ndi Joan Roelofs, Kuwongolera 25:3, 16-22 (2018) yosindikizidwanso August 7, 2018
Kwa anthu ambiri "military-industrial-complex (MIC)" imakumbutsa opanga zida makumi awiri apamwamba kwambiri. Purezidenti Dwight Eisenhower, yemwe adachenjeza za izi mu 1961, adafuna kuzitcha kuti gulu lankhondo la mafakitale, koma adaganiza kuti sikunali kwanzeru kutero. Masiku ano zikhoza kutchedwa asilikali-industrial-congressional-pafupifupi-chilichonse-chovuta. Madipatimenti ambiri ndi magawo aboma, mabizinesi, komanso mabungwe ambiri othandizira, mabungwe othandizira anthu, zachilengedwe, ndi zikhalidwe, ali ophatikizidwa kwambiri ndi usilikali.
Makampani opanga zida atha kutsogolera bajeti yankhondo ndi ntchito zankhondo; imathandizidwa kwambiri ndi kusangalala kapena chete kwa nzika ndi owayimilira. Pano tipereka zifukwa zina zovomerezera zimenezo. Tidzagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yofananira ya magawo atatu amayiko: boma, bizinesi, ndi zopanda phindu, ndikuyanjana kosiyanasiyana pakati pawo. Izi sizikulepheretsa, ngakhale zimabisa malingaliro akuti boma ndi mtsogoleri wa gulu lolamulira.
Mabizinesi amtundu uliwonse mu bajeti ya Department of Defense (DoD). Lockheed pakadali pano ndiye kontrakitala wamkulu kwambiri pabizinesi ya zida. Imalumikizana ndi MIC yapadziko lonse lapansi pofufuza magawo, mwachitsanzo, ndege yankhondo ya F-35, yochokera kumayiko ambiri. Izi zimathandiza kwambiri kugulitsa chidacho, ngakhale kuti ali ndi malingaliro ochepa pakati pa akatswiri ankhondo komanso otsutsa otsutsa. Lockheed imagwiranso ntchito wamba, zomwe zimakulitsa aura yake pomwe imafalitsa zikhalidwe zake.
Mitundu ina yamabizinesi ili ndi makontrakitala akuluakulu azaka zambiri - mabiliyoni. Izi ngakhale malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino akuti Congress isavomereze ndalama zankhondo kwazaka zopitilira ziwiri. Odziwika ndi makampani omanga, monga Fluor, KBR, Bechtel, ndi Hensel Phelps. Izi zimamanga maziko akulu, nthawi zambiri okhala ndi luso laukadaulo kapena luso logwira ntchito, ku US ndi kunja, komwe amalemba ganyu anthu akumaloko kapena nthawi zambiri, nzika zadziko lachitatu kuti agwire ntchitoyi. Palinso makontrakitala opeza ndalama mabiliyoni muukadaulo wolumikizirana, kusanthula nzeru, mayendedwe, mayendedwe, chakudya, ndi zovala. "Kutuluka" ndi njira yathu yankhondo yamakono; izi zimafalitsanso chikoka chake kutali.
Mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono, ang'onoang'ono, ang'onoang'ono amagwera pa "mtengo wa Khrisimasi" wa Pentagon, kulimbikitsa kusangalala kodziwika kapena chete pa bajeti yankhondo. Izi zikuphatikizanso mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono. Wakuda tochepa, KEPA-TCI (zomanga), adalandira makontrakitala a $356 miliyoni. [Zambiri zimachokera kuzinthu zingapo, zopezeka kwaulere pa intaneti: masamba, mafomu amisonkho, ndi malipoti apachaka a mabungwe; usaspending.gov (USA) ndi Governmentcontractswon.com (GCW).] Mabungwe akuluakulu amitundu yonse omwe amatumikira mautumiki athu afotokozedwa bwino kwambiri mu buku la Nick Turse. Nyumbayi. Mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono komanso ang'onoang'ono amakopeka ndi dongosololi: okonza malo, otsuka, malo osamalira ana, ndi Come-Bye Goose Control yaku Maryland.
Pakati pa mabizinesi omwe ali ndi mapangano akuluakulu a DoD ndi osindikiza mabuku: McGraw-Hill, Greenwood, Scholastic, Pearson, Houghton Mifflin, Harcourt, Elsevier, ndi ena. Kaŵirikaŵiri zokondera m'makampani awa, muzongopeka, zabodza, ndi zolemba zamabuku, zimawunikidwa. Komabe zisonkhezero za anthu ang’onoang’ono koma ochulukirawa, anthu owerenga, ndi okulirapo omwe amapita kusukulu, zingathandize kufotokoza bata la anthu odziwa kulemba ndi omaliza maphunziro aku koleji.
Zambiri zomwe zatsala mwadongosolo mafakitale ntchito ndi kupanga zida. Ma PAC ake amathandizira anthu ochepa "opita patsogolo" mu ndale zathu, omwe amakonda kukhala chete ponena za nkhondo komanso kuopseza kuwonongedwa kwa nyukiliya. Mosiyana ndi mafakitale ena, opanga zida samasamukira kudziko lina mwadzidzidzi, ngakhale amagwiritsa ntchito ma subcontractors padziko lonse lapansi.
