Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, September 29, 2014
Sitidziwa chomwe a Musteite ali, koma ndimaganiza kuti zingathandize ngati titero. Ndikugwiritsa ntchito liwuli kutanthauza "kukhala ndi ubale wokonda ndale za AJ Muste."
Ndinali ndi anthu akundiuza kuti ndine wa Musteite pomwe ndinali ndi lingaliro losamveka bwino loti AJ Muste anali ndani. Nditha kudziwa kuti chinali kuyamika, ndipo kuchokera pamalingaliro ndidazitengera kutanthauza kuti ndine munthu amene ndikufuna kuthetsa nkhondo. Ndikulingalira ndikuganiza kuti sindimayamikira chilichonse. Nchifukwa chiyani ziyenera kuwonedwa ngati zotamandika kapena zopitilira muyeso kufuna kuthetsa nkhondo? Wina akafuna kuthetseratu kugwiriridwa kapena kuzunzidwa kwa ana kapena ukapolo kapena zoyipa zina, sitimati ndiwopambanitsa kapena kuwayamika ngati oyera mtima. Nchifukwa chiyani nkhondo ndi yosiyana?
Kuthekera kwakuti nkhondo siyingakhale yosiyana, kuti itha kuthetsedwa kwathunthu, zitha kukhala lingaliro kuti ine ndinatenga dzanja lachitatu kuchokera kwa AJ Muste, monga ambiri a ife tatenga zochuluka kuchokera kwa iye, ngakhale tikudziwa kapena osati. Zomwe amachitazi ndizokhudzana ndi malingaliro athu pantchito ndi kulinganiza komanso ufulu wachibadwidwe komanso kuyambitsa mtendere. Mbiri yake yatsopano, American Gandhi: AJ Muste ndi Mbiri ya Radicalism m'zaka makumi awiri Wolemba Leilah Danielson ndiyofunika kuwerenga, ndipo wandipatsa chikondi chatsopano kwa Muste ngakhale bukuli silili ndi chikondi.
Martin Luther King Jr. adauza wolemba mbiri yakale wa ku Muste, a Nat Hentoff kuti, "Zomwe zikuchitika pakadali pano osachita zachiwawa pankhani zothana ndi mpikisano zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi AJ kuposa wina aliyense mdziko muno." Zikudziwikanso kuti popanda Muste sipakadakhala mgwirizano waukulu wotsutsana ndi nkhondo yaku Vietnam. Omenyera ufulu ku India amutcha "American Gandhi."
American Gandhi anabadwira ku 1885 ndipo adasamukira ku banja lake ali ndi zaka 6 kuchokera ku Holland kupita ku Michigan. Anaphunzira ku Holland, Michigan, tawuni yomwe ija yomwe timawerenga m'masamba angapo oyamba Madzi akuda: Kukula kwa Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo Lapamwamba Kwambiri Padziko Lonse Lapansi, komanso ku koleji yomwe idalandiridwa ndi Prince Family, pomwe Blackwater idatulukira. Nkhani za Muste ndi Prince zimayamba ndi Dutch Calvinism ndipo zimatha kusiyanasiyana kwambiri monga momwe mungaganizire. Pangozi yakukhumudwitsa okonda achikhristu amwamuna aliyense, sindikuganiza kuti nkhani - komanso moyo - sizikanakhala zovuta chipembedzocho chitasiyidwa.
Muste sakadanditsutsa, zachidziwikire, chifukwa mtundu wina wachipembedzo unali wofunikira pamalingaliro ake nthawi yayitali. Pofika nthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse anali mlaliki komanso membala wa Chiyanjano cha Chiyanjanitso (FOR). Adatsutsa nkhondo mu 1916 pomwe nkhondo yotsutsana inali yovomerezeka. Ndipo ambiri a dziko atatsala pang'ono kutsatira Woodrow Wilson ndikukonda kumvera nkhondo mu 1917, Muste sanasinthe. Anatsutsa nkhondo ndi kukakamizidwa kulowa usilikali. Adathandizira kumenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe, nthawi zonse akumazunzidwa pankhondo. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) idapangidwa ndi a Muste a FOR omwe amagwira nawo ntchito mu 1917 kuti athetse zisonyezo zankhondo, monganso masiku ano. Muste anakana kulalikira mogwirizana ndi nkhondo ndipo anafunika kusiya tchalitchi chake, ndipo m'kalata yake yosiya kuti tchalitchicho chiyenera kuika maganizo ake pa kupanga "zinthu zauzimu zomwe ziyenera kuyimitsa nkhondoyo ndikuchititsa nkhondo zonse kukhala zosaganizirika." Muste adadzipereka ku ACLU yolimbikitsa anthu omwe amakana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima chawo komanso ena omwe amazunzidwa chifukwa chokana nkhondo ku New England. Anakhalanso Quaker.
