyo ndikupatsa mphamvu omwe kale anali a Nazi ku Germany, komanso kuwalowetsa kunkhondo yaku US kuti ayang'ane nkhondo yolimbana ndi Russia.[xviii]
Asilikali a US ndi Soviet atakumana koyamba ku Germany, anali asanauzidwe kuti ali pankhondo. Koma mu malingaliro a Winston Churchill iwo anali. Polephera kuyambitsa nkhondo yotentha, iye ndi Truman ndi ena adayambitsa yozizira. United States idayesetsa kuwonetsetsa kuti makampani aku West Germany amangenso mwachangu koma osalipira ndalama zolipiridwa ndi Soviet Union. Ngakhale kuti a Soviet anali okonzeka kuchoka ku mayiko ngati Finland, kufuna kwawo kuti pakhale bata pakati pa Russia ndi Ulaya kunalimba pamene Cold War inakula ndikuphatikizanso "zokambirana za nyukiliya" za oxymoronic. Cold War inali chochitika chomvetsa chisoni, koma chikadakhala choyipa kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti anali yekhayo amene anali ndi zida za nyukiliya, boma la US, motsogoleredwa ndi Truman, linapanga mapulani a nkhondo yoopsa ya nyukiliya ku Soviet Union, ndipo inayamba kupanga ndi kusunga zida za nyukiliya ndi B-29s kuti ziwapulumutse. Mabomba a nyukiliya a 300 asanakonzekere, asayansi aku US adapereka zinsinsi za bomba ku Soviet Union mwachinsinsi - kusuntha komwe mwina kunakwaniritsa zomwe asayansi adanena kuti akufuna, m'malo mwa kupha anthu ambiri ndi kuyimirira.[xix] Asayansi masiku ano akudziwa zambiri zokhudza zotsatira za kuponya mabomba a nyukiliya okwana 300, kuphatikizapo nyengo yozizira ya nyukiliya padziko lonse komanso njala yaikulu ya anthu.
Udani, zida za nyukiliya, kukonzekera nkhondo, asilikali ku Germany, zonse zidakalipo, ndipo tsopano ndi zida ku Eastern Europe mpaka kumalire a Russia. Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse inali yowononga modabwitsa, komabe ngakhale kuti Soviet Union idachitapo kanthu m'malo mwake idawononga pang'ono kapena kuwononga kwambiri malingaliro odana ndi Soviet ku Washington. Kutha pambuyo pake kwa Soviet Union ndi kutha kwa chikominisi kunali ndi zotsatirapo zofananira pa chidani chozika mizu ndi chopindulitsa kwa Russia.
Kuchokera ku Kusiya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse.
Maphunziro a pa intaneti a masabata asanu ndi limodzi pamutuwu ikuyamba lero.
Ndemanga:
[I] FRASER, “Zolemba zonse za Commercial and Financial Chronicle: September 30, 1933, Vol. 137, No. 3562,” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/commercial-financial-chronicle-1339/september-30-1933-518572/fulltext
[Ii] Nicholson Baker, Utsi Waumunthu: Chiyambi cha Kutha kwa Chitukuko. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 32.
[III] Charles Higham, Kugulitsa ndi Adani: Kuwonetseratu kwa Nazi-American Money Plot 1933-1949 (Dell Publishing Co., 1983) p. 152.
[Iv] Jacques R. Pauwels, Nthano ya Nkhondo Yabwino: America mu Dziko Lachiwiri Nkhondo (James Lorimer & Company Ltd. 2015, 2002) p. 45.
[V] The New York Times ili ndi tsamba lonena za Chikondwerero cha chipani cha Nazi ndi ndemanga za owerenga zomwe zili pansipa (palibe ndemanga zina zololedwa) ponena kuti phunziroli silinaphunzire chifukwa Vladimir Putin Anatsutsidwa ku Crimea mu 2014. Mfundo yakuti anthu a ku Crimea adavota kuti abwererenso ku Russia. , mwa zina chifukwa chakuti anali kuopsezedwa ndi a Neo-Nazi, sakutchulidwa paliponse: https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/30/sept-30-1938-hitler-granted-the-sudentenland-by-britain-france-and-italy
[vi] Wikipedia, "Ophedwa pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties
[vii] John Moser, Ashbrook, Ashland University, "Mfundo Zopanda Pulogalamu: Senator Robert A. Taft ndi American Foreign Policy," September 1, 2001, https://ashbrook.org/publications/dialogue-moser/#12
[viii] Time Magazine, “National Affairs: Chikumbutso cha Chikumbutso,” Lolemba, July 02, 1951, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,815031,00.html
[ix] Oliver Stone ndi Peter Kuznick, Mbiri Yosadziwika ya United States (Simoni & Schuster, 2012), p. 96.
[x] Oliver Stone ndi Peter Kuznick, Mbiri Yosadziwika ya United States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), pp. 97, 102.
[xi] Oliver Stone ndi Peter Kuznick, Mbiri Yosadziwika ya United States (Simoni & Schuster, 2012), p. 102.
[xii] Oliver Stone ndi Peter Kuznick, Mbiri Yosadziwika ya United States (Simoni & Schuster, 2012), p. 103.
[xiii] Oliver Stone ndi Peter Kuznick, Mbiri Yosadziwika ya United States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), masamba 104-108.
[xiv] Gaetano Salvamini ndi Giorgio La Piana, La sorte dell'Italia (1945).
[xv] Brett Wilkins, Maloto Wamba, "Zinyama ndi Kuphulika kwa Mabomba: Kuganizira za Dresden, February 1945," February 10, 2020, https://www.commondreams.org/views/2020/02/10/beasts-and-bombings-reflecting-dresden-february- 1945
[xvi] Onani Mutu 14 wa Kusiya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse.
[xvii] Max Hastings, Mail Mail, "Ntchito yosayerekezeka: Momwe Churchill ankafunira kulemba asilikali ogonjetsedwa a Nazi ndikuthamangitsa Russia ku Eastern Europe," August 26, 2009, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1209041/Operation-unthinkable-How- Churchill-wanted-recruit-defeated-Nazi-troops-drive-Russia-Eastern-Europe.html
[xviii] David Talbot, A Devil's Chess Board: Allen Dulles, CIA, ndi Rise of America's Secret Government, (New York: HarperCollins, 2015).
[xix] Dave Lindorff, "Rethinking Manhattan Project Spies ndi Cold War, MAD - ndi zaka 75 zopanda nkhondo yanyukiliya - kuti zoyesayesa zawo zidatipatsa mphatso," Ogasiti 1, 2020, https://thiscantbehappening.net/rethinking-manhattan-project- akazitape-ndi-nkhondo-yozizira-amisala-ndi-zaka-75-zankhondo-yopanda zida za nyukiliya-zomwe-khama-zawo adatipatsa.