Ndalama zankhondo zitha kukhala pafupifupi 6% ya GDP, komabe zimakhala ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu chifukwa: 1. ndi gawo lomwe likukula; 2. Ndi kutsika kwachuma; 3. sichidalira zofuna za ogula; 4. Ndi chinthu chokhacho chomwe chikuyenda bwino m'malo ambiri; ndi 5. zotsatira za "kuchulukitsa": kubwereketsa ndalama pang'ono, kugula kwamakampani, ndi kuwononga antchito kumawonjezera chuma chachigawo. Ndizoyenerana ndi zithandizo zaku Keynesian, chifukwa chakuwonongeka kwake komanso kutha ntchito: zomwe sizimadyedwa pankhondo, zopanda dzimbiri, kapena kuperekedwa kwa anzathu zimafunikirabe kusinthidwa ndi chinthu choopsa kwambiri. Ambiri mwa omaliza maphunziro athu a sayansi amagwira ntchito zankhondo mwachindunji kapena ma laboratories omwe amapanga izi.
Chida chosagonjetseka cha asitikali ndi ntchito, ndipo mamembala onse a Congress, ndi akuluakulu aboma ndi am'deralo, akudziwa izi. Ndiko kumene ntchito zamalipiro zabwino zimapezedwa zamakanika, asayansi, ndi mainjiniya; ngakhale ogwira ntchito yosamalira misonkho amachita bwino m'makampani olemera amisonkho awa. Zida ndizofunikanso pakutumiza katundu wathu kunja chifukwa ogwirizana athu amafunikira kukhala ndi zida zomwe zimakwaniritsa zomwe tikufuna. Maboma, zigawenga, zigawenga, achifwamba, ndi achifwamba onse amakonda zida zathu zaukadaulo wapamwamba komanso zowopsa.
Chuma chathu chankhondo chimabweretsanso phindu lalikulu pamabizinesi. Izi sizimangopindulitsa akuluakulu amakampani ndi ena olemera, komanso anthu ambiri apakati ndi ogwira ntchito, komanso mipingo, mabungwe abwino, ndi chikhalidwe. Ndalama zopindulitsa zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi Vanguard, Fidelity, ndi ena zimayikidwa kwambiri m'makampani opanga zida.
Osunga ndalama pawokha sangadziwe zomwe zili mu thumba lawo; mabungwe nthawi zambiri amadziwa. Ntchito yamakono ya World Beyond War oyimira kupatukana za masheya ankhondo m'ndalama zapenshoni za ogwira ntchito m'boma ndi am'deralo: apolisi, ozimitsa moto, aphunzitsi, ndi antchito ena aboma. Ochita kafukufuku akupanga kafukufuku wadziko ndi boma wa ndalamazi. Zina mwa zomwe zapezedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zida zankhondo za CALpers, California Public Employees Retirement System (thumba lachisanu ndi chimodzi lalikulu la penshoni padziko lapansi), California State Teachers Retirement System, ndi Ndondomeko Yopuma Ophunzira a New York State, ndi Ndondomeko Yopuma Ogwira Ntchito ku Mzinda wa New York, ndi New York State Common Retirement Fund (ogwira ntchito m'boma ndi akumaloko). Zodabwitsa! aphunzitsi a New York City poyamba anali makolo onyada a makanda ofiira.
Mbali ya boma ya MIC imapita kutali ndi DoD. Mu nthambi yayikulu, Madipatimenti a Boma, Chitetezo Kwawo, Mphamvu, Zankhondo Zankhondo, Zamkati; ndi CIA, AID, FBI, NASA, ndi mabungwe ena; amadzazidwa ndi ntchito zankhondo ndi zolinga. Ngakhale Dipatimenti ya Ulimi ili ndi pulogalamu yogwirizana ndi DoD kuti "abwezeretse" Afghanistan popanga malonda a ng'ombe zamkaka. Ziribe kanthu kuti ng'ombe ndi zakudya zawo ziyenera kutumizidwa kunja, ng'ombe sizingadye msipu m'malo monga momwe nkhosa ndi mbuzi zimachitira, palibe mayendedwe okwanira kapena firiji, ndipo Afghan samamwa mkaka. Nyama zakutchire zimapereka yogati, batala, ndi ubweya, ndipo zimadya pamapiri otsetsereka, koma zonsezi siziri za Amereka.
Congress ndi mgwirizano wolimba wankhondo. Zopereka pamakampeni kuchokera kwa makontrakitala a PAC ndizowolowa manja, ndipo kukopa anthu ndikwambiri. Momwemonso ndizomwe zimatuluka m'mabungwe azachuma, omwe amayikidwa kwambiri ku MIC. Anthu a Congresspeople ali ndi magawo ambiri amakampani ogulitsa zida. Kuti athetse mgwirizanowu, mamembala a Congress (komanso opanga malamulo aboma ndi akumaloko) amadziwa bwino kufunika kwachuma kwa mapangano ankhondo m'maboma ndi zigawo zawo.
