Momwe Dipatimenti Yachilungamo ya ku United States Imachititsa Kuti Anthu Akaziwa Alemekezedwe, Amapha Wopanda Chilungamo ndi Kuwatsutsa
Pulezidenti George Orwell adati ku 1946, "Kuyankhula zabodza kumveka zoona komanso kupha anthu olemekezeka, komanso kuoneka ngati olimba ku mphepo yolimba." Pofuna kutsimikizira kuti pulogalamu yake yakupha, Obama akuyenera kutambasula mawu opitirira malire awo achilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, mwamuna aliyense wamwamuna wa zaka 14 kapena wachikulire amene adamwalira ali m'dera la drone ndi "wotsutsana" pokhapokha ngati pali nzeru zowonongeka pambuyo pake zimamuwonetsera kuti ndi wosalakwa. Tikudziwitsiranso kuti chigwirizano cha malamulo a "ndondomeko yoyenera" sichikutanthauza kuti boma liyenera kutsogolera kuphedwa ndi mayesero. Ndikuganiza kuti mawu amodzi omwe awonongeke kwambiri ndikupotoza masiku awa, mpaka pamapeto pake, ndi mawu oti "pafupi."
Zomwe zingakhale zoopsa kwambiri? Boma lathu lakhala likuthandiza kwambiri anthu a ku America kuti athandize ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito zida zankhondo komanso kuvomerezedwa ndi anthu osauka kudziko lakutali komanso kuthetsa mapulogalamu apakhomo pakhomo, pamene akuwuza izi ndizofunikira kuti asokoneze zoopsa zomwezo. Boma lakhala likufutukula kwambiri tanthauzo la mawu oti "kuyandikira." Tsatanetsatane yatsopanoyi ndi yofunikira kwambiri pa pulogalamu ya drone ya US, yokonzedwa kuti iwononge mphamvu zakupha padziko lonse lapansi. Zimapereka chilolezo chalamulo ndi chikhalidwe cha kuwonongedwa kwa anthu akutali omwe satiopseza kwenikweni.
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa drones kutetezedwa kwadongosolo monga United States 'kukonda chida "pa" nkhondo yake yowopsya "ikuwonjezereka mwatsatanetsatane zaka zaposachedwapa, kufunsa mafunso ambiri ovuta. Kutsegula mabomba a 500 mapaundi ndi misomali ya Hellfire, dredes ndi Predator ndi Reaper sizinthu zenizeni komanso zogwiritsira ntchito nkhondo zomwe zimatamandidwa ndi Pulezidenti Obama kuti "tizitsatira kwambiri anthu omwe akufuna kutipha osati anthu amene abisala." anthu ambiri amavomereza kuti ambiri mwa iwo amene anaphedwa mu drone akuwomberedwa mosayembekezeka, ogwidwa ndi ogwidwa. Imfa ya zolinga za drones zolinga komanso momwe amasankhidwira zisakhale zovuta.
