November

November 1
November 2
November 3
November 4
November 5
November 6
November 7
November 8
November 9
November 10
November 11
November 12
November 13
November 14
November 15
November 16
November 17
November 18
November 19
November 20
November 21
November 22
November 23
November 24
November 25
November 26
November 27
November 28
November 29
November 30
November 31

November 1. Patsiku lino mu 1961 a Women Strike for Peace ku United States ndiwo ntchito yayikulu yowonetsera mtendere kwa akazi mpaka lero. "Tidakhalapo pa Novembala 1, 1961," adatero membala, "monga chiwonetsero chotsutsana ndi kuyesa kwa zida za nyukiliya kochokera ku US ndi Soviet Union zomwe zikuwopseza mpweya ndi chakudya cha ana athu." Chaka chimenecho, azimayi 100,000 ochokera m'mizinda 60 adatuluka m'makhitchini ndi ntchito kukafuna: KUTHETSA MPHAMVU YA MANKHWALA - OSATI MPHAMVU YA ANTHU, ndipo WSP idabadwa. Gulu linalimbikitsa kulanda zida pophunzitsa za kuopsa kwa kuyesa kwa radiation ndi kuyesa kwa zida za nyukiliya. Mamembala ake adalimbikitsa Congress, adatsutsa malo oyesera zida za nyukiliya ku Las Vegas, ndipo adatenga nawo gawo pamsonkhano wa UN Disarmament Conferences ku Geneva. Ngakhale azimayi 20 ochokera mgululi adaponyedwa m'zaka za m'ma 1960 ndi House Un-American Activities Committee, adathandizira kupititsa Pangano Loyesa Bwino mu 1963. Kutsutsa kwawo nkhondo yankhondo yaku Vietnam kunapangitsa kuti amayi 1,200 ochokera kumayiko 14 a NATO agwirizane nawo ku La Haye powonetsera motsutsana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Multilateral Nuclear Fleet. Anayambanso kukumana ndi azimayi aku Vietnamese kuti akonze kulumikizana pakati pa POWs ndi mabanja awo. Adatsutsa kulowererapo kwa US ku Central America, komanso zankhondo, ndikutsutsa zida zatsopano zankhondo. Kampeni ya Nuclear Freeze ya ma 1980 idathandizidwa ndi WPS, ndipo adalumikizana ndi Prime Minister aku Netherlands ndi Belgium, kuwalimbikitsa kuti akane zida zonse zankhondo zaku US ndikuphatikizanso kufotokoza kwa Purezidenti Regan "Ndondomeko Yowongolera Chitetezo," ndondomeko yomenyera nkhondo , akupulumuka, ndikuganiza kuti apambana nkhondo yankhondo.

November 2. Patsikuli mu 1982 bungwe la nyukiliya la nyukiliya linaperekedwa m'mayiko asanu ndi anai a ku America omwe amapanga gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a chisankho cha US. Inali referendum yayikulu kwambiri pamutu umodzi ku US, ndipo cholinga chake chinali choti mgwirizano pakati pa United States ndi Soviet Union uimitse kuyesa, kupanga, ndi kutumiza zida za nyukiliya. Otsutsa zaka zapitazo anali atayamba kulinganiza zoyeserera ndi kuphunzitsa anthu ku United States. Mwambi wa kampeni idali "Ganizani padziko lonse lapansi; khalani m'dera lanu. ” Mabungwe monga Union of Concerned Scientists ndi Ground Zero movement adafalitsa zopempha, adachita zokambirana, ndikuwonetsa makanema. Adapereka zofalitsa zokhudza mpikisano wamagulu a zida za nyukiliya ndikupanga malingaliro omwe adapita nawo kumatauni, mizinda, ndi nyumba zamalamulo ku United Stares. Chaka chimodzi pambuyo pa chisankho cha referendum cha 1982, malingaliro omwe amathandizira kuti zida za zida za nyukiliya zizigwiridwa anali ataperekedwa ndi makhonsolo a 370, makhonsolo a 71, komanso nyumba imodzi kapena ziwiri zamalamulo aboma a 23. Liti lingaliro la Nuclear Freeze litaperekedwa kuboma la US ndi Soviet ku United Nations, idasainira 2,300,000. Sanathandizidwe ndi oyang'anira a Purezidenti Ronald Reagan, omwe amawawona ngati tsoka. Otsutsawo adapusitsidwa, atero a White House, ndi "anthu ochepa achinyengo omwe adalangizidwa kuchokera ku Moscow." White House idakhazikitsa kampeni yolumikizana ndi anthu yotsutsana ndi referendum ya Freeze. Reagan adati a Freeze "angapangitse dziko lino kukhala pachiwopsezo chazida zakunyukiliya." Ngakhale panali chitsutso champhamvu, gululi lidapitilizabe kwa zaka zambiri pambuyo pa 1982 ndipo lidathandizira pakuwonjezera zida zazikulu ndikupulumutsira moyo padziko lapansi mu Cold War.

November 3. Pa tsiku lino mu 1950 bungwe la UN Uniting for Peace linaperekedwa ndi bungwe la UN General Assembly ku Flushing Meadows, NY. Chigamulochi, 377A, chikusonyeza udindo wa bungwe la United Nations, pansi pa Chikhazikitso chake, kukhala ndi mtendere ndi chitetezo padziko lonse. Izi zimapangitsa General Assembly kuganizira zinthu zomwe Security Council silingathetsere vuto. Pali mamembala a 193 a UN, ndi mamembala a 15 a Msonkhano. Chisankho chikhoza kukhazikitsidwa ndi voti mu Security Council, kapena ndi pempho la ambiri a UN Members kwa Secretary-General. Amatha kupanga malangizi othandizira pokhapokha "P5" kapena anthu asanu okhazikika a Security Council omwe ali: China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, ndi United States. Iwo sangathe kulepheretsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa zisankho. Malangizo angaphatikizepo kugwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo kapena kupewa. Mphamvu ya veto mkati mwa Security Council ingagonjetsedwe mwanjira imeneyi pamene imodzi ya P5 ndi nkhanza. Chigwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Hungary, Lebanon, Congo, Middle East (Palestina ndi East Jerusalem), Bangladesh, Afghanistan, ndi South Africa. Zimanenedwa kuti dongosolo la tsopano la Security Council ndi mamembala okhazikika ndi mphamvu ya veto sichisonyeza zenizeni za mkhalidwe wa dziko lino, ndipo makamaka amasiya Africa, mayiko ena akutukuka, ndi Middle East popanda mawu. Institute of Security Studies imayesetsa kukhala ndi Bungwe la Osankhidwa, kupyolera mu kusintha kwa Msonkhano wa UN ndi ambiri a mamembala a General Assembly, omwe amachotsa mipando yamuyaya.

