Peter Kuznick pakufunika kwa Pangano Loletsa Zida za Nyukiliya

By World BEYOND War, October 27, 2020

Peter Kuznick adayankha mafunso otsatirawa kuchokera kwa Mohamed Elmaazi wa Sputnik Radio ndipo adavomera kulola World BEYOND War kufalitsa lembalo.

1) Kodi pali kufunikira kotani kuti Honduras akhale dziko laposachedwa kulowa nawo Pangano la UN pa Kuletsa Zida za Nuclear?

Ndi chitukuko chodabwitsa komanso chodabwitsa, makamaka US itakakamiza omwe adasaina 49 am'mbuyomu kuti achotse zivomerezo zawo. Ndizoyenera kwambiri kuti Honduras, "lipabuliki la nthochi" loyambirira, idakankhira m'mphepete mwake - ndikukusangalatsani kuzaka XNUMX zakuzunzidwa ndi kuzunzidwa ku US.

2) Kodi mwina ndizosokoneza pang'ono kuyang'ana mayiko omwe alibe zida zanyukiliya?

Osati kwenikweni. Panganoli likuyimira liwu la chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mwina ilibe njira yoyendetsera dziko lonse lapansi, koma ikunena momveka bwino kuti anthu a padziko lapansi amanyansidwa ndi misala yofuna mphamvu, yowopseza kuwononga zida zanyukiliya zisanu ndi zinayi. Tanthauzo lophiphiritsa silinganenedwe mopambanitsa.

3) Pali kale Pangano la Nuclear Non-Proliferation lomwe lidayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1970 ndipo lakhala pafupifupi dziko lililonse padziko lapansi likuchita nawo. Kodi NPT ikukwaniritsidwa?

NPT yakhala ikukwaniritsidwa modabwitsa ndi mabungwe omwe si a nyukiliya. N’zodabwitsa kuti mayiko ambiri sanatsatire njira ya nyukiliya. Dziko liri ndi mwayi kuti ambiri sanadumphanebe panthawi yomwe, malinga ndi El Baradei, maiko osachepera 40 ali ndi luso laukadaulo lochita izi. Omwe ali ndi mlandu wophwanya malamulowo ndi omwe adasaina koyamba - US, Russia, China, Britain, ndi France. Anyalanyaza Gawo 6, lomwe likufuna kuti mayiko omwe ali ndi zida zanyukiliya achepetse ndi kuthetsa zidazo. Chiwerengero chonse cha zida za nyukiliya chikhoza kudulidwa kuchoka pa 70,000 openga kwambiri mpaka 13,500 amisala pang'ono, koma izi ndizokwanira kuthetsa moyo padziko lapansi nthawi zambiri.

4) Ngati sichoncho, kodi pangano linanso, monga lomwe Honduras wangolowa kumene, lingakhale ndi phindu lanji m'malo otere?

NPT sinapangitse kukhala ndi katundu, chitukuko, mayendedwe, komanso kuwopseza kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya kukhala zosaloledwa. Pangano latsopanoli likutero ndipo momveka bwino. Uku ndi kulumpha kwakukulu kophiphiritsa. Ngakhale kuti silidzaika mlandu atsogoleri a zida za nyukiliya ndi Khothi Loona za Upandu Padziko Lonse, liwakakamiza kuti amvere malingaliro apadziko lonse lapansi monga momwe zakhalira ndi zida za mankhwala, mabomba okwirira, ndi mapangano ena. Ngati dziko la US silinakhudzidwe ndi zotsatira za kukakamizidwa kumeneku, n'chifukwa chiyani inayesetsa kuletsa kuvomerezedwa kwa mgwirizanowu? Monga Eisenhower ndi Dulles onse adanena m'zaka za m'ma 1950, chinali chiwonongeko cha nyukiliya padziko lonse chomwe chinawaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya kangapo. Makhalidwe abwino padziko lonse amatha kukakamiza ochita zoipa ndipo nthawi zina amawakakamiza kukhala ochita sewero abwino.