Mu 1919 Muste adadzipeza yekha mtsogoleri wampikisano wa ogwira ntchito 30,000 a nsalu ku Lawrence, Massachusetts, akuphunzira pantchitoyi - komanso pamizere, komwe adamangidwa ndikumenyedwa ndi apolisi, koma adabwerera nthawi yomweyo. Pomwe nkhondoyo idapambanidwa, Muste anali mlembi wamkulu wa Amalgamated Textile Workers of America. Patadutsa zaka ziwiri, anali kuwongolera Brookwood Labor College kunja kwa Katonah, New York. Pakatikati mwa ma 1920, Brookwood atachita bwino, Muste adakhala mtsogoleri wa gulu lotsogola mdziko lonse. Nthawi yomweyo, adatumikira komiti yayikulu ya National FOR kuyambira 1926-1929 komanso komiti yadziko ya ACLU. Brookwood adayesetsa kuthana ndi magawano ambiri mpaka pomwe American Federation of Labor idawononga ndi ziwopsezo kuchokera kumanja, adathandizidwa pang'ono ndikuukira kumanzere ndi achikomyunizimu. Muste anagwira ntchito molimbika, ndikupanga msonkhano wa Progressive Labor Action, ndikukonzekera ku South, koma "ngati tikufuna kukhala ndi malingaliro pantchito," adatero, "tiyenera kukhala ndi umodzi, ndipo, ngati Tiyenera kukhala nacho, chifukwa chimodzi, kuti sitingagwiritse ntchito nthawi yathu yonse kumakangana ndikumenyana - mwina 99% ya nthawiyo, koma osati 100%. ”
Wolemba mbiri ya Muste akutsatira 99% yofananira yamachaputala angapo, yokhudza kukangana kwa omenyera ufulu wawo, kukonza osagwira ntchito, kukhazikitsidwa kwa American Workers Party mu 1933, ndipo mu 1934 kunyanyala kwa Auto-Lite ku Toledo, Ohio, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti United Auto Workers ipangidwe. Osagwira ntchito, kulowa nawo kunyanyala ntchito m'malo mwa ogwira ntchito, anali ofunikira kuti zinthu zikuyendere bwino, ndipo kudzipereka kwawo kutero kukadawathandiza ogwira nawo ntchito kusankha kunyanyala koyamba. Muste anali pakati pazonsezi komanso kutsutsa kopitilira muyeso kwa fascism mzaka izi. Sitiraka yakukhala pansi ku Goodyear ku Akron idatsogozedwa ndi omwe kale anali ophunzira ku Muste.
Muste adayesetsa kuyika patsogolo nkhondo yolimbana ndi tsankho ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira za Gandhian, akuumirira pakusintha kwachikhalidwe, osati boma lokha. "Ngati tikufuna kukhala ndi dziko latsopano," adatero, "tiyenera kukhala ndi amuna atsopano; ngati ukufuna kusintha, uyenera kusinthidwa. ” Mu 1940, Muste adakhala mlembi wapadziko lonse wa FOR ndipo adayambitsa kampeni yaku Gandhian yoletsa kusankhana, kubweretsa ogwira ntchito atsopano kuphatikiza James Farmer ndi Bayard Rustin, ndikuthandizira kukhazikitsa Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). Zochita zachiwawa zomwe ambiri amagwirizana ndi ma 1950 ndi 1960 zidayamba mchaka cha 1940. Ulendo Woyanjanitsa usanachitike Maulendo Oyenda ndi zaka 14.