November 4. Patsikuli mu 1946 UNESCO inakhazikitsidwa. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation ili ku Paris. Cholinga cha bungweli ndikuthandizira pamtendere ndi chitetezo polimbikitsa mgwirizano ndi zokambirana zapadziko lonse lapansi kudzera m'maphunziro, zasayansi, ndi chikhalidwe ndikukonzanso ndikuwonjezera kulemekeza chilungamo, malamulo, ndi ufulu wa anthu. Kuti akwaniritse izi, mayiko ake 193 ndi mamembala ena 11 ali ndi mapulogalamu pamaphunziro, sayansi yachilengedwe, sayansi yazachikhalidwe ndi anthu, chikhalidwe, ndi kulumikizana. UNESCO yakhala ikutsutsana, makamaka m'mayanjano ake ndi US, UK, Singapore, ndi dziko lomwe kale linali Soviet Union, makamaka chifukwa chothandizira mwamphamvu ufulu wa atolankhani komanso nkhawa zawo zachuma. United States idachoka ku UNESCO mu 1984 motsogozedwa ndi Purezidenti Reagan, ponena kuti inali nsanja ya achikomyunizimu komanso olamulira mwankhanza a Third World kuti adzaukire West. US idalumikizananso mu 2003, koma mu 2011 idadula ndalama zake ku UNESCO, ndipo mu 2017 idakhazikitsa tsiku lomaliza la 2019 kuti ichoke, mwa zina chifukwa cha UNESCO pa Israeli. UNESCO idadzudzula Israeli chifukwa cha "ziwawa" komanso "njira zosaloledwa" motsutsana ndi Asilamu kulowa m'malo awo oyera. Israeli adasokoneza ubale wawo wonse ndi bungweli. Kugwira ngati "labotale yamalingaliro," UNESCO imathandizira mayiko kutsatira miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi ndikuwongolera mapulogalamu omwe amalimbikitsa kumasuka kwa malingaliro ndi kugawana nzeru. Masomphenya a UNESCO ndikuti dongosolo lazandale komanso zachuma maboma sizokwanira kukhazikitsa demokalase, chitukuko, ndi mtendere. UNESCO ili ndi ntchito yovuta yogwira ntchito ndi mayiko omwe akhala ndi mbiri yayitali yakumenyana komanso zokonda zawo zankhondo.

November 5. Pa tsiku limeneli mu 1855 Eugene V. Debs anabadwa. Komanso pa tsiku lino, 1968 Richard Nixon anasankhidwa pulezidenti wa United States atatha kuyankhulana ndi mtendere wa Vietnam. Ili ndi tsiku labwino kuti tiganizire za omwe atsogoleri athu enieni ali. Ali ndi zaka 14, Eugene Victor Debs adayamba kugwira ntchito njanji ndipo adakhala woyendetsa moto wanyumba. Adathandizira kukonza Gulu la Abale Ozimitsa Moto a Locomotive. Wokamba nkhani wogwira mtima komanso wowoneka bwino, anali membala wa nyumba yamalamulo ku Indiana mu 1885 ali ndi zaka 30. Adalumikiza mabungwe osiyanasiyana njanji ku American Railway Union ndipo adanyanyala ntchito kuti apeze ndalama zambiri motsutsana ndi Great Northern Railway mu 1894. Debs adawononga miyezi isanu ndi umodzi m'ndende atatsogolera kampani ya Chicago Pullman Car. Adawona gulu lazantchito ngati kulimbana pakati pa magulu, ndipo adatsogolera kukhazikitsidwa kwa Socialist Party of America komwe adasankhidwa kukhala purezidenti kasanu pakati pa 1900 ndi 1920. Adamwalira mu 1926, ali ndi zaka 71. Richard Nixon akuwoneka ngati woukira chifukwa chakuyesayesa kwake kuyimitsa zokambirana zamtendere ku Vietnam, zotsimikizika ndi ma waya a FBI komanso zolemba pamanja. Anatumiza Anna Chennault kuti akakamize anthu aku Vietnam kuti akane kuyimitsa nkhondo komwe a Lyndon Johnson omwe anali wachiwiri kwa purezidenti, a Hubert Humphrey, anali wotsutsana ndi Nixon. Nixon adaphwanya Logan Act ya 1797 yomwe imaletsa nzika zapadera kuti zisalowerere pazokambirana ndi mayiko akunja. M'zaka zinayi pakati pa chiwembucho ndi chisankho chotsatira cha purezidenti, anthu opitilira miliyoni miliyoni aku Vietnam adaphedwa, komanso mamembala a 20,000 aku US.

November 6. Ili ndi Tsiku Ladziko Lonse la Kuletsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zachilengedwe pa Nkhondo ndi Kusamvana Nkhondo. UN General General Assembly, pakupanga tsiku lino ku 2001, idayesa kuyang'ana chidwi padziko lonse pakufunika kofunikira kwambiri koteteza chilengedwe chomwe tonse timagawana nawo kuwonongedwa kwa nkhondo. Nkhondo pazaka zaposachedwa zachititsa kuti madera ambiri asakhazikike komanso achititse anthu mamiliyoni ambiri othawa kwawo. Nkhondo ndi zida zankhondo zimawononga chilengedwe pomanga ndi kuyesa zida za nyukiliya, kuphulitsa kwa ndege zam'mlengalenga, kuthamangitsa ndi kupitilirabe kwa ma landmine ndikukhala ndi maliro, kugwiritsa ntchito ndikusungidwa kwa zida zankhondo, poizoni, ndi zinyalala, komanso zochulukirapo kumwa kwa mafuta. Koma mapangano akulu azachilengedwe akuphatikizaponso kukakamiza pankhondo. Nkhondo ndikukonzekera nkhondo ndizomwe zimayambitsa zachilengedwe. Alinso dzenje lomwe madola mamiliyoni ambiri omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito popewa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ataya. Mavuto azachilengedwe akuchulukirachulukira, kuganiza zankhondo ngati chida chothanirana nawo, kuchitira anthu othawa kwawo ngati adani ankhondo, kutiwopseza ndi mayendedwe oyipa kwambiri. Kunena kuti kusintha kwanyengo kumayambitsa nkhondo kumakumananso ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu ayambitse nkhondo, ndikuti pokhapokha titaphunzira kuthana ndi mavuto osavomerezeka tidzangowonjezera mavuto. Chomwe chimayambitsa nkhondo zina ndi chidwi chofuna kuwongolera zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa dziko lapansi, makamaka mafuta ndi gasi. M'malo mwake, kuyambitsidwa kwa nkhondo ndi mayiko olemera omwe ali osauka sikugwirizana ndi kuphwanyidwa kwa ufulu wa anthu kapena kusowa kwa demokalase kapena kuwopseza uchigawenga, koma kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kukhalapo kwa mafuta.