Zolinga za drones mwachangu nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'mayiko omwe US sakulimbana nawo ndipo nthawi zina amakhala nzika za US. Iwo kawirikawiri "amatulutsidwa" pankhondo yotentha kapena akakhala akuchita zachiwawa ndipo amatha kuphedwa (ndi aliyense ali pafupi) paukwati, kumaliro, kuntchito, akupita kumunda, akuyendetsa galimoto msewu waukulu kapena kusangalala ndi chakudya ndi achibale ndi abwenzi. Imfa imeneyi imayesedwa ngati chinthu china chophatikizapo kupha anthu okhawo omwe amavomerezedwa ndi boma kuti aliyense wa iwo akuwopsya kuopseza miyoyo yathu ndi chitetezo muno kunyumba kwathu ku US
Mu February 2013, Lipoti Loyera la Chilungamo cha United States, "Kuvomerezeka kwa Ntchito Yotsutsana ndi Nzika ya ku America Yemwe ali Mtsogoleri wamkulu wa Al-Qaida kapena a Associated Force," adatengedwa ndi NBC News. Papepalali limapereka chidziwitso chovomerezeka cha chiwonongeko cha drone ndikufotokozera kutanthauzira kwatsopano ndi kotanthauzira kwa mawu oti "kuyandikira." "Choyamba," limatero, "mkhalidwe umene mtsogoleri wogwira ntchito akuwopsyeza kuti akhoza kuchitiridwa nkhanza motsutsana ndi United States sichifuna kuti United States ikhale ndi umboni womveka wakuti anthu enieni a US ndi zofuna zawo zidzachitika posachedwa. "
Akuluakulu a zaubwalo la Chilungamo asanalandire, tanthauzo la liwu lakuti "pafupi" linali lodziwika bwino. Mabuku otanthauzira osiyanasiyana a Chingerezi amavomereza kuti mawu akuti "kuyandikira" amatanthauzira momveka bwino chinthu chotsimikizika ndi mwamsanga, "chotheka kuchitika pa nthawi iliyonse," "ikuyandikira," "yokonzeka kuchitika," "ikuyandikira," "ikuyandikira" , "" Kuopseza, "" kuzungulira pangodya. "Ngakhalenso kutanthauzira kwalamulo kwa mawuwo sikungathetse malo osadziwika. Pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, Khoti la Nuremberg linatsimikizira kuti bungwe la malamulo apadziko lonse lolembedwa ndi Daniel Webster, lolembedwa ndi 19th m'zaka za m'ma 1800, linanena kuti kufunika kokonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pozitetezera kuyenera kukhala "nthawi, , ndipo palibe mphindi yokambirana. "Izo zinali kale. Tsopano, zowopsya zomwe zingatheke mtsogolomu - ndipo munthu aliyense pa dziko lapansi akhoza kuika chimodzi - ngakhale kutali, akhoza kukwaniritsa tanthauzo latsopanolo. Ponena za Dipatimenti Yoona za Ufulu, vuto lomwe "likuyandikira" ndilo aliyense amene ali ndi "mkulu wa boma la US" wodziwa kuti ali ndi udindo wapamwamba, atsimikiza kukhala choncho, malinga ndi umboni wodziwika ndi wovomerezeka yekhayo, kuti asayambe kufotokozedwa ndi aliyense khoti.
Kutalika kwa tanthawuzo la boma la "kuyandikira" ndikumapha munthu mwakuya kwake. Ndizodabwitsa kwambiri kuti Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo yomweyi idzafotokozanso mobwerezabwereza mawuwa mobwerezabwereza kuti akawatsutse ndi kuwamanga nzika zokhala ndi malamulo omwe akukhala ndi chitetezo cha anthu omwe amachitira chitetezo cha anthu osalakwa chifukwa cha zochitika za boma la US. Chitsanzo makamaka chokhudzana ndi nkhani ya kuphedwa ndi drone ndi "Creech 14."
Otsutsa a 14 alowetsa Creech Air Force Base, April, 2009
Pambuyo pachitetezo choyamba chotsutsana ndi kuwonongeka kwa drones osasamaliridwa ndi kutali komwe ku United States kunachitika ku Creech Air Force Base ku Nevada kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa April, 2009, zinatenga zoposa chaka chimodzi kuti 14 isamunene kuti ndi wolakwa kulakwa kunali ndi tsiku lathu m'khoti. Pamene uwu unali mwayi woyamba kwa ovomerezeka kuti "aike drones pachiyeso" panthawi imene anthu ochepa a ku America adadziwa kuti ngakhale alipo, tinali okonzeka mwakonzekera nkhani yathu, kukangana momveka bwino komanso mosamala, osati kuti tipewe ndende koma chifukwa cha iwo amene anamwalira ndi omwe akuopa mantha a drones. Pomwe tinaphunzitsidwa ndi oweruza oyesa bwino, cholinga chathu chinali kudziyimira tokha ndikutsatira malamulo apadziko lonse, kuti tizipereka chitetezo cholimba, ngakhale tidziwa kuti pangakhale nthawi yoti khoti lidzamveketsa zolinga zathu.