Maziko ankhondo, mkati mwa US komanso padziko lonse lapansi, ndi malo azachuma kwa anthu. The DoD mndandanda zopitilira 4,000 zapakhomo. Zina ndi malo ophulitsira mabomba kapena malo olembera anthu ntchito; mwina 400 ndi maziko omwe amakhudza kwambiri madera awo. Yaikulu kwambiri mwa izi, Fort Bragg, NC, ndi mzinda wokha, komanso chikhalidwe komanso chuma chambiri kudera lake, monga momwe adafotokozera Catherine Lutz ku. Homefront. California ili ndi pafupifupi 40 zapansi, ndipo kulinso kwa opanga zida zazikulu. Akuluakulu kawirikawiri amakhala osakhazikika, kotero malo ogulitsa, malo odyera, ogulitsa, kukonza magalimoto, hotelo ndi mabizinesi ena akuyenda bwino. Anthu wamba amapeza ntchito pamaziko. Malo otsekedwa, osasinthika nthawi zina amakhala zokopa alendo, monga malo osayembekezeka kwambiri patchuthi, Hanford Nuclear Reservation.
DoD ili ndi makontrakitala achindunji ndi zopereka ndi maboma aboma ndi am'deralo. Izi ndi zama projekiti ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza ndalama zambiri zothandizira National Guard. Ankhondo Ankhondo amasunga mabowo osambira ndi mapaki, ndipo apolisi amapeza mgwirizano pa Bearcats. Mapulogalamu a JROTC m'dziko lonselo amapereka ndalama zothandizira masukulu aboma, komanso zochulukirapo kwa omwe ali masukulu aboma ankhondo; asanu ndi mmodzi ali ku Chicago.
Maboma adziko, maboma ndi am'deralo aphimbidwa bwino ndi "bulangete lopanda chitetezo;" gawo lopanda phindu silinyalanyazidwa. Komabe, ili ndi gulu laling'ono kwambiri la mabungwe odana ndi nkhondo, monga Iraq Veterans Against War, Veterans for Peace, World Beyond War, Peace Action, Union of Concerned Scientists, Center for International Policy, Catholic Worker, Answer Coalition, ndi ena. Komabe mosiyana ndi nthawi ya nkhondo ya Vietnam palibe gulu lolankhula la atsogoleri achipembedzo omwe akutsutsa nkhondo, ndipo ophunzira ochepa omwe ali ndi ndale amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nkhani zina.
Mabungwe osapindula ndi mabungwe amakhudzidwa m'njira zingapo. Ena mwachiwonekere ndi anzawo a MIC: Anyamata ndi Atsikana Scouts, Red Cross, mabungwe othandizira akale, akasinja oganiza zankhondo monga RAND ndi Institute for Defense Analysis, mabungwe oganiza ngati American Enterprise Institute, Atlantic Council, ndi mbiri ya US world projection, Council on Foreign Relations. Palinso mayiko ambiri omwe si aboma mabungwe zomwe zimathandiza boma la United States popereka chithandizo cha "chifundo", kuimba nyimbo zotamanda chuma cha msika, kapena kuyesa kukonza "chikole" chomwe chinawonongeka m'mayiko ndi anthu, mwachitsanzo, Mercy Corps, Open Society Institutes, ndi CARE.
Mabungwe ophunzirira m'magawo onse amaphatikizidwa ndi asitikali. The sukulu za usilikali zikuphatikizapo maphunziro a utumiki, National Defense University, Army War College, Naval War College, Air Force Institute of Technology, Air University, Defense Acquisition University, Defense Language Institute, Naval Postgraduate School, Defense Information School, sukulu zachipatala, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, ndi Sukulu yodziwika bwino ya ku America ku Fort Benning, GA, yomwe tsopano idatchedwa Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation. "Kuphatikiza apo, Makoleji Akuluakulu Ankhondo amapereka maphunziro apamwamba ophatikizana ndi maphunziro ankhondo. Ma SMC akuphatikiza Texas A&M University, Norwich University, The Virginia Military Institute, The Citadel, Virginia Polytechnic Institute ndi State University (Virginia Tech), University of North Georgia ndi Mary Baldwin Women's Institute for Leadership.
Yunivesite siyenera kukhala yapadera kuti ikhale gawo la MIC. Ambiri ali otanganidwa ndi makontrakitala, mapulogalamu a ROTC, ndi/kapena akuluakulu ankhondo ndi makontrakitala pamagulu awo a trasti. A phunziro mwa mayunivesite 100 omwe ali ndi zida zambiri akuphatikizapo mabungwe otchuka, komanso mphero za dipuloma zomwe zimatulutsa ogwira ntchito ku mabungwe azidziwitso zankhondo ndi makontrakitala.
Maziko akuluakulu omasuka akhala kale "Sinews of Empire," kuchita ntchito zobisika komanso zowonekera kuti zithandizire kukwaniritsidwa kwa ufumu. Akhala abwenzi apamtima a Central Intelligence Agency, ndipo anali ofunikira pakuyambitsa kwawo. Maziko omwe adapangidwa ndikuthandizira Council on Foreign Relations akhala akulumikizana pakati pa Wall Street, mabungwe akulu, maphunziro, atolankhani, komanso opanga mfundo zakunja ndi zankhondo.
Zosadziwikiratu ndi kugwirizana kwa usilikali kwa mabungwe othandiza anthu, chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, chilengedwe, ndi akatswiri. Amalumikizidwa kudzera muzopereka; mapulogalamu ogwirizana; kuthandizira zochitika, ziwonetsero, ndi makonsati; mphoto (njira zonse ziwiri); ndalama; matabwa a otsogolera; akuluakulu apamwamba; ndi makontrakitala. Zomwe zili pano zikukhudza pafupifupi zaka makumi awiri zapitazi, ndikulongosola zifukwa za chithandizo chodabwitsa (malinga ndi zisankho) zomwe nzika za US zapereka pa asilikali athu, bajeti yake, ndi ntchito zake.