November 7. Patsiku lino ku 1949, Constitution ya Costa Rica inaletsa gulu la asilikali. Dziko la Costa Rica, lomwe tsopano likugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zowonjezereka, ndilo kunyumba ya Khoti Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu ku America ndi UN University of Peace. Kutsatira ufulu wodziyimira pawokha kuchokera ku Mexico motsogozedwa ndi Spain, Costa Rica yalengeza ufulu wake kuchokera ku Central American Federation yomwe idagawana ndi Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, ndi El Salvador. Pambuyo pa nkhondo yapachiweniweni yachidule, lingaliro lidapangidwa kuti athetse gulu lake lankhondo, ndikuyika ndalama m'malo mwa anthu ake. Monga dziko laulimi lodziwika ndi khofi ndi koko, Costa Rica imadziwikanso ndi kukongola, chikhalidwe, nyimbo, zomangamanga zokhazikika, ukadaulo, komanso zokopa alendo. Ndondomeko yachilengedwe yadzikolo imalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa, kuchotsa mpweya mumlengalenga, ndikusunga mpaka 25% ya malo ake ngati mapaki. United Nations University of Peace idakhazikitsidwa "kuti ipatse umunthu malo apadziko lonse lapansi a maphunziro amtendere ndi cholinga cholimbikitsa pakati pa anthu onse mzimu wakumvetsetsa, kulolerana ndikukhala mwamtendere, kulimbikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa anthu ndikuthandizira kuchepetsa zopinga ndi kuopseza mtendere wapadziko lonse ndi kupita patsogolo, mogwirizana ndi zikhumbo zabwino zomwe zalengezedwa mu Charter of the United Nations. ” Mu 1987, Purezidenti waku Costa Rica a Oscar Sanchez adapatsidwa Mphotho Yamtendere ya Nobel chifukwa chomuthandiza kuthetsa nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Nicaragua. Costa Rica yalandila othawa kwawo ambiri, ndikulimbikitsa bata ku Central America konse. Pogwiritsa ntchito nzika zake maphunziro aulere, chisamaliro chaumoyo padziko lonse ndi ntchito zothandiza anthu, Costa Rica amakhala ndi moyo wabwino kwambiri. Mu 2017, National Geographic idanenanso kuti ndi "Dziko Losangalala Kwambiri Padziko Lonse Lapansi!"

November 8. Pa tsiku lino mu 1897, Dorothy Day anabadwa. Monga wolemba, wotsutsa, ndi chigwirizano, Tsiku limadziwika bwino poyambitsa Bungwe la Akatolika, komanso kulimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Anachoka ku koleji ku Illinois kuti apite ku Greenwich Village ku 1916 komwe ankakhala ndi moyo wachiheberi, ankalemba mabwenzi ambiri, ndipo analemba kwa nyuzipepala zamagulu ndi zachikhalidwe. Mu 1917, adagwirizana ndi Alice Paul ndi gulu la Women's Suffrage monga mmodzi wa "Atumwi Osalankhula" akulondolera White House. Izi zinachititsa kuti mmodzi mwa anthu amangidwa ndi kundende amatha kupirira Tsiku, komanso amayi omwe ali ndi ufulu wovota. Mbiri yake "yodalirika" inapitiriza atatha kutembenuka ku Chikatolika monga Tsiku linakankhira mpingo kuti athandizire otsutsa kukonzekera ndi nkhondo. Utsogoleri wake unatsutsana ndi mfundo zachikatolika, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti tchalitchichi chithandize anthu omwe ali ndi nkhondo komanso osowa, makamaka omwe akuvutika ndi malipiro ochepa, komanso kusowa pokhala. Atakumana ndi Peter Maurin, yemwe anali Mkhristu wachikhristu, ku 1932, adakhazikitsa nyuzipepala yolimbikitsa ziphunzitso zachikatolika zogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Zolemba izi zatsogolera ku "Kukonza Kwachilengedwe" komanso kuthandiza mpingo kuti athandize anthu osauka. Pambuyo pake mabungwe mazana awiri adakhazikitsidwa ku United States, ndi 28 m'mayiko ena. Tsiku lina ankakhala m'nyumba imodzi ya alendo ndikulimbikitsa chithandizo mwa kulemba mabuku okhudza moyo wake ndi cholinga chake. Bungwe la Akatolika linagwirizana ndi WWII, ndipo tsiku lina adagwidwa mu 1973 chifukwa chotsutsa nkhondo ku Vietnam pomwe akuthandiza United Farm Workers ku California. Moyo wake unauza anthu ambiri, kuphatikizapo Vatican. Tsiku lidayesedwa ngati lovomerezeka chifukwa cha 2000.