Kutetezedwa kofunikira, kuti wina sanachite chigamulo ngati chochitika chomwe sichiloledwa kukhala choletsedwa kuti chiteteze choipa chachikulu kapena chigawenga kuchokera pakuchitidwa, chimazindikiridwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu ngati gawo la malamulo wamba. Sizowonongeka kapena ngakhale chitetezo chapadera. Buku lina lotchedwa West's Encyclopedia of American Law limati: "Zomwe zimayambitsa vutoli n'zoti nthawi zina, panthawi inayake, kuphwanya malamulo kumathandiza kwambiri anthu kusiyana ndi kutsatira malamulo." - The West's Encyclopedia of American Law. bwino pazochitika zomwe zimaphatikizapo Trespass pakhomo kuti apulumutse moyo wa munthu kapena katundu. "Motero, zikhoza kuoneka kuti chitetezochi ndi chilengedwe cha zolakwa zazing'ono monga uchimo wathu, kuti tisiye kugwiritsa ntchito drones mu nkhondo wa nkhanza, mtendere wamtendere umene Khoti la Nuremburg limatchedwa "mlandu wapadziko lonse."
Koma zoona zake ndi zoona, makhoti ku US samalola kuti chitetezo chokwanira chikhale chonchi m'milandu ngati yathu. Ambiri a ife tinali odziwa bwino kwambiri kuti tisadabwe pamene tinafika ku Justice Court ku Las Vegas mu September, 2010, ndi Jensen, ndipo adaweruzidwa ndi anzake. Iye anatsindika poyambirira kwa mlandu wathu kuti analibe chilichonse. "Pitirirani," adatero, kutilola ife kuti tizitcha mboni zathu za mboni koma kutiletsa mwamphamvu kuti tiwafunse mafunso omwe ali ofunika. "Dziwani, izi zidzangokhala zopanda malire, zidziwitso zomwe ali nazo, ngati zilipo, kaya mulipo kapena simunali pansi. Sitikulowa m'malamulo apadziko lonse; chimenecho si vuto. Icho si vuto. Chimene boma likuchita molakwika, silo vuto. Nkhaniyi ndi kulakwitsa. "
Wotsutsa wathu Steve Kelly adatsatira malangizo a woweruzayo ndipo anafunsa mboni yathu yoyamba, yemwe kale anali a US Attorney General Ramsey Clark, kuti adziŵe yekha malamulo amtundu wochokera ku Dipatimenti Yachilungamo pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Kennedy ndi Johnson. Steve mwachindunji anawatsogolera mboni kuti ayankhule za "milandu ya kulakwitsa ... zakudya zamadzulo zomwe malamulo ankanena kuti simukuyenera kukhala pamabuku ena a masana" mukumenyera ufulu wa anthu. Ramsey Clark adavomereza kuti iwo amene anamangidwa chifukwa chophwanya malamulowa sanachite chiwawa. Steve adakaniza bwalo lake ndi woweruzayo ndipo anapereka chitsanzo choyambirira chokhudza chitetezo chofunikira: "Ngati pali chizindikiro chopanda kulakwitsa ndipo pali utsi wotuluka pakhomo kapena mawindo ndipo munthu ali pamwamba akusowa thandizo. Kuti alowe mu nyumbayi, mu njira yopapatiza yeniyeni, ingakhale kulakwitsa. Kodi pali kuthekera, pamapeto pake, sikungakhale kulakwitsa kumuthandiza munthuyo kumtunda? "Ramsey anayankha," Ife tikanayembekeza choncho, sichoncho? Kukhala ndi mwana kuwotchera ku imfa kapena chinachake, chifukwa cha chizindikiro chopanda chilakolako chikanakhala chikhalidwe chosavomerezeka cha boma kuti chikhale chofatsa. Zachiwawa. "
Woweruza Jensen panthawiyo anali wokondwa kwambiri. Chigamulo chake kuti athetse umboni wa kulakwitsa kwake, koma pamene chidwi chake chidakula, kotero kutanthauzira kwake kwa dongosolo lake kunakula kwambiri. Pa mlandu wotsutsa mobwerezabwereza, woweruzayo anavomereza umboni wochepa koma wamphamvu wa Ramsey ndi mboni zathu zina, Colonel Wachiwiri wa US Army wochoka pantchito ndi Pulezidenti Bill Quigley yemwe anali pulezidenti wa Ann Wright ndi Loyola Law School omwe adaika mlanduwo mwachinyengo monga chochita kuleka upandu woopsa.