Mu 2002 akuluakulu a US a George W Bush Jr adachoka ku mgwirizano wa ABM. Ulamuliro wa Trump udachoka ku Pangano la INF mu 2019 ndipo pali mafunso ngati pangano Latsopano la START lidzakonzedwanso lisanathe mu 2021. Mapangano onse a ABM ndi INF adasainidwa pakati pa US ndi Soviet Union kuti achepetse chiopsezo cha nkhondo ya nyukiliya.

5) Fotokozani zotsatira za kuchoka kwa US ku mapangano akuluakulu a nyukiliya monga ABM ndi mgwirizano wa INF.

Zotsatira zakuchoka kwa US ku Pangano la ABM zinali zazikulu. Kumbali imodzi, idalola US kuti ipitilize kukhazikitsa zida zake zodzitetezera zomwe sizinatsimikizidwe komanso zodula. Kumbali ina, idapangitsa anthu aku Russia kuti ayambe kufufuza ndikukhazikitsa njira zawozawo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, pa March 1, 2018, m’mawu ake a State of the Nation, Vladimir Putin analengeza kuti asilikali a ku Russia tsopano apanga zida zisanu za nyukiliya zatsopano, zomwe zingathe kulepheretsa zida zodzitetezera ku US. Chifukwa chake, kuthetsedwa kwa Pangano la ABM kunapatsa US lingaliro labodza lachitetezo ndikuyika Russia pachiwopsezo, zidayambitsa zatsopano zaku Russia zomwe zayika US pamalo ofooka. Zonsezi, izi zangopangitsa kuti dziko likhale loopsa kwambiri. Kufafanizidwa kwa Pangano la INF kwadzetsanso kuyambitsidwa kwa zida zoponya zowopsa zomwe zitha kusokoneza ubale. Izi ndi zomwe zimachitika akamaganiza zam'tsogolo, ofunafuna zabwino apanga mfundo osati atsogoleri odalirika.

6) Mukuganiza kuti chifukwa chiyani US yakhala ikuchoka pamapangano owongolera zida za nyukiliya zomwe idasainira poyambirira ndi Soviet Union? Kodi akhala akukwaniritsa cholinga chawo?

Opanga malamulo a Trump sakufuna kuwona US ikukakamizidwa ndi mapangano apadziko lonse lapansi. Amakhulupirira kuti US ikhoza ndipo ipambana mpikisano wa zida. Trump wanena mobwerezabwereza. Mu 2016, adalengeza kuti, "Ukhale mpikisano wa zida. Tidzawapambana panjira iliyonse ndikuwaposa onse. ” Mwezi watha wa Meyi, wokambirana za zida zankhondo za Trump, a Marshall Billingslea, adatinso, "Titha kuwononga Russia ndi China osaiwalika kuti tipambane mpikisano watsopano wa zida zanyukiliya." Onse ndi amisala ndipo ayenera kutengedwa ndi amuna ovala malaya oyera. Mu 1986, m’mpikisano wam’mbuyo wa zida zankhondo pamaso pa Gorbachev, mothandizidwa mochedwa pang’ono ndi Reagan, kuloŵetsamo misala m’dziko, maulamuliro a nyukiliya anali atapeza pafupifupi zida za nyukiliya za 70,000, zofanana ndi mabomba a Hiroshima pafupifupi 1.5 miliyoni. Kodi ife tikufunadi kubwerera ku zimenezo? Sting anaimba nyimbo yamphamvu m’zaka za m’ma 1980 yokhala ndi mawu akuti, “Ndikukhulupirira kuti anthu a ku Russia nawonso amakonda ana awo.” Tinali ndi mwayi kuti anatero. Sindikuganiza kuti Trump amatha kukonda wina aliyense kupatula iye yekha ndipo ali ndi mzere wolunjika ku batani la nyukiliya popanda wina woyima panjira yake.

7) Kodi New START Treaty ndi chiyani ndipo ikukwana bwanji mu zonsezi?