November 9. Patsiku lino mu 1989 Wall ya Berlin inayamba kuwonongedwa, kuwonetsera mapeto a Cold War. Ili ndi tsiku labwino kukumbukira kusintha kwachangu komwe kungabwere komanso momwe mtendere uliri. Mu 1961, khoma logawanika mzinda wa Berlin linamangidwa kuti liwononge madera a kumadzulo kwa "fascists," komanso kuti awonongeke anthu mamiliyoni ambiri ogwira ntchito ndi akatswiri achinyamata ochokera ku Communist East Germany. Njanji ndi njanji zinadulidwa, ndipo anthu analekanitsidwa ndi ntchito zawo, mabanja awo, ndi okondedwa awo. Khomali linakhala ngati Cold War pakati pa Western Allies ndi Soviet Union pambuyo pa WWII. Pamene anthu a 5,000 anatha kuthawa, panali mayesero ambiri omwe analephera. Khoma linamangidwanso zaka khumi, ndipo limalimbikitsidwa ndi makoma osiyanasiyana mpaka 15 ft. Kutalika kwambiri, kuunika kwakukulu, mipanda yamagetsi, alonda ogwiritsa ntchito nsanja, alonda, ndi minda. Alonda a East East analamulidwa kuti awombere powona aliyense akutsutsa khoma, kapena kuyesa kuthawa. Soviet Union inagonjetsedwa ndi zachuma, kusintha kwa mayiko m'mayiko monga Poland ndi Hungary anapeza, ndipo kuyesetsa kuthetsa mtendere wa Cold War kunapitirira. Mipikisano yowonjezereka yaumidzi ku Germany ndi m'madera oyandikana nawo adayesa kuyesa khoma kumbali ya kumadzulo. Erich Honecker, yemwe anali mtsogoleri wa East East, adachoka, ndipo Gunter Schabowski yemwe adamuuza kuti "kusamukira kwamuyaya" ku East Germany kunali kotheka. Anthu a ku East Germany omwe anadabwa kwambiri anafika pakhomopo pamene alonda anaima, osokonezeka ngati enawo. Zikwi zikwi zinabwereranso ku khoma, kukondwerera ufulu wawo ndi chiyanjanitso. Ambiri anayamba kuchoka pamtambo ndi nyundo, zisumbu,. . . ndi kuyembekezera kuti pasakhalenso makoma.

November 10. Patsikuli mu 1936 gulu loyamba lamtendere padziko lonse lapansi, International Voluntary Service for Peace (IVSP), linafika ku Bombay motsogozedwa ndi a Pierre Ceresole. Ceresole anali nzika zaku Switzerland zankhondo zomwe zidakana kukalipira misonkho yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida, ndipo adakhala kundende. Anakhazikitsa Service Civil International (SCI) mu 1920 kuti apereke odzipereka kumisasa yantchito yapadziko lonse m'malo omwe akhudzidwa ndi masoka achilengedwe komanso mikangano. Adayitanidwa ndi Mohandas Gandhi kuti abwere ku India, ndipo mu 1934, 1935, ndi 1936, bungweli lidagwira ntchito ku India pomanganso pambuyo pa chivomerezi cha Nepal-Bihar cha 1934. Bungweli lidakula pazaka 1945 zikubwerazi, ndipo Ceresole adamwalira mu 1948. Mu 1970, mabungwe angapo amtendere amitundu yonse adasonkhanitsidwa pansi pa utsogoleri watsopano wa United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). SCI inali pakati pawo. M'ma XNUMX a SCI adadzikonzanso mwa kukhazikitsa kusinthana kwodzipereka kwapadziko lonse. Idakwezanso kuchokera pakukhazikitsidwa pamisasa yantchito kuti iwonetse tanthauzo landale zamtendere wapadziko lonse. Kugwiritsabe ntchito anthu odzipereka masiku ano, mfundo za SCI zikuphatikiza: nkhanza, ufulu wa anthu, mgwirizano, kulemekeza chilengedwe ndi zachilengedwe, kuphatikiza anthu onse omwe ali ndi zolinga za gululi, kupatsa mphamvu anthu kuti asinthe zomwe zimakhudza miyoyo yawo, komanso Kugwira ntchito ndi omwe akuchita nawo, akumayiko, komanso mayiko ena. Magulu ogwira ntchito, mwachitsanzo, amakhazikitsidwa m'magawo a ntchito zopititsa patsogolo mayiko ndi maphunziro okhudzana ndi alendo, othawa kwawo, kusinthana kwa East-West, jenda, ulova wachinyamata, komanso chilengedwe. SCI ikupitilizabe mpaka pano, yotchedwa International Voluntary Service m'maiko ambiri olankhula Chingerezi.

November 11. Patsikuli mu 1918, nthawi ya 11 koloko pa tsiku la 11 la mwezi wa 11, Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse inatha monga mwa nthawi. Anthu aku Europe mwadzidzidzi anasiya kuwomberana mfuti. Mpaka pomwepo, anali akupha ndikutenga zipolopolo, kugwa ndikufuula, kubuula ndi kufa. Kenako anaima. Sikuti anali atatopa kapena kubwera ku malingaliro awo. Onse isanakwane komanso itadutsa 11 koloko amangotsatira zamalamulo. Pangano la Armistice lomwe linathetsa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse idakhazikitsa 11 koloko ngati nthawi yosiya, ndipo amuna 11,000 adaphedwa kapena kuvulala pakati pa kusaina kwa Armistice ndikuyamba kugwira ntchito. Koma ora lomwelo mzaka zotsatira, mphindi yakumapeto kwa nkhondo yomwe imayenera kuthetsa nkhondo zonse, mphindi yomwe idayamba chikondwerero chapadziko lonse lapansi chachisangalalo ndikubwezeretsanso mawonekedwe ena amisala, idakhala nthawi chete, kulira kwa belu, kukumbukira, ndikudzipereka kudzathetsa nkhondo zonse. Icho chinali chomwe Tsiku la Armistice linali. Sikunali kukondwerera nkhondo kapena kwa omwe amatenga nawo mbali pankhondo, koma panthawi yomwe nkhondo inali itatha. US Congress idapereka chigamulo cha Tsiku la Armistice mu 1926 chofuna "machitidwe omwe apititsa patsogolo mtendere mwamtendere komanso kumvana." Mayiko ena amalitcha kuti Tsiku lokumbukira, koma United States adalitcha Tsiku la Ankhondo mu 1954. Kwa ambiri, tsikuli silikulimbikitsanso kutha kwa nkhondo koma kuyamika nkhondo komanso kukonda dziko lako. Titha kusankha kubwezera Tsiku la Armistice ku tanthauzo lake loyambirira. ZAMBIRI ZA TSIKU LA ARMISTICE.