Muste ananeneratu za kukula kwa Military Industrial Complex komanso chidwi chazankhondo zankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse ku United States mu 1941. Kwina komwe anthu ambiri aku America, ngakhale wolemba mbiri yake, Muste adapeza nzeru zopitilizabe kumenya nkhondo mdziko lachiwiri. nkhondo, kulimbikitsa m'malo achitetezo osachita zachiwawa komanso mfundo zakunja, zamtendere, komanso zowolowa manja, kuteteza ufulu wa anthu aku Japan aku America, ndikutsutsanso kuwukira ufulu wachibadwidwe. "Ngati sindingakonde Hitler, sindingakondenso konse," atero a Muste, pofotokoza zomwe zimafala kuti munthu ayenera kukonda adani ake, koma amatero makamaka pomwe aliyense, mpaka lero, amalimbikitsa chifukwa cha zabwino zonse zankhanza komanso chidani.
Zachidziwikire, iwo omwe adatsutsa Nkhondo Yadziko I ndi kukhazikika komwe kudatha, ndikuwonjezera kukondera kwa zaka zambiri - ndipo ndani angawone zomwe kutha kwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse kubweretsa, ndi omwe adawona kuthekera kwamachitidwe a Gandhian - ayenera akhala ndi nthawi yovuta kuposa ambiri kuvomereza kuti nkhondoyi inali yosapeweka ndipo nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse ili yoyenera.
Ndikukhulupirira, Muste, sanakhutire ndikuwona boma la US likupanga nkhondo yozizira komanso ufumu wapadziko lonse lapansi mogwirizana ndi kuneneratu kwake. Muste adapitilizabe kukankhira kumbuyo gulu lonse lankhondo, ponena kuti, "njira zomwe mayiko amagwiritsa ntchito kudzipezera chitetezo kapena chitetezo" chowoneka kwakanthawi kapena kochepa "ndicho chopinga chachikulu pakupeza chitetezo chenicheni chokhazikika. Akufuna makina apadziko lonse lapansi kuti mpikisano wazida za atomiki uthe; koma mpikisano wa zida za atomiki uyenera kuyima kapena cholinga chadziko lapansi chichepa kuposa momwe munthu angafikire. ”
Munali munthawi imeneyi, 1948-1951 pomwe MLK Jr. anali kupita ku Colzer Theological Seminary, akumamvetsera zokambirana, ndikuwerenga mabuku ndi a Muste, omwe amadzamulangiza pambuyo pake pantchito yake, komanso yemwe angagwire ntchito yofunika kwambiri pouza boma atsogoleri omenyera ufulu wotsutsa nkhondo ya Vietnam. Muste adagwira ntchito ndi American Friend Service Committee, ndi mabungwe ena ambiri, kuphatikiza Komiti Yoletsa Kuyesedwa kwa H-Bomb, yomwe idzakhale National Committee for Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE); ndi World Peace Brigade.
Muste anachenjeza za nkhondo yaku US ku Vietnam mu 1954. Adawatsogolera ku 1964. Adalimbana ndi chipambano chachikulu kukulitsa mgwirizano wotsutsana ndi nkhondo mu 1965. Nthawi yomweyo, adalimbana ndi njira yothetsera otsutsa pankhondo ku kuyesa kupeza pempho lalikulu. Amakhulupirira kuti "kugawanika" kumabweretsa "zotsutsana komanso zosiyana" ndikuwonetsa mwayi wopambana. Muste adatsogolera Komiti Yolimbikitsa ya Novembala 8 (MOBE) mu 1966, akukonzekera kuchitapo kanthu mu Epulo 1967. Koma atabwerera kuchokera kuulendo wopita ku Vietnam mu february, akukamba nkhani za ulendowu, ndikukhala usiku wonse akukonzekera kulengeza kwa chiwonetsero cha Epulo , adayamba kudandaula za kupweteka kwa msana ndipo sanakhale ndi moyo nthawi yayitali.