Mphatso za kontrakitala wankhondo zinali nkhani ya malipoti am'mbuyomu, mu 2006 ndi 2016. Mtundu uliwonse wosapindula (komanso masukulu aboma ndi mayunivesite) adalandira chithandizo kuchokera kwa opanga zida zazikulu; zopeza zina zinali zabwino. Mabungwe ang'onoang'ono anali ophunzitsidwa bwino kwambiri. Kwa zaka zambiri panali thandizo lofunika kwambiri la National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) kuchokera ku Lockheed; Boeing adaperekanso ndalama ku Congressional Black Caucus. Purezidenti wakale ndi CEO wa NAACP, Bruce Gordon, tsopano ali pa Board of Trustees ya Northrop Grumman.
General Electric ndiye wopereka usilikali wowolowa manja kwambiri, yemwe amapereka ndalama mwachindunji kumabungwe ndi mabungwe a maphunziro, mgwirizano ndi onse awiri, ndi zopereka zofanana zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi antchito zikwizikwi. Yotsirizirayi imafikira mabungwe ambiri omwe si aboma ndi maphunziro m'dziko lonselo.
Othandizira akuluakulu ku Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (omwe adalembedwa mu Lipoti Lapachaka la 2016) akuphatikizapo Defense Intelligence Agency, Cisco Systems, Open Society Foundations, US Department of Defense, General Electric, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, ndi Lockheed Martin. Uku ndi kufananiza kwa mgwirizano wankhondo wa CEIP womwe udanenedwa m'buku la Horace Coon lazaka za m'ma 1930, Ndalama Zowotcha.
DoD palokha imapereka katundu wochuluka kumabungwe; mwa oyenerera ndi Big Brothers/Big Sisters, Boys and Girls Clubs, Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, Little League Baseball, ndi United Service Organizations. Dongosolo la Denton limalola mabungwe omwe si aboma kugwiritsa ntchito malo owonjezera pandege zonyamula zankhondo zaku US kunyamula zida zothandizira anthu.
Pali unyinji wa mapulogalamu ogwirizana ndi zothandizira. Pano pali chitsanzo chaching'ono.
Bungwe la American Association of University Women's National Tech Savvy Programme limalimbikitsa atsikana kulowa ntchito za STEM (Sayansi, Technology, Engineering ndi Masamu), mothandizidwa ndi Lockheed, BAE Systems, ndi Boeing. Junior Achievement, mothandizidwa ndi Bechtel, United Technologies, ndi ena, cholinga chake ndi kuphunzitsa ana muzachuma komanso zamalonda. Wolf Trap Foundation for the Performing Arts imagwirizana ndi Northrop Grumman pa "ndondomeko yaubwana ya STEM 'Learning through the Arts' kwa ophunzira a pre-K ndi sukulu ya kindergarten." Bechtel Foundation ili ndi mapulogalamu awiri a "California yokhazikika" - pulogalamu yamaphunziro yothandiza "achinyamata kukhala ndi chidziwitso, luso, ndi makhalidwe kuti afufuze ndi kumvetsa dziko lapansi," komanso pulogalamu ya chilengedwe yolimbikitsa "kuwongolera, kuyang'anira ndi kusunga. za zinthu zachilengedwe za boma.”
Chithunzi cha NAACP ACT-SO ndi "pulogalamu yolemeretsa ya chaka chonse yokonzedwa kuti ilembetse anthu, kulimbikitsa, ndi kulimbikitsa kuchita bwino m'maphunziro ndi chikhalidwe pakati pa ophunzira aku sekondale aku Africa-America," mothandizidwa ndi Lockheed Martin ndi Northrop Grumman et al. Opambana m'dzikolo amalandira mphotho zandalama kuchokera kumakampani akuluakulu, maphunziro a koleji, ma internship, ndi maphunziro ophunzirira - m'makampani ankhondo.
M’zaka zaposachedwapa opanga zida akhala okonda kwambiri zachilengedwe. Lockheed anali wothandizira wa US Chamber of Commerce Foundation Sustainability Forum ku 2013. Northrop Grumman amathandizira Keep America Beautiful, National Public Lands Day, ndi mgwirizano ndi Conservation International ndi Arbor Day Foundation (pobwezeretsa nkhalango). United Technologies ndi omwe adayambitsa bungwe la US Green Building Council Center for Green Schools, komanso wopanga nawo bungwe la Sustainable Cities Design Academy. Tree Musketeers ndi bungwe lapadziko lonse la achinyamata zachilengedwe logwirizana ndi Northrop Grumman ndi Boeing.