November 12. Patsikuli mu 1984 bungwe la United Nations linapereka Chigamulo pa Ufulu wa Anthu ku Mtendere. UN General Assembly idakhazikitsa Chikalata Chachilengedwe cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe pa Disembala 10, 1948. Unali mwala wapangodya wamalamulo a UN, ndikuti ufulu wokhala ndi moyo ndichofunikira. Koma mpaka mu 1984 pomwe Declaration on the Right of Peoples to Peace idatulukira. Limati “moyo wopanda nkhondo umakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. . . Kukhala bwino kwakuthupi, chitukuko ndi kupita patsogolo. . . komanso kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwathunthu kwa ufulu ndi ufulu wofunikira wa anthu wofotokozedwa ndi United Nations, ”kuti ndi" ntchito yopatulika "komanso" udindo waukulu "ku Boma lililonse kuti" mfundo za Boma zithandizire kuthana ndi chiwopsezo za nkhondo ”komanso“ koposa zonse, kupewa ngozi yapadziko lonse ya zida za nyukiliya. ” UN yakhala yovuta kwambiri kumanga ndikukhazikitsa izi. Ntchito zambiri zachitika m'zaka zapitazi, makamaka ndi Human Rights Council, kuti akonzenso chikalatacho, koma zosintha zonsezi zalephera kupitilira ndi anthu ambiri chifukwa mayiko anyukiliya asiya. Pa Disembala 19, 2016, mtundu wosavuta udavota 131 mokomera, 34 motsutsana, ndi 19 osadziletsa. Mu 2018, zimakanganabe. Ma Rapporteurs apadera a UN amayendera zochitika zina m'maiko osiyanasiyana kuti akafufuze milandu yakuphwanyidwa kwa ufulu wopezeka mu Universal Declaration of Human Rights, ndipo pali gulu loti lisankhe Wolemba Wapadera pa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe wa Mtendere, koma izi sizinachitike zachitika.

November 13. Patsikuli mu 1891, International Bureau Bureau inakhazikitsidwa ku Roma ndi Fredrik Bajer. Zomwe zikugwirabe ntchito, cholinga chake ndikulimbana ndi "dziko lopanda nkhondo." M'zaka zawo zoyambirira bungweli lidakwaniritsa zolinga zake monga wogwirizira mabungwe amtendere padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo mu 1910 adalandira Mphotho Yamtendere ya Nobel. Pambuyo pa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, League of Nations ndi mabungwe ena adachepetsa kufunika kwake, ndipo adaimitsa ntchito zawo pankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Mu 1959, chuma chake chidaperekedwa ku International Liaison Committee of Organisations for Peace (ILCOP). ILCOP idatcha mlembi wake waku Geneva International Peace Bureau. IPB ili ndi mabungwe mamembala 300 m'maiko 70, imagwira ntchito yolumikizana ndi mabungwe omwe akugwira ntchito zofananira, ndipo ili m'makomiti ena mkati ndi kunja kwa United Nations. Popita nthawi, mamembala angapo a IPB board alandila Mphotho Yamtendere ya Nobel. Kukonzekera kwa asitikali kumabweretsa zowononga, osati kwa iwo okha omwe akumenya nawo nkhondo, komanso pantchito yachitukuko, ndipo mapulogalamu omwe alipo pano a IPB amateteza zida zachitukuko chokhazikika. IPB imayang'ana makamaka pakukhazikitsanso ndalama zankhondo pazinthu zachitukuko ndi kuteteza zachilengedwe. International Peace Bureau ikuyembekeza kuwononga chithandizo chamayiko onse, ikuthandizira ntchito zingapo zankhondo, kuphatikiza zida zanyukiliya, ndikupereka chidziwitso pamiyeso yazachuma yazankhondo ndi mikangano. IPB idakhazikitsa Global Day of Action on Spend Spongement mu 2011, ikugwira ntchito yochepetsera kukhudzidwa ndi kugulitsa zida zazing'ono, mabomba okwirira pansi, zida zamagulu, komanso kutha kwa uranium, makamaka m'maiko omwe akutukuka.

November 14. Patsikuli ku 1944 ku France, Marie-Marthe Dortel-Claudot ndi Bishopu Pierre-Marie Theas analimbikitsa lingaliro la Pax Christi. Pax Christi ndi Chilatini chotanthauza "Mtendere wa Khristu." Papa Pius XII mu 1952 adavomereza kuti ndi gulu ladziko lonse lamtendere ku Katolika. Inayamba ngati gulu lolimbikitsa kuyanjana pakati pa anthu aku France ndi aku Germany nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha pokonzekera maulendo amtendere, ndikufalikira kumayiko ena aku Europe. Inakula ngati "nkhondo yopempherera mtendere pakati pa anthu amitundu yonse." Inayamba kuyang'ana kwambiri ufulu wachibadwidwe, chitetezo, zida zankhondo, komanso kuwachotsera ulemu. Tsopano ili ndi mabungwe mamembala 120 padziko lonse lapansi. Pax Christi International yakhazikika pachikhulupiriro chakuti mtendere ndi wotheka, ndikuyang'ana zomwe zimayambitsa & zotsatira zowononga za mikangano yankhondo ndi nkhondo. Masomphenya ake ndi oti "ziwawa zopanda chilungamo ndi kusowa chilungamo zitha kutha." Secretariat yake yapadziko lonse ili ku Brussels ndipo kuli mitu m'maiko ambiri. Pax Christi adatenga nawo gawo pothandizira otsutsa mgulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe ku Mississippi, kuthandiza kukonza kunyanyala kwamabizinesi omwe amasala akuda. Pax Christi amagwira ntchito pothandizira kulumikizana ndi mabungwe ena omwe akuchita nawo gulu lamtendere, kulimbikitsa mabungwe padziko lonse lapansi, ndikulimbikitsa magulu amembala pantchito zosagwirizana zamtendere. Pax Christi ali ndi mwayi wothandizidwa ngati bungwe lomwe siili la boma ku United Nations ndipo akuti "imabweretsa mawu aboma ku Tchalitchi cha Katolika, ndipo motsutsana ndi izi amatengera mfundo za Tchalitchi cha Katolika kuboma." Mu 1983, Pax Christi International adapatsidwa Mphoto ya UNESCO Peace Education Prize.