Sanawone zomwe King adalankhula ku Riverside Church pa Epulo 4. Sanawone gulu lankhondo kapena maliro ndi zikumbutso zambiri kwa iyemwini. Iye sanawone nkhondo itatha. Iye sanawone gulu lankhondo ndikukonzekera nkhondo kumapitilira ngati kuti sanaphunzire zambiri. Iye sanawone kuchoka pachitetezo cha zachuma komanso kuchita zachitukuko mwazaka zikubwerazi. Koma AJ Muste anali atakhalako kale. Adawona kukwera kwa ma 1920 ndi ma 1930 ndipo adakhalapo kuti athandizire kuyambitsa gulu lamtendere m'ma 1960. Pomwe, mu 2013, kukakamizidwa pagulu kudathandizira kuimitsa zida zankhondo ku Syria, koma palibe chabwino chomwe chidachitika, ndipo zida zankhondo zidakhazikitsidwa chaka chotsatira motsutsana ndi mbali ina yankhondo yaku Syria, Muste sakanadandaula. Chifukwa chake sichinali kupewa nkhondo inayake koma kuthetsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa nkhondo, zomwe zimayambitsanso kampeni yatsopano ku 2014 World Beyond War.
Kodi tingaphunzire chiyani kwa munthu ngati Muste yemwe adapirira motalika kuti awone ena, koma osati onse, amalingaliro ake osasintha amapita patsogolo? Sanadandaule ndi zisankho kapena kuvota. Anaika patsogolo zochita zosachita zachiwawa. Adayesetsa kukhazikitsa mgwirizano waukulu kwambiri, kuphatikiza ndi anthu omwe sankagwirizana naye komanso wina ndi mnzake pamafunso ofunikira koma omwe adagwirizana pankhani yofunika yomwe idalipo. Komabe adayesetsa kuti mabungwewo asasunthike pazinthu zofunika kwambiri. Anayesetsa kupititsa patsogolo zolinga zawo ngati cholinga chamakhalidwe ndi kupambana otsutsa mwa luntha ndi malingaliro, osati mokakamiza. Adagwira ntchito kuti asinthe malingaliro adziko lapansi. Adagwira ntchito yopanga mayendedwe apadziko lonse lapansi, osati am'deralo kapena adziko lonse. Ndipo, zowonadi, adayesetsa kuthetsa nkhondo, osati kungoti asinthe nkhondo ina ndi ina. Izi zikutanthauza kutanthauza kulimbana ndi nkhondo inayake, koma kuchita izi m'njira yabwino kwambiri yochepetsera kapena kuthetsa makina omwe anali kumbuyo kwawo.
Pambuyo pake, ine sindine wa Musteite wabwino kwambiri. Ndikugwirizana ndi zambiri, koma osati zonse. Ndimakana zofuna zake zachipembedzo. Ndipo ine sindine wofanana kwambiri ndi AJ Muste, wopanda maluso ake, zokonda zake, maluso ake, komanso zomwe akuchita. Koma ndimadzimva kuti ndili pafupi naye ndipo ndimathokoza kuposa kale lonse kutchedwa kuti Musteite. Ndipo ndikuthokoza kuti AJ Muste ndi mamiliyoni a anthu omwe adayamika ntchito yake munjira ina iliyonse adandipatsa. Mphamvu ya Muste kwa anthu aliyense amadziwa, monga Martin Luther King, Jr., komanso anthu omwe adakopa anthu aliyense kudziwa, monga Bayard Rustin, anali ofunika. Adagwira ntchito ndi anthu omwe adakalibe nawo pagulu lamtendere ngati David McReynolds ndi Tom Hayden. Anagwira ntchito ndi James Rorty, bambo wa m'modzi mwa aphunzitsi anga aku koleji, Richard Rorty. Anakhala nthawi ku Union Theological Seminary, komwe makolo anga amaphunzira. Ankakhala pamalo omwewo, osakhala omanga, komwe ndimakhala kwakanthawi ku 103rd Street ndi West End Avenue ku New York, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti Muste anali wokwatiwa ndi mkazi wabwino wotchedwa Anne yemwe amapita pafupi ndi Anna, monga inenso. Ndimkonda mnyamatayo. Koma chomwe chimandipatsa chiyembekezo ndi momwe Musteism ilili pachikhalidwe chathu chonse, komanso kuthekera kuti tsiku lina tonse tidzakhala a Musteites.