Ndinali ndi mwayi wopereka mawu omaliza kwa woweruzidwa, omwe ndinathera nawo, "Ife 14 ndi omwe akuwona utsi wa nyumba yotentha ndipo sitidzaimitsidwa ndi chizindikiro chopanda kulakwa kuti tipite kwa ana oyaka. "
Kuyamikira kwathu kwa woweruza mosamvetsetseka pazomwe zili pambaliyi, sitidali kuyembekezera china koma chidziwitso mwamsanga ndi chilango. Woweruza Jensen anatidabwitsa kuti: "Ndikuona kuti sikumangoyesa chabe mlandu. Pali mavuto ochuluka kwambiri omwe ali pangozi pano. Kotero ine ndikuti ndizitengere izo pansi pa uphungu ndipo ine ndipereka chigamulo cholembedwa. Ndipo zikhoza kunditengera miyezi iwiri kapena itatu kuti ndichite zimenezo, chifukwa ndikufuna kutsimikizira kuti ndili bwino pa chilichonse chomwe ndikulamulira. "
Pamene tibwerera ku Las Vegas mu Januwale, JNENEN, XENUMX, adawerenga chigamulo chake kuti chinali chiyeso chotsutsa, patatha zonse ndipo tinali olakwa. Pakati pa zifukwa zingapo zomwe adatiwombera mlandu, woweruzayo adakana zomwe adazitcha kuti "Otsutsa" chifukwa chakuti "Otsutsawo adayamba kusonyeza kuti chiwonetsero chawo chinapangidwa kuti chiteteze 'kuyandikira'. khoti "liri ndi umboni wakuti ntchito iliyonse yokhudza nkhondo yokhudza drones ikuchitidwa kapena yoti ichitike pa tsiku la omangidwawo," akuoneka kuti akuiwala kuti anatilamula kuti tisapereke umboni uliwonse, ngakhale titakhala nawo.
Chigamulo cha Jensen chinamuthandizidwa kwambiri ndi zomwe adazilemba, kuphatikizapo chigamulo cha milandu ya 1991, US v Schoon, yomwe inakhudza chiwonetsero chofuna "kusunga ndalama za US ku El Salvador" ku ofesi ya IRS ku Tucson. Pachionetsero ichi, Mtsinje wachisanu ndi chinayi unagamula, "kufunika koyandikira kunali kosowa." Mwa kuyankhula kwina, chifukwa chovulazidwa chikanachitika ku El Salvador, kulakwa kwa Tucson sikungakhale koyenera. Kotero, Woweruza Jensen anaganiza kuti, kuwotcha ana m'nyumba ku Afghanistan sikungakhululukidwe ku Nevada.
NBC yotayika ya Dipatimenti Yachilungamo ya White Justice sinati ichitike kwa zaka zina ziwiri (kuitcha kuponderezedwa kwa umboni?) Ndipo mpaka momwe Woweruza Jensen ankadziwira, tanthawuzo lotanthauziridwa la "pafupi" linali likugwirabe ntchito. Ngakhale zili choncho, tikanaloledwa kuchitira umboni kupatulapo zochepa zomwe zimayikidwa pa mlandu, tikanasonyeza kuti ndi luso lamakono la satanala, vuto loopsya limene tilitchula liri pafupi kwambiri ndi kutanthauzira kulikonse kwa mawu. Ngakhale kuti anthu omwe adagwidwa ndi nkhanza za drone pa tsiku lomwe tinamangidwa anali kwenikweni kutali ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq, milandu imeneyi inali kupangidwa ndi magulu okhala pa makompyuta, akugwira nawo nthawi yeniyeni pamakwerero, osati pakali pano zonse zomwe tinagwidwa ndi apolisi a Air Force.
Boma silikukhulupirira kuti liyenera kukhala ndi "umboni woonekeratu wakuti anthu a ku United States omwe adzawonongeke ndi zofuna zawo zidzachitika mtsogolomu" kuti athetse mavuto omwe ali pafupi nawo ndikuchita kupha anthu mopanda pake kulikonse padziko lapansi. Nzika zomwe zimaletsa kupha ndi drones zimayenera kukhala ndi "umboni wosonyeza kuti ntchito iliyonse yamagulu yokhudza drones ikuchitidwa kapena kuti ichitike," pofuna kutsimikizira kuti sichilowa mu boma. Utsogoleri wa boma pa izi sizimagwirizana, bwino. Ngakhale pambuyo polemba White Paper, Dipatimenti Yachilungamo imapitirizabe kulepheretsa anthu omwe akuimbidwa mlandu chifukwa cha kulakwitsa, ngakhale atanena kuti iwo adagwidwa pokhala akuopseza moyo wosalakwa, ndipo makhoti akuvomereza kuti akutsutsana.
Kutetezera kufunikira sikungolingalira zokhazokha zomwe zimaphwanya lamulo. Buku lina lotchedwa West's Encyclopedia of American Law limati, "Chofunika, ndi" chitetezo chotsimikiziridwa ndi wachigawenga kapena woweruza milandu kuti alibe chochita koma kuti aswe lamulo. "Monga Ramsey Clark anachitira umboni m'nyumba ya khoti la Las Vegas zaka zisanu zapitazo," Kukhala ndi mwana kuyaka mpaka kufa chifukwa cha 'palibe chizindikiro cha chilakolako' chikanakhala chosavomerezeka cha boma kuti chikhale chofatsa. "Mu nthawi ya ana oyaka, zizindikiro" zopanda kulakwitsa "zimaphatikizidwa ku mipanda yomwe imateteza milandu yomwe imaphedwa ndi drones ndi zida zina zoopsya sizigwira ntchito ndipo satilamula kumvera kwathu. Ma khoti omwe sadziwa zoona izi amadzigwiritsa ntchito ngati zida za boma.
Kathy Kelly ndi Georgia Walker ku Whiteman Air Force Base Pakhala pali mayesero ochuluka kuchokera ku Creech 14 ndipo pakadali pano, ana ena ambiri akhala akuwotchedwa ndi maomboni omwe achotsedwa ku drones. Pa December 10, International Human Rights Day, Georgia Walker ndi Kathy Kelly adzaweruzidwa ku Khoti Lalikulu la ku US ku Jefferson City, Missouri, atapereka chikumbumtima ndi mkate ku Whiteman Air Force Base, za states remote control killer drone malo.
Zaka ziwiri zapitazo m'khoti lomwelo ndi mlandu womwewo, Judge Whitworth anakana kuti afunika kutetezedwa ndi Ron Faust ndi ine, kenako adamulamula Ron kuti adziwe zaka zisanu ndikuyesedwa ndikunditumiza kundende kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Tiyenera kuyembekezera kuti Woweruza Whitworth adzapindula ndi mwayi wachiwiri kuti Kathy ndi Georgia apereke molimbika komanso kudzipereka yekha ndi ntchito yake.