November 15. Patsikuli mu 1920 pulezidenti woyamba wadziko lonse, League of Nations, anakumana ku Geneva. Lingaliro lachitetezo cha onse linali latsopano, chotulukapo cha zowopsa za Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse. Kulemekeza umphumphu ndi kudziyimira pawokha kwa mamembala onse, komanso momwe angagwirire nawo kuti awateteze ku nkhanza, zidalankhulidwa mu Panganoli. Mabungwe ogwirira ntchito monga Universal Post Union ndi magulu ena azikhalidwe ndi zachuma adakhazikitsidwa, ndipo mamembala adagwirizana pazinthu monga mayendedwe ndi kulumikizana, ubale wamalonda, zaumoyo, komanso kuyang'anira malonda apadziko lonse lapansi. Secretariat inakhazikitsidwa ku Geneva ndipo Nyumba Yamalamulo ya mamembala onse idakhazikitsidwa, limodzi ndi Khonsolo yopangidwa ndi nthumwi za United States, Great Britain, France, Italy, ndi Japan ngati mamembala okhazikika, ndi ena anayi osankhidwa ndi Assembly. Komabe, mpando wa United States ku Khonsolo sunakhaleko. United States sinalowe nawo League, momwe ikadakhala imodzi mwa ofanana. Awa anali malingaliro osiyana kwambiri ndi aja olowa nawo United Nations pambuyo pake, pomwe United States ndi mayiko ena anayi adapatsidwa mphamvu zovetsa veto. Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itayamba, palibe pempholo lomwe lidaperekedwa. Palibe misonkhano ya Council kapena Assembly yomwe idachitika nthawi yankhondo. Ntchito zachuma komanso zachikhalidwe za League zidapitilirabe pang'ono, koma ntchito zake zandale zinali zitatha. United Nations, yomwe ili ndi nyumba zambiri ngati League, idakhazikitsidwa mu 1945. Mu 1946, League of Nations idamalizidwa.

November 16. Patsikuli ku 1989, ansembe asanu ndi awiri ndi anthu ena awiri anaphedwa ndi asilikali a ku Salvador. Nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku El Salvador, 1980-1992, idapha anthu opitilira 75,000, pomwe 8,000 adasowa ndipo miliyoni adathawa kwawo. Bungwe la United Nations Truth Commission lomwe lidakhazikitsidwa ku 1992 lidapeza kuti 95% yazophwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe yomwe idalembedwa pankhondoyi idachitidwa ndi asitikali aku Salvador motsutsana ndi anthu wamba okhala mdera lomwe amakayikiridwa kuti amathandizira zigawenga zotsalira. Pa 16th ya Novembala 1989, asitikali ankhondo a Salvadoran anapha maJesuit Ignacio Ellacuría, Ignacio Martín-Baró, Segundo Montes, Amando López, Juan Ramón Moreno, ndi Joaquín López, komanso Elba Ramos ndi mwana wake wamkazi wachichepere Celina kunyumba kwawo wa Jose Simeon Canas Central American University ku San Salvador. Gulu lina lankhondo lodziwika bwino la Atlacatl Battalion lidawombera sukuluyi ndikulamula kuti aphe woyang'anira wawo, Ignacio Ellacuría, ndikusiya mboni. A Jesuit anali kukayikiridwa kuti amagwirira ntchito limodzi ndi gulu loukira ndipo anali atavomereza zokambirana zothetsa mkangano wapachiweniweni ndi Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front, (FMLN). Kuphedwa kumeneku kudakopa chidwi cha mayiko onse ndi zoyesayesa za Ajezwiti ndikukweza mayiko ena kuti athetse nkhondo. Ichi chinali chimodzi mwazinthu zazikuluzikulu zotembenukira zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano pazankhondo. Mgwirizano wamtendere udathetsa nkhondo ku 1992, koma omwe akuganiza kuti ndi opha anthu sanaphedwe konse. Asanu mwa asanu ndi m'modzi mwa Ajezuiti omwe anaphedwa anali nzika zaku Spain. Otsutsa ku Spain akhala akufuna kuti El Salvador atulutsidwe mwa mamembala ofunikira omwe ali mndende.

November 17. Pa tsiku lino mu 1989 Velvet Revolution, kumasulidwa mwamtendere kwa Czechoslovakia, kunayamba ndi ulendo wophunzira. Czechoslovakia idzinenedwa ndi Soviets pambuyo pa WWII. Malinga ndi 1948, ndondomeko ya Marxist-Leninist inali yovomerezeka m'masukulu onse, ma TV anali atayang'anitsitsa, ndipo malonda ankalamulidwa ndi boma la chikomyunizimu. Kutsutsidwa kulikonse kunakumana ndi nkhanza zoopsa za apolisi motsutsa onse achipembezo ndi mabanja awo mpaka kulankhula momasuka kunathetsedwa. Mtsogoleri wa Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev adalimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha ndale pakati pa a 1980s omwe akutsogolera ophunzira kuti akonze chigamulo cha chikumbutso chomwe chiyenera kulemekeza wophunzira amene anamwalira zaka 50 zaka zapitazo pazotsutsana ndi ntchito ya Nazi. Wolemba milandu wa Czechoslovakian, wolemba mabuku, komanso wachinyamata wotchuka wotchedwa Vaclav Havel analinso ndi bungwe la Civic Forum kuti libwezere dzikoli kudzera mu "Velvet Revolution" yotsutsa mtendere. Havel amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mobisa mwa kugwirizana ndi playwrights ndi oimba omwe amachititsa gulu lonse la anthu olimbikitsa. Pamene ophunzira adakhazikitsa mwezi wa November 17th, adakumananso ndi kukwapulidwa mwankhanza kwa apolisi. Bungwe la Civic Forum linapitiriza ulendowu, ndikuyitana nzika kuti apite kumbuyo kwa ophunzira kumenyera ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu waulere woletsedwa mu ulamuliro wachikomyunizimu. Chiwerengero cha oyendayenda chinakula kuchokera ku 200,000 kupita ku 500,000, ndipo chinapitiriza mpaka paliponse kuti apolisi azikhala nawo. Pa November 27^th, ogwira ntchito kudera lonse adayesedwa, akuphatikizana ndi oyendetsa mabomba kuti adziwe kuti mapeto a chikomyunizimu akutha. Mtsinje wamtenderewu unachititsa kuti boma lonse la chikomyunizimu likhazikitse mu December. Vaclav Havel anasankhidwa kukhala purezidenti wa Czechoslovakia ku 1990, chisankho choyamba cha demokarasi kuyambira 1946.

November 18. Pa tsiku lino mu 1916 nkhondo ya Somme inatha. Imeneyi inali nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse pakati pa Germany, mbali imodzi, ndi France ndi Britain Britain (kuphatikiza asitikali aku Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, ndi Newfoundland) mbali inayo. Nkhondoyo idachitikira m'mbali mwa Mtsinje Somme ku France, ndipo idayamba pa Julayi 1. Mbali iliyonse inali ndi zifukwa zomenyera nkhondoyo, koma panalibe chitetezo chamtunduwu. Amuna mamiliyoni atatu adamenyanirana wina ndi mnzake ndi mfuti, ndi mpweya wa poizoni, ndipo - koyamba - akasinja. Amuna pafupifupi 164,000 adaphedwa, ndipo ena pafupifupi 400,000 adavulala. Palibe iliyonse ya iyo yomwe idatchedwa nsembe pazifukwa zina zabwino. Palibe chilichonse chabwino chomwe chidatuluka pankhondo kapena nkhondoyi kuti igwirizane ndi zomwe zawonongeka. Matankiwo adathamanga kwambiri ma 4 mamailo pa ola kenako ndikumwalira nthawi zambiri. Matanki anali othamanga kuposa anthu, omwe anali akukonzekera nkhondoyi kuyambira 1915. Mazana a ndege ndi oyendetsa ndege awo nawonso anawonongedwa pankhondoyi, pomwe mbali imodzi idayenda mtunda wokwana ma 6 mamailosi koma osapeza mwayi uliwonse. Nkhondoyo idangopezeka pachabe chonse chopanda pake. Popeza anthu ali ndi chidwi chofuna kulakalaka zinthu, komanso zida zofalitsira mwachangu, kuwopsa komanso kuchuluka kwa nkhondoyi kunapangitsa ambiri kuyesa kukhulupirira kuti pazifukwa zina nkhondoyi idzathetsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa nkhondo. Koma, zowonadi, omwe amapanga nkhondo (zida zankhondo, andale openga mphamvu, okonda zachiwawa, ndi akatswiri pantchito komanso oyang'anira omwe angatsatire monga adalamulira) onse adatsalira.

November 19. Pa tsiku lino mu 1915 Joe Hill anaphedwa, koma sanafe. Joe Hill anali wokonza bungwe la Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), mgwirizano waukulu wotchedwa Wobblies umene unayambitsa motsutsana ndi American Federation of Labor (AFL) ndi chithandizo chake cha ukapolo. Hill anali adaluso kwambiri komanso wolemba nyimbo wambiri yemwe analimbikitsa antchito ofooka ndi otopa kuchokera ku mafakitale onse, kuphatikizapo akazi ndi alendo, kuti agwirizane limodzi. Anapangitsanso nyimbo zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi ya ziwonetsero za IWW kuphatikizapo "The Preacher and Slave," komanso "Pali Mphamvu mu Mgwirizanowu." Kutsutsana kwa IWW kunali kovuta kwambiri kudera lonse lakumadzulo kumayambiriro kwa 1900s, ndipo mamembala ake a Socialist anali ankaona adani ndi apolisi ndi ndale. Pamene mwini wogulitsa sitolo anaphedwa pakuba mu Salt Lake City, Joe Hill adayendera kuchipatala chapafupi usiku womwewo ndi chilonda cha mfuti. Pamene Hill anakana kufotokoza momwe adaphedwira, apolisi anamuuza kuti aphedwe mwiniwake wogulitsa. Pambuyo pake adamva kuti Hill idaphulumulidwa ndi mwamuna yemwe anali ndi mkazi yemweyo monga Hill. Ngakhale kuti panalibe umboni, komanso kuthandizidwa kwa IWW, Hill anaweruzidwa ndikuweruzidwa kuti afe. Mu telegalamu kwa WWW Big Big Hayward, Hill analemba kuti: "Musataye nthawi kulira. Konzani! "Mawu awa anakhala mgwirizanowu. Alfred Hayes analemba ndakatulo yakuti "Joe Hill," yomwe inayikidwa ku 1936 ndi Earl Robinson. Mawu akuti "Ndalota kuti ndinawona Joe Hill usiku watha" akulimbikitsanso antchito.

November 20. Pa tsiku lino mu 1815 mgwirizano wamtendere wa Paris unathetsa nkhondo za Napoleonic. Ntchito ya mgwirizanowu inayamba miyezi isanu Napoleon I atagwidwa koyamba komanso Napoleon Bonaparte atagwiranso kachiwiri mu 1814. Mu February, 1815, Napoleon anathawa ku ukapolo pachilumba cha Elba. Adalowa Paris pa Marichi 20 ndikuyamba masiku zana limodzi aulamuliro wake wobwezeretsedwa. Patatha masiku anayi atagonjetsedwa pa Nkhondo ya Waterloo, Napoleon adalimbikitsidwa kuti abwererenso, pa June 22. A King Louis XVIII, omwe adathawa mdzikolo Napoleon atafika ku Paris, adalandiranso mpando wachifumu kwachiwiri pa Julayi 8. Khazikitsidwe yamtendere ndiyomwe idapezekapo konse ku Europe. Inali ndi zilango zambiri kuposa mgwirizano wam'chaka cham'mbuyomu womwe adakambirana ndi a Maurice de Talleyrand. France idalamulidwa kuti ipereke ndalama zokwana 700 miliyoni francs pamachimo. Malire a France adachepetsedwa kukhala 1790. Kuphatikiza apo, France idayenera kulipira ndalama zolipirira ndalama zodzitetezera kuti zimangidwe ndi mayiko asanu ndi awiri oyandikana nawo a Mgwirizano. Malinga ndi mgwirizano wamtendere, madera ena ku France amayenera kukhala ndi asitikali mpaka 150,000 kwazaka zisanu, pomwe France idalipira; komabe, kulanda kwa Coalition kunangowoneka kofunikira kwa zaka zitatu. Kuphatikiza pa mgwirizano wamtendere pakati pa France ndi Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, ndi Russia, panali misonkhano ina inayi ndipo zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti Switzerland idalowererapo tsiku lomwelo.