Mphotho imapita njira zonse ziwiri: mafakitale amapereka mphotho kwa osapindula, komanso mphotho zopanda phindu kwa mafakitale ankhondo ndi anthu. United Technologies, chifukwa cha zoyesayesa zake pothana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, inali pamndandanda wa Climate A wa Project Kuwulura Zanyengo. The Corporate Responsibility Association adapatsa Lockheed malo 8 mu 2016 pamndandanda wake wa 100 Best Corporate Citizens. Mfundo za Kuwala zinaphatikizapo General Electric ndi Raytheon pamndandanda wake wa 2014 wa 50 Most Community-Minded Companies ku America. Harold Koh, loya yemwe monga mlangizi wa Obama adateteza kumenyedwa kwa drone ndi kulowererapo ku Libya, posachedwapa adapatsidwa udindo wapamwamba wochezera pulofesa ndi Phi Beta Kappa. Mu 2017, Hispanic Association on Corporate Responsibility idazindikira 34 Young Hispanic Corporate Achievers; 3 anali oyang'anira makampani opanga zida. Elizabeth Amato, wamkulu ku United Technologies, adalandira Mphotho ya YWCA Women Achievers Award.
Ngakhale kufufuzidwa movutikira kudzera mu fomu yamisonkho ya 990s, ndizovuta kupeza zomwe mabungwe amabikira. Ambiri ali ndi mphamvu; mu 2006, American Friends Service Committee inali ndi $3.5 miliyoni Ndalama kuchokera ku ndalama. Bungwe la Human Rights Watch linanena kuti ndalama zokwana madola 3.5 miliyoni zomwe zapeza pa msonkho wa 2015 990, ndi ndalama zoposa $ 107 miliyoni mu ndalama zothandizira.
Mmodzi mwamafukufuku ochepa a mfundo zopanda phindu (zolemba Commonfund mu 2012) adapeza kuti 17% yokha ya maziko adagwiritsa ntchito njira za chilengedwe, chikhalidwe, ndi utsogoleri (ESG) poyika ndalama zawo. ESG ikuwoneka kuti yalowa m'malo mwa "kuika ndalama mwanzeru (SRI)" m'mawu azachuma, ndipo ili ndi njira yosiyana. Choletsa chofala kwambiri ndikupewa makampani omwe akuchita bizinesi m'madera omwe ali ndi vuto la mikangano; chotsatira chikukhudzana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndi mpweya wa carbon; kusiyana kwa ogwira ntchito kulinso kofunikira. Kafukufuku wa Commonfund wa mabungwe othandizira, mabungwe othandizira anthu ndi chikhalidwe chawo adanena kuti 70% ya zitsanzo zawo sizinaganizirepo za ESG mu ndondomeko zawo zachuma. Ngakhale 61% ya mabungwe azipembedzo adagwiritsa ntchito njira za ESG, 16% yokha ya mabungwe othandizira anthu ndi 3% ya mabungwe azikhalidwe adachita.
Makampani opanga zida satchulidwa konse m'malipoti awa. Mabungwe achipembedzo nthawi zina amagwiritsabe ntchito zowonetsera ndalama za SRI, koma zofala kwambiri zinali mowa, njuga, zolaula, ndi fodya. Bungwe la Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility, gwero la mipingo, limalemba zinthu pafupifupi 30 zomwe zikuyenera kuganiziridwa popanga ndalama, kuphatikiza chipukuta misozi, kusintha kwanyengo, ndi vuto la opioid, koma palibe chokhudza zida kapena nkhondo. Upangiri wa United Church (UCC), yemwe ndi mpainiya wa ndondomeko zoyendetsera ndalama za SRI, akuphatikiza chinsalu: makampani okhawo ayenera kusankhidwa omwe ali ndi ndalama zosachepera 10% kuchokera ku mowa kapena njuga, 1% kuchokera ku fodya, 10% kuchokera ku zida wamba ndi 5% kuchokera ku zida za nyukiliya.
Art Institute of Chicago ikunena patsamba lawo kuti "[pokhala ndiudindo wodalirika wochulukitsa phindu pazachuma mogwirizana ndi ziwopsezo zoyenera, Art Institute ilibe ndi malingaliro amphamvu oletsa kuthawa pazifukwa zachikhalidwe, zamakhalidwe, kapena ndale." Olembedwa ngati oyanjana nawo ndi Honeywell International, ndipo wopindulitsa kwambiri ndi Crown Family (General Dynamics), yomwe posachedwapa yapereka ndalama zokwana $2 miliyoni za Uprofesa mu Painting and Drawing.
Mabungwe osapindula (komanso anthu ndi ndalama zapenshoni zamagulu onse) ali ndi ndalama zambiri m'makampani azachuma monga State Street, Vanguard, BlackRock, Fidelity, CREF, ndi ena, zojambulajambula olemera m'mafakitale ankhondo. Izi zikuphatikizanso makampani azaukadaulo azidziwitso, omwe, ngakhale nthawi zambiri amawonedwa ngati "oyang'anira anthu," ali m'gulu la makontrakitala akuluakulu a DoD.
M'zaka zaposachedwa mabungwe ndi mabungwe ena akuluakulu osapindula, monga mayunivesite, akonda ndalama za hedge funds, real estates, derivatives, ndi private equity. Carnegie Endowment, "yowonekera" kuposa ambiri, imalemba ndalama zoterezi pa fomu yake ya msonkho ya 2015 990 (Ndandanda D Gawo VII). Ndizokayikitsa kuti Lockheed, Boeing, et al, ali m'gulu la ngongole zomwe zikuvutitsidwa, ndiye kuti mabungwewa atha kukhala opanda zida. Komabe, ambiri aiwo ali ndi kulumikizana kolimba ku MIC kudzera mu zopereka, utsogoleri, ndi/kapena makontrakitala.