Pangano la New START Treaty limachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zida zanyukiliya zomwe zatumizidwa ku 1,550 komanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa magalimoto othamangitsa. Chifukwa cha luso, chiwerengero cha zida ndi chokwera kwambiri. Ndi zokhazo zomwe zatsala pa zomangamanga za zida za nyukiliya zomwe zatenga zaka zambiri kuti zimangidwe. Ndizo zonse zomwe zikulepheretsa chipwirikiti cha nyukiliya komanso mpikisano watsopano wa zida zomwe ndimangonena. Iyenera kutha pa February 5. Kuyambira tsiku loyamba la Trump paudindo, Putin wakhala akuyesera kuti Trump awonjezere mopanda malire kwa zaka zisanu monga momwe mgwirizano umalola. Trump adanyoza mgwirizanowu ndikukhazikitsa zinthu zosatheka kuti akonzenso. Tsopano, pofunitsitsa chigonjetso cha ndondomeko yachilendo madzulo a chisankho, ayesa kukambirana kukulitsa kwake. Koma a Putin akukana kuvomereza zomwe a Trump ndi Billingslea akufuna, zomwe zimapangitsa munthu kudabwa kuti Putin ali wolimba bwanji pakona ya Trump.

8) Kodi mungakonde kuwona kuti opanga mfundo akupita kuti kuchokera pano, makamaka pakati pa mayiko akuluakulu a nyukiliya?

Choyamba, akuyenera kuwonjezera Pangano Latsopano la START kwa zaka zisanu, monga Biden adalonjeza kuti adzachita. Chachiwiri, akuyenera kukhazikitsanso mgwirizano wa nyukiliya wa JCPOA (Iran nuclear deal) ndi INF Treaty. Chachitatu, akuyenera kuchotsa zida zonse pazidziwitso zoyambitsa tsitsi. Chachinayi, akuyenera kuchotsa ma ICBM onse, omwe ndi omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha zida zankhondo ndipo amafunikira kukhazikitsidwa nthawi yomweyo ngati mzinga womwe ukubwera upezeka monga zachitika kangapo pokhapokha atapezeka kuti ndi ma alarm abodza. Chachisanu, akuyenera kusintha malamulo ndi ulamuliro kuti awonetsetse kuti atsogoleri ena omwe ali ndi udindo ayenera kusaina kusiyapo pulezidenti yekha asanagwiritse ntchito zida zanyukiliya. Chachisanu ndi chimodzi, afunika kuchepetsa zida za nyukiliya zomwe sizingafike m'nyengo yozizira ya nyukiliya. Chachisanu ndi chiwiri, ayenera kulowa nawo TPNW ndikuchotsa zida za nyukiliya kwathunthu. Chachisanu ndi chitatu, ayenera kutenga ndalama zimene akhala akuwononga pa zida zowonongera anthu n’kuziika m’madera amene angakweze umunthu wa anthu ndi kusintha miyoyo ya anthu. Nditha kuwapatsa malingaliro ambiri oyambira ngati akufuna kumvera.

Peter Kuznick ndi Pulofesa wa Mbiri ku American University, ndipo analemba Pambuyo pa Laboratory: Asayansi Monga Political Activists mu 1930s America, wolemba limodzi ndi Akira Kimura wa  Kufufuza mabomba a Atomic a Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki: Japan ndi America, wolemba limodzi ndi Yuki Tanaka wa Mphamvu za Nyukiliya ndi Hiroshima: Choonadi Chotsatira Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mwamtendere Mphamvu Zanyukiliya, ndi co-editor ndi James Gilbert Kukhazikitsa Chikhalidwe cha Cold War Culture. Mu 1995, adayambitsa nyuzipepala ya American University ya Nuclear Studies Institute. Mu 2003, Kuznick anapanga gulu la akatswiri, olemba, ojambula, atsogoleri achipembedzo, ndi otsutsa kuti awonetsere Smithsonian kusangalatsa kwake kwa Enola Gay. Iye ndi wojambula mafilimu Oliver Stone analemba mndandanda wa 12 mbali ya Showtime zojambula mafilimu komanso buku lonse Untold History ya United States.