November 21. Patsikuli mu 1990, Cold War inatha pomaliza ndi Paris Charter for New Europe. Msonkhano wa Paris unali chifukwa cha msonkhano wa maboma ambiri a ku Ulaya ndi Canada, United States, ndi USSR, ku Paris, kuyambira November 19-21, 1990. Mikhail Gorbachev, yemwe anali wokonda kusintha zinthu, adalowa mu Soviet Union ndipo adayambitsa ndondomeko za glasnost (kutseguka) ndi perestroika (kukonzanso). Kuyambira Juni 1989 mpaka Disembala 1991, kuchokera ku Poland kupita ku Russia, olamulira mwankhanza achikomyunizimu adagwa m'modzi m'modzi. Pofika m'dzinja la 1989, Ajeremani Akum'mawa ndi Akumadzulo anali akugwetsa Khoma la Berlin. Patangotha ​​miyezi ingapo, a Boris Yeltsin, mtsogoleri wachidakwa wothandizidwa ndi US Soviet Republic Republic, adayamba. Soviet Union ndi Iron Curtain zidasungunuka. Anthu aku America adakhalako mchikhalidwe cha Cold War chomwe chidaphatikizaponso kusaka mfiti kwa McCarthyist, malo okhala kumbuyo kwa bomba, mpikisano wamlengalenga, ndi zovuta zamisili. Mazana a miyoyo ya US ndi mamiliyoni a anthu omwe sanali aku America anali atatayika pankhondo zovomerezeka ndi kukangana ndi chikominisi. Panali chiyembekezo chokhala ndi chiyembekezo ndi chisangalalo pa Mgwirizanowu, ngakhale maloto okhudzana ndi ziwopsezo ndi gawo lamtendere. Chisangalalo sichinakhalitse. US ndi mabungwe ake adapitilizabe kudalira mabungwe monga NATO ndi njira zakale zachuma m'malo mwa masomphenya atsopano okhala ndi machitidwe ophatikizira. United States idalonjeza atsogoleri aku Russia kuti asakulitsa NATO kum'mawa, koma achita izi. Pakusowa mtsogoleri watsopano, NATO idapita kunkhondo ku Yugoslavia, ndikupereka chiyembekezo chazankhondo zamtsogolo zaku Afghanistan ndi Libya, ndikupitilizabe kwa nkhondo yozizira yopindulitsa kwambiri kwa ogulitsa zida.

November 22. Patsiku lino mu 1963, Pulezidenti John F. Kennedy anaphedwa. Boma la US linakhazikitsa ntchito yapadera yofufuzira, koma ziganizo zake zidali zokayikitsa ngati sizili zomveka. Kutumikira pa Warren Commission anali Allen Dulles, yemwe kale anali mkulu wa CIA amene anachotsedwa ndi Kennedy, ndipo ambiri omwe amawaona ngati mmodzi mwa anthu omwe akumuganizira kwambiri. Gululo likuphatikizapo E. Howard Hunt amene adavomereza kuti amagwira nawo ntchito ndipo amawatcha ena pa bedi lake lakufa. Mu Pulezidenti wa 2017 Donald Trump, pempho la CIA, mosemphana ndi malamulo ndi opanda tsatanetsatane, adalemba zolemba zosiyanasiyana za JFK zachinsinsi zomwe zinakonzedweratu kutsiriza. Mabuku awiri otchuka komanso othandiza pa nkhaniyi ndi Jim Douglass ' JFK ndi Unspeakable, ndi David Talbot Mdyerekezi wa Chessboard. Kennedy sanali womenyera nkhondo, koma sanali wankhondo omwe ena amafuna. Sakanalimbana ndi Cuba kapena Soviet Union kapena Vietnam kapena East Germany kapena mayendedwe odziyimira pawokha ku Africa. Amalimbikitsa kulanda zida zankhondo ndi mtendere. Amalankhula mogwirizana ndi Khrushchev, monga Purezidenti Dwight Eisenhower adayesa asanafike kuwombera kwa U2. Kennedy analinso wotsutsana ndi Wall Street yemwe CIA inali ndi chizolowezi cholanda m'mitu yayikulu yakunja. Kennedy anali kuyesetsa kuchepetsa phindu la mafuta potseka misonkho. Anali kuloleza andale otsalira ku Italy kutenga nawo mbali pamphamvu. Analetsa kukwera mitengo kwamakampani azitsulo. Ziribe kanthu yemwe adapha Kennedy, kwazaka makumi angapo zotsatira, ambiri anena kuti CIA ndi asitikali andale aku Washington asonyeza kukayikira komanso mantha.

November 23. Patsikuli mu 1936, Carl von Ossietzky, wolemba nkhani wodziwika bwino wa ku Germany ndi wachikondi, adapatsidwa mphoto ya Nobel Peace Prize kwa chaka cha 1935. Ossietzky adabadwa mu 1889 ku Hamburg, ndipo anali pacifist wamphamvu kwambiri waluso kwambiri polemba. Anali - pamodzi ndi Kurt Tucholsky - woyambitsa mnzake wa Friedensbundes der Kriegsteilnehmer (mgwirizano wamtendere wa omwe akuchita nawo nkhondo), gulu la Nie Wieder Krieg (No More War), komanso mkonzi wamkulu wa mlungu uliwonse Die Weltbühne (The world stage) . Atawulula za asitikali oletsedwa a Reichswehr, Ossietzky adaimbidwa mlandu koyambirira kwa 1931 chifukwa choukira boma komanso ukazitape. Ngakhale ambiri atayesa kumunyengerera kuti athawe, iye adakana, nanena kuti apita kundende ndipo akakhala chiwonetsero chokhumudwitsa kwambiri pamlandu wandale. Pa 28th ya February 1933 Ossietzky adamenyedwanso, nthawi ino ndi a Nazi. Anamutumiza kundende yozunzirako anthu kumene anazunzidwa mwankhanza. Kuvutika kudakula chifuwa chachikulu, adamasulidwa mu 1936 koma sanaloledwe kupita ku Oslo kukalandira mphotