Zida Zankhondo za Fredric Jameson

Ndi David Swanson

Kuvomerezedwa kwathunthu kwankhondo kumapitilira kuposa a neoconservatives, osankhana mitundu, ma Republican, ankhondo omenyera ufulu wa anthu, a Democrats, ndi unyinji wa "odziyimira pawokha" andale omwe amapeza nkhani iliyonse yothetsa vuto lankhondo la US. Fredric Jameson ndi wanzeru wakumanzere yemwe adalemba buku, lolembedwa ndi Slavoj Zizek, momwe amapangira kuti aliyense wokhala ku US alembetse usilikali. M'mitu yotsatira, akatswiri ena omwe amati ndi amanzere amatsutsa lingaliro la Jameson popanda kukhudzidwa ndi kukulitsidwa kwa makina opha anthu ambiri. Jameson akuwonjezera Epilogue momwe amatchulira vuto ayi.

Zomwe Jameson akufuna ndi masomphenya a Utopia. Bukhu lake limatchedwa Utopia waku America: Mphamvu Zapawiri ndi Gulu Lankhondo Lapadziko Lonse. Akufuna kulimbikitsa mabanki ndi makampani a inshuwaransi, kulanda ndi kutseka ntchito zamafuta, kukakamiza misonkho yayikulu kumakampani akuluakulu, kuthetsa cholowa, kupanga ndalama zotsimikizika, kuthetseratu NATO, kupanga kuwongolera kotchuka kwawayilesi, kuletsa mabodza, kupanga chilengedwe chonse. Wi-Fi, pangani koleji kukhala yaulere, lipirani aphunzitsi bwino, pangani chisamaliro chaumoyo kukhala chaulere, ndi zina zambiri.

Zikumveka bwino! Ndilembetse kuti?

Yankho la Jameson ndi: ku malo olembera anthu ankhondo. Kumene ndikuyankha: pitani mukadzitengere munthu wina womvera malamulo wokonzeka kutenga nawo mbali pakupha anthu ambiri.

Ah, koma Jameson akuti asitikali ake samenya nkhondo iliyonse. Kupatula nkhondo zomwe zimamenya. Kapena chinachake.

Utopianism ndiyofunikira kwambiri. Koma uku ndi kusimidwa komvetsa chisoni. Izi ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa Ralph Nader kupempha mabiliyoni kuti atipulumutse. Awa ndi ovota a Clinton. Awa ndi ovota a Trump.

Ndipo uku ndi khungu la US ku zabwino za dziko lonse lapansi. Mayiko ena ochepa mwanjira iliyonse amayandikira kuwononga chilengedwe kwankhondo ndi kufa komwe kumachokera ku United States. Dzikoli lili m’mbuyo kwambiri pankhani ya kukhazikika, mtendere, maphunziro, thanzi, chitetezo, ndi chimwemwe. Chinthu choyamba chopita ku Utopia sichiyenera kukhala chiwembu chotere monga kulanda kotheratu kwa asitikali. Chinthu choyamba chiyenera kukhala kupeza malo monga Scandinavia pazachuma, kapena Costa Rica m'malo ochotsa usilikali - kapena kuzindikira kutsatiridwa kwathunthu ndi Article Nine ya ku Japan, monga tafotokozera m'buku la Zizek. (Za momwe Scandinavia idafikira pomwe ili, werengani Viking Economics ndi George Lakey. Zinalibe chochita ndi kukakamiza ana, agogo, ndi olimbikitsa mtendere kukhala gulu lankhondo lachifumu lomwe silingathe kulamulira.)

Ku United States, ndi aufulu ku Congress omwe akufuna kukakamiza akazi kusankha zochita, komanso omwe amakondwerera anthu atsopano omwe avomerezedwa kukhala olemekezeka kwambiri m'gulu lankhondo. Masomphenya "opita patsogolo" tsopano ndi azachuma otsalira pang'ono kapena mozama, limodzi ndi gulu lankhondo lankhondo (lofika pa $ 1 thililiyoni pachaka) - lingaliro lomwelo la mayiko osagwirizana ndi mayiko ena silingaganizidwe. Lingaliro lakusintha kwa American Dream lomwe likukulirakulirakulira ndikuwonetsa pang'onopang'ono demokalase yakupha anthu ambiri. Anthu omwe akuphulitsidwa ndi mabomba padziko lonse lapansi atha kuyembekezera kuphulitsidwa ndi bomba ndi purezidenti woyamba wa US waku America. Malingaliro a Jameson ndiwopita patsogolo kwambiri mbali yomweyo.

Ndikukayika kuti nditchule buku la Jameson chifukwa ndiloyipa kwambiri ndipo izi ndizachinyengo. Koma, m'malo mwake, zigawo za nkhani yake komanso za omwe amazitsutsa zomwe zimanena za kulembedwa kwa anthu onse, ngakhale ndizofunika kwambiri pa projekiti ya Jameson, ndizochepa komanso zapakati. Zikhoza kupezeka m'kabuku kakang'ono. Bukhu lonselo lili ndi zowunikira zambiri pa chilichonse kuyambira pa psychoanalysis mpaka Marxism mpaka chilichonse chonyansa cha chikhalidwe chomwe Zizek adangokumana nacho. Zambiri mwazinthu zinazi ndi zothandiza kapena zosangalatsa, koma zimasiyana ndi kuvomereza kopanda nzeru kuti nkhondo ikhale yosapeŵeka.

Jameson akutsimikiza kuti titha kukana kusapeŵeka kwa capitalism, komanso chilichonse chomwe tikuwona kuti ndi choyenera. "Chikhalidwe chaumunthu" akulozera, molondola, kulibe. Ndipo komabe, lingaliro lakuti malo okhawo omwe boma la US lingayikepo ndalama zambiri ndi asilikali amavomerezedwa mwakachetechete masamba ambiri ndipo amanenedwa momveka bwino kuti: "[A] anthu wamba - kapena boma lake - silingathe kuwononga ndalama. nkhondo yandalama zamisonkho imafuna kuti pakhale kafukufuku wamtendere komanso wongopeka chabe.”

Izi zikumveka ngati kufotokozera boma la US lomwe lilipo, osati maboma onse akale ndi amtsogolo. Anthu wamba ndi zosatheka ngati gehena kuvomereza kuloŵa usilikali kwanthaŵi zonse. Kuti, osati kubwereketsa m'mafakitale amtendere, sikungakhale kopambana.

Jameson, muwona, amadalira "nkhondo" kulimbikitsa mphamvu ya lingaliro lake logwiritsa ntchito usilikali pakusintha kwachikhalidwe ndi ndale. Izi ndizomveka, monga gulu lankhondo, mwa tanthawuzo, ndilo bungwe lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pomenya nkhondo. Ndipo komabe, Jameson akuganiza kuti asitikali ake sadzachita nkhondo - ngati - koma pazifukwa zina adzapitilizabe kulipidwa - komanso chiwonjezeko chachikulu.

Msilikali, Jameson akuti, ndi njira yokakamiza anthu kuti azisakanizana ndikupanga gulu pamizere yonse yamagawano. Ndi njiranso yokakamiza anthu kuchita ndendende zomwe alamulidwa kuti azichita pa ola lililonse la usana ndi usiku, kuyambira zomwe amadya mpaka nthawi yochitira chimbudzi, ndikuwakakamiza kuchita nkhanza polamula popanda kuyimitsa kuganiza. Izi sizongochitika mwangozi zomwe usilikali uli. Jameson samayankha funso loti chifukwa chiyani akufuna gulu lankhondo lapadziko lonse lapansi m'malo monena kuti, gulu loteteza anthu wamba. Iye akufotokoza maganizo ake kuti “anthu onse alowe m’gulu la National Guard lolemekezeka.” Kodi National Guard yomwe ilipo ingakhale yolemekezeka kuposa momwe malonda ake akusonyezera? Zalemekezedwa kale molakwika kotero kuti Jameson akunena molakwika kuti Alonda amangoyankha maboma aboma, monganso Washington adatumiza kunkhondo zakunja popanda kutsutsa mayiko.

United States ili ndi asitikali m'maiko 175. Kodi izo zingawonjezere modabwitsa kwa iwo? Wonjezerani ndalama zomwe zatsala? Abweretse ankhondo onse kunyumba? Jameson sakunena. United States ikuphulitsa mayiko asanu ndi awiri omwe timawadziwa. Kodi chimenecho chikhoza kuwonjezeka kapena kuchepa? Nazi zonse zomwe Jameson akunena:

"[T] gulu la oyenerera kulembetsa liwonjezedwa pophatikiza aliyense kuyambira khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi mpaka makumi asanu, kapena ngati mungakonde, wazaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi: ndiye kuti, pafupifupi anthu onse akuluakulu. [Ndikumva kulira kwa tsankho kwa azaka 61 kukubwera, sichoncho inu?] Bungwe losalamulirika loterolo lidzakhala losakhoza kumenya nkhondo zakunja, osasiyapo kuchita zigawenga zopambana. Kuti titsimikize kuti ndondomekoyi n’njogwirizana padziko lonse, tiyeni tiwonjezepo kuti anthu olumala onse adzakhala ndi malo oyenera m’dongosololi, ndiponso kuti omenyera nkhondo ndi okana usilikali chifukwa cha zimene amakhulupirira adzakhala malo olamulira ntchito yokonza zida, kusunga zida, ndi zina zotero.”

Ndipo ndi zimenezo. Chifukwa chakuti asilikali akanakhala ndi asilikali ambiri, “sakanatha” kumenya nkhondo. Kodi mungalingalire kupereka lingaliro limenelo ku Pentagon? Ndikayembekezera kuyankha kwa “Yeeeeeeeaaaah, zedi, ndizomwe zingatenge kuti titseke. Ingotipatsani asilikali mamiliyoni mazana angapo ndipo zonse zikhala bwino. Tingokonza pang'ono padziko lonse lapansi, choyamba, koma pakhala mtendere posachedwa. Zatsimikizika. ”

Ndipo “omenyera nkhondo” ndi anthu a chikumbumtima akapatsidwa ntchito yokonza zida? Ndipo iwo angavomereze izo? Mamiliyoni a iwo? Ndipo zida zikanafunika pankhondo zomwe sizikanachitikanso?

Jameson, monga anthu ambiri ofuna mtendere, akufuna kuti asitikali achite zomwe mukuwona pazotsatsa za National Guard: thandizo latsoka, thandizo la anthu. Koma asitikali amachita izi pokhapokha komanso pokhapokha ngati kuli kofunikira pa kampeni yake yolamulira dziko mwankhanza. Ndipo kupereka chithandizo pakagwa tsoka sikutanthauza kugonjera kotheratu. Otenga nawo mbali pa ntchito yotere sayenera kukakamizidwa kupha ndi kuyang'anizana ndi imfa. Atha kuchitiridwa ulemu womwe umawathandiza kukhala otenga nawo gawo mu demokalase-socialist utopia, m'malo mwa kunyozedwa komwe kumawathandiza kudzipha kunja kwa ofesi yolandirira chipatala cha VA.

Jameson amayamika lingaliro la "nkhondo yodzitchinjiriza" yomwe amati ndi Jaurès, komanso kufunikira kwa "chilango" chomwe amati ndi Trotsky. Jameson amakonda asilikali, ndipo akutsindika kuti mu utopia wake "asilikali onse" adzakhala mapeto, osati nthawi ya kusintha. Pamapeto pake, asitikali amatenga china chilichonse kuyambira maphunziro mpaka chithandizo chamankhwala.

Jameson amayandikira kuvomereza kuti pakhoza kukhala anthu ena omwe angatsutse izi chifukwa gulu lankhondo lankhondo limayambitsa kupha anthu ambiri. Iye akunena kuti akutsutsana ndi mantha awiri: kuopa asilikali ndi mantha a utopia iliyonse. Kenako amalankhula ndi omaliza, akukokera Freud, Trotsky, Kant, ndi ena kuti amuthandize. Sasiya liwu limodzi kwa oyambawo. Pambuyo pake adanena kuti kwenikweni Chifukwa chimene anthu amakanira kugwiritsa ntchito usilikali chifukwa chakuti m’gulu la asilikali anthu amakakamizika kuyanjana ndi anthu ochokera m’magulu ena. (O zoopsa!)

Koma, masamba makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zisanu ndi chimodzi, Jameson "amakumbutsa" wowerenga za zomwe sanakhudzepo kale: "Ndikoyenera kukumbutsa owerenga kuti gulu lankhondo lapadziko lonse lomwe likufunsidwa pano sililinso gulu lankhondo laukadaulo lomwe limayang'anira zakupha komanso kupha anthu ambiri. kuukira boma m'nthaŵi zaposachedwapa, zomwe maganizo awo ankhanza ndi aulamuliro kapena opondereza sangawachititse mantha komanso amene kukumbukira bwino kwambiri kudzadabwitsa aliyense poyembekezera kuti boma kapena gulu lonse lizilamulira.” Koma n'chifukwa chiyani asilikali atsopano sali ngati akale? Nchiyani chimapangitsa izo kukhala zosiyana? Nanga, kodi ukulamuliridwa motani, pamene ukulanda mphamvu ku boma la anthu wamba? Kodi zimaganiziridwa ngati demokalase yeniyeni?

Ndiye bwanji osangoganizira za demokalase yachindunji popanda asitikali, ndikugwira ntchito kuti tikwaniritse, zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zitha kuchitika mwa anthu wamba?

M'tsogolo lankhondo la Jameson, akutchulanso - ngati kuti tikadadziwa kale - kuti "aliyense amaphunzitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito zida ndipo palibe amene amaloledwa kukhala nazo kupatula nthawi yochepa komanso yodziwika bwino." Monga pankhondo? Onani ndimeyi kuchokera ku "critique" ya Zizek ya Jameson:

“Ankhondo a Jameson alidi ‘gulu lankhondo loletsedwa,’ gulu lopanda nkhondo . . . (Ndipo kodi gulu lankhondo limeneli lingagwire ntchito motani m’nkhondo yeniyeniyo, imene ikuwonjezereka mowonjezereka m’dziko lamakono lokhala ndi pakati?)”

Mwachipeza icho? Zizeki akuti gulu lankhondo ili silidzamenya nkhondo. Kenako amadzifunsa kuti, “Lidzamenya bwanji nkhondo zake? Ndipo ngakhale asitikali aku US ali ndi asitikali komanso kampeni yophulitsa mabomba yomwe ikuchitika m'maiko asanu ndi awiri, komanso asitikali "apadera" omwe akumenya nkhondo enanso ambiri, Zizek ali ndi nkhawa kuti pangakhale nkhondo tsiku lina.

Ndipo kodi nkhondo imeneyo idzayendetsedwa ndi kugulitsa zida? Mwa kuputa usilikali? Ndi chikhalidwe chankhondo? Ndi "madiplomacy" audani okhazikika munkhondo zankhondo? Ayi, sizikanakhala choncho. Chifukwa chimodzi, palibe mawu aliwonse ophatikizidwawo omwe ali apamwamba kwambiri ngati "multicentric." Zachidziwikire kuti vuto - ngakhale laling'ono komanso losavuta - ndikuti chikhalidwe cha dziko lapansi chikhoza kuyambitsa nkhondo posachedwa. Zizek akupitiliza kunena kuti, pamwambo wapagulu, Jameson adawona njira zopangira gulu lake lankhondo lapadziko lonse lapansi motsatira mawu a Shock Doctrine, ngati kuyankha mwamwayi pakagwa tsoka kapena chipwirikiti.

Ndimagwirizana ndi Jameson pokhapokha poyambira pomwe amasakasaka utopia, kutanthauza kuti njira zanthawi zonse ndizosabala kapena zakufa. Koma chimenecho sindicho chifukwa chopezera tsoka lotsimikizirika ndi kufuna kubweretsa tsokalo mwa njira zotsutsana kwambiri ndi demokalase, makamaka pamene mayiko ena ambiri akulozera kale njira yopita ku dziko labwinopo. Njira yopita ku tsogolo labwino lazachuma momwe olemera amakhomeredwa misonkho ndipo osauka amatha kuyenda bwino atha kubwera mwa kuwongoleranso ndalama zosawerengeka zomwe zikuponyedwa muzokonzekera zankhondo. Kuti ma Republican ndi ma Democrat amanyalanyaza konsekonse kuti palibe chifukwa choti Jameson alowe nawo.