Kugwirizana kwambiri ndi asitikali pakati pa mamembala osachita phindu ndi oyang'anira kumagwira ntchito kuti zisatchule zochitika zotsutsana ndi nkhondo komanso mawu. Aspen Institute ndi thanki yoganiza yomwe ili ndi akatswiri okhalamo, komanso mfundo yokumana ndi olimbikitsa, monga atsogoleri ammudzi odana ndi umphawi. Board of Trustees imatsogozedwa ndi James Crown, yemwenso ndi director of General Dynamics. Ena mwa mamembala a bungweli ndi Madeleine Albright, Condoleezza Rice, Javier Solana (mlembi wamkulu wakale wa NATO), komanso yemwe kale anali Congresswoman Jane Harman. Harman "analandira Mendulo ya Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo ku Utumiki Wolemekezeka mu 1998, CIA Seal Medal mu 2007, ndi Mphotho ya Mtsogoleri wa CIA ndi National Intelligence Distinguished Public Service Medal mu 2011. Pano ndi membala wa Director of National Intelligence's Senior Advisory Group. , Trilateral Commission ndi Council on Foreign Relations.” Ma Trustees a Aspen nthawi zonse akuphatikizapo Lester Crown ndi Henry Kissinger.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, bungwe la matrasti la Carnegie Corporation linaphatikizapo Condoleezza Rice ndi General Lloyd Austin III (Ret.), Mtsogoleri wa CENTCOM, mtsogoleri pa kuukira kwa 2003 ku Iraq, komanso membala wa bungwe la United Technologies. Purezidenti wakale wa Physicians for Peace (osati gulu lodziwika bwino lomwe) ndi Admiral wakumbuyo Harold Bernsen, yemwe kale anali Mtsogoleri wa US Middle East Force osati dokotala.
TIAA, thumba lapuma pantchito la aphunzitsi aku koleji, linali ndi CEO kuyambira 1993-2002, John H. Biggs, yemwe anali mtsogoleri wa Boeing. TIAA's board of directors apano akuphatikiza mnzake wa kampani yayikulu yofufuza zankhondo, MITER Corporations, ndi mamembala angapo a Council on Foreign Relations. Wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wamkulu, Rahul Merchant, pakali pano ndi wotsogolera pamakampani awiri odziwa zambiri omwe ali ndi mapangano akuluakulu ankhondo: Juniper Networks ndi AASKI.
Wothandizira wamkulu wa American Association of Retired Persons kuyambira 2002-2007, Chris Hansen, adagwirapo ntchito ku Boeing. Wachiwiri kwa VP of communications ku Northrop Grumman, Lisa Davis, adagwira udindowu ku AARP kuyambira 1996-2005.
Mamembala a board ndi ma CEO a mabungwe akuluakulu a zida zankhondo amagwira ntchito m'mabungwe azinthu zambiri zopanda phindu. Kungowonetsa kuchuluka kwake, izi zikuphatikiza National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, Newman's Own Foundation, New York Public Library, Carnegie Hall Society, Conservation International, Wolf Trap Foundation, WGBH, Boy Scouts, Newport Festival Foundation, Toys for Tots, mabungwe a STEM. , Catalyst, National Science Center, US Institute of Peace, ndi maziko ambiri ndi mayunivesite.
DoD imalimbikitsa kulembedwa ntchito kwa asitikali opuma pantchito ngati mamembala a board kapena ma CEO a zopanda phindu, ndipo mabungwe angapo ndi mapulogalamu a digiri amapititsa patsogolo kusinthaku. Brigadier General Eden Murrie (Ret.) wa US Air Force tsopano ndi Director of Government Transformation and Agency Partnerships pa nonprofit Partnership for Public Service. Akunena kuti "[F]atsogoleri ankhondo am'mbuyomu ali ndi utsogoleri wachindunji ndipo amabweretsa talente ndi kukhulupirika zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'bungwe lopanda phindu. . .” Poganizira msinkhu wopuma pantchito, asilikali omwe kale anali ankhondo (ndi osungitsa chitetezo) ndi oyenerera mwachibadwa kukhala ndi maudindo m'maboma a federal, maboma, maboma, masukulu, osapindula, ndi ntchito zongodzipereka; ambiri ali m’malo amenewo.
Mwina maubale odekha kwambiri pansi pa bulangeti lopanda chitetezo ndi kuchuluka kwa mapangano ndikupereka ma tender ku dipatimenti ya chitetezo kudziko lopanda phindu. Malipoti azachuma a DoD amadziwika kuti ndi olakwika, ndipo panali maakaunti osemphana pakati ndi mkati mwa nkhokwe zapaintaneti. Komabe, ngakhale chithunzi chosamveka bwino chimapereka lingaliro labwino la kuya ndi kukula kwa chithunzicho.
Kuchokera ku Lipoti lawo Lapachaka la 2016: "The Nature Conservancy ndi bungwe lomwe limasamalira anthu ndi malo, ndipo limayang'ana mipata yothandizana nawo. Iwo sali andale. Tikufuna mabungwe omwe si aboma ngati TNC kuti athandizire kulimbikitsa nzika zathu. Iwo ali pansi. Amamvetsetsa anthu, ndale, mgwirizano. Tikufuna magulu ngati TNC kuti apereke ndalama zomwe mabungwe aboma sangathe kuchita. Mamie Parker, Mtsogoleri Wachiwiri Wothandizira, US Fish and Wildlife Service ndi Arkansas Trustee, The Nature Conservancy.
Pakati pa zothandizira zomwe zikupita njira ina ndi mapangano 44 a DoD ndi TNC okwana mamiliyoni angapo kwa zaka 2008-2018 (USA). Izi ndi za mautumiki monga Prairie Habitat Reforestation, $100,000, ndi Runway and Biosecurity upkeep ku Palmyra Atoll, HI, $82,000 (USA). Kwa zaka za 2000-2016, GCW imalemba ndalama zokwana $5,500,000 m'makontrakitala a DoD a TNC.
Ndalama zoperekedwa ku TNC pama projekiti apadera, osasiyana kwambiri ndi makontrakitala, zinali zazikulu kwambiri. Iliyonse yalembedwa padera (USA); kuwerengetsa movutikira kwa chiwonkhetsocho kunali kopitilira $150 miliyoni. Ndalama imodzi yokwana madola 55 miliyoni inali ya "Army compatible use buffer (acubs) pafupi ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa asilikali a Fort Benning." Ndalama zofananira, zazikulu kwambiri, $14 miliyoni, zinali zautumikiwu m'malo ena. Chinanso chinali chokhazikitsa dongosolo loyang'anira gulu lankhondo la Fort Benning. Chophatikizidwa m'mafotokozedwe a zoperekazi chinali chidziwitso: "Thandizani maboma ndi maboma kuti achepetse kapena kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito nthaka kosagwirizana ndi anthu wamba / zochitika zomwe zitha kusokoneza kupitiliza kwa ntchito yoyika zida zankhondo za Department of Defense (DoD). Othandizira ndi maboma omwe akutenga nawo mbali akuyembekezeka kutengera ndikugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro a kafukufukuyu. ”
Fomu 990 ya TNC ya 2017 imati ndalama zomwe amapeza ndi $ 21 miliyoni. Inanenanso za thandizo la boma la $ 108.5 miliyoni, ndi makontrakitala aboma $9 miliyoni. Izi zingaphatikizepo ndalama zochokera m'boma ndi m'deralo komanso m'madipatimenti onse aboma. Dipatimenti ya Zam'kati, yomwe imayang'anira madera akuluakulu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pophulitsa mabomba komanso masewera ankhondo ankhondo, ndi wothandizira wina wa TNC.
Mabungwe ena azachilengedwe omwe amathandizidwa ndi mapangano a DoD ndi National Audubon Society ($945,000 kwa zaka 6, GCW), ndi Point Reyes Bird Observatory ($145,000, zaka 6, GCW). USA ikupereka lipoti ndi Stichting Deltares, bungwe lofufuza za m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Dutch, $550,000 mu 2016, thandizo ku San Diego Zoo la $367,000, ndi Institute for Wildlife Studies, $1.3 miliyoni poyang'anira kuphulika.
Goodwill Industries (kuphunzitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito olumala, omwe kale anali olakwa, omenyera nkhondo, ndi anthu opanda pokhala) ndi womanga wamkulu wankhondo. Bungwe lililonse ndi bungwe losiyana, kutengera dera kapena dera, ndipo chiphaso chonse chili mu mabiliyoni. Mwachitsanzo, kwa 2000-2016 (GCW), Goodwill yaku South Florida inali ndi $ 434 miliyoni ndi Southeastern Wisconsin $ 906 miliyoni mumakontrakiti. Katundu ndi ntchito zomwe zimaperekedwa zikuphatikiza chakudya ndi mayendedwe, kukonza zolemba, mathalauza ankhondo, kusunga, chitetezo, kutchetcha, ndi kubwezeretsanso. Mabungwe ofanana ndi omwe amagwira ntchito ku DoD akuphatikizapo Jewish Vocational Service ndi Community Workshop, ntchito zosamalira, $ 12 miliyoni pazaka 5; Lighthouse for the Blind, $4.5 miliyoni, zida zoyeretsera madzi; Luso Loyamba; National Institute for the Blind; Kunyada Makampani; ndi Melwood Horticultural Training Center.
DoD sichimapewa ntchito za Federal Prison Industries, zomwe zimagulitsa mipando ndi zinthu zina. Bungwe la boma (ndipo osati lopanda phindu), linali ndi theka la biliyoni pakugulitsa ku madipatimenti onse a federal mu 2016. Ntchito za ndende, Goodwill Industries ndi mabizinesi ena otetezedwa, pamodzi ndi phindu lolemba antchito othawa kwawo, achinyamata, opuma pantchito, ndi ogwira ntchito osamukira kumayiko ena (omwe amalima chakudya chankhondo ndi tonsefe), amawulula momwe gulu la ogwira ntchito aku US likukula, komanso kufotokozera chifukwa chosowa chidwi chofuna kusintha, kapenanso kusagwirizana pang'ono ndi dongosolo la chikapitalist.
Ogwira ntchito omwe amalipidwa bwino, komanso osiyanasiyana (kuphatikiza akuluakulu) opanga zida zazikulu nawonso sakufuna kumanga zotchingira zamatabwa. Mabungwe oyang'anira m'mafakitalewa akulandira anthu ochepa komanso amayi. Akuluakulu a Lockheed ndi General Dynamics ndi azimayi, monganso Chief Operating Officer wa Northrop Grumman. Nkhani zopambanazi zimalimbitsa zokhumba za anthu omwe alibe, m'malo mokayikira dongosolo.
Makontrakitala ndi mayunivesite, zipatala, ndi zipatala ndi ochulukira tsatanetsatane apa; imodzi yomwe ikuwonetsa kutalika kwa bulangeti ndi Oxford University, $800,000 pakufufuza zamankhwala. Mayanjano a akatswiri okhala ndi mapangano ofunikira akuphatikizapo Institute of International Education, American Council on Education, American Association of State Colleges and Universities, National Academy of Sciences, Society of Women Engineers, American Indian Science and Engineering Society, American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, Society of Mexican-American Engineers, ndi US Green Building Council. Council of State Governments (bungwe lopanda phindu la akuluakulu a boma) lidalandira mgwirizano wa $193,000 wa ntchito "yokonzekera". Tiyeni tiyembekezere kuti takonzekera bwino.
Atsogoleri, ogwira ntchito, mamembala, opereka ndalama, ndi odzipereka a mabungwe osapindula ndi mtundu wa anthu omwe angakhale olimbikitsa mtendere, komabe ambiri amangokhala chete pansi pa bulangeti lalikulu lakusatetezeka.
Kuphatikiza pa onse omwe apindule mwachindunji ndi osalunjika pagulu lankhondo, anthu ambiri omwe alibe kulumikizana amasangalalabe. Akhala akuuzidwa zabodza zosalekeza za asilikali ndi nkhondo zake zochokera ku boma, makina osindikizira mabuku ndi a digito, TV, mafilimu, mapulogalamu a masewera, ziwonetsero, ndi masewera a pakompyuta—otsatirawa amaphunzitsa ana kuti kupha n’kosangalatsa.
The indoctrination amapita pansi mosavuta. Yakhala ndi chiyambi m’dongosolo la maphunziro limene limalemekeza mbiri yachiwawa ya mtunduwo. Masukulu athu ali odzaza ndi maphunziro apanyumba, mapulogalamu a STEM, ndi magulu osangalatsa a robotics omwe amachitidwa ndi ogwira ntchito opanga zida. Ana aang'ono sangamvetsetse kugwirizana konse, koma amakonda kukumbukira logos. Mapulogalamu a JROTC, opatsa zankhondo, amalembetsa ana ochulukirapo kuposa omwe adzakhale maofesala amtsogolo. Zoyeserera zolipiridwa bwino kwambiri zolembera anthu ntchito m'masukulu zimaphatikizanso "zosangalatsa" zoyeserera zankhondo.
Pali gulu lothandizira padziko lonse lapansi lomwe limaphatikizapo NATO, mapangano ena, maunduna achitetezo, mafakitale ankhondo akunja, ndi maziko, koma iyi ndi nkhani ya tsiku lina.
Mamiliyoni omwe atetezedwa pansi pa bulangeti yathu yokhuthala komanso yotakata, kuphatikiza olembetsa omwe ali pansi pa gawo lovuta kwambiri, alibe mlandu. Anthu ena angasangalale ndi lingaliro la imfa ndi chiwonongeko. Komabe, ambiri akungoyesa kupeza zofunika pamoyo, kusunga gulu lawo kapena lamba wa dzimbiri, kapena kulandiridwa kukhala kampani yaulemu. Angakonde ntchito yolimbikitsa kapena ndalama zochokera kuzinthu zabwino. Komabe ambiri adaphunzitsidwa kuti akhulupirire kuti zankhondo ndi zachilendo komanso zofunika. Kwa iwo omwe amawona kusintha kukhala kofunikira ngati moyo padziko lapansi lino uli ndi mwayi wokhala ndi moyo, ndikofunikira kuti muwone njira zonse zomwe gulu lankhondo-mafakitale-limodzi-pafupifupi zonse-zovuta zikupitilizidwa.
"Economy yaulere" ndi nthano. Kuphatikiza pa gawo lalikulu lopanda phindu (lomwe si la msika), kulowererapo kwa boma ndikofunikira, osati m'magulu ankhondo akulu okha, koma muulimi, maphunziro, chisamaliro chaumoyo, zomangamanga, chitukuko chachuma (!), Et al. Kwa mabiliyoni omwewo tingakhale ndi chuma cha dziko chomwe chimakonza chilengedwe, chimapereka mulingo wabwino wa moyo ndi mwayi wachikhalidwe kwa onse, ndikugwirira ntchito mtendere padziko lapansi.
Joan Roelofs ndi Pulofesa Emerita wa Political Science, Keene State College, New Hampshire. Iye ndi mlembi wa Maziko ndi Mfundo Zazikulu: Chigoba cha Pluralism (SUNY Press, 2003) ndi Greening Cities (Rowman ndi Littlefield, 1996). Iye ndi womasulira wa Victor considerant's Mfundo za Socialism (Maisonneuve Press, 2006), komanso ndi Shawn P. Wilbur, wa zongopeka zotsutsana ndi nkhondo za Charles Fourier, The Nkhondo Yapadziko Lonse ya Zakudya Zing'onozing'ono (Autonomedia, 2015). Maphunziro afupipafupi okhudza zamagulu ankhondo ali patsamba lake, ndipo atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazifukwa zofanana.
Webusaiti: www.joanroelofs.wordpress.com Contact: joan.roelofs@myfairpoint.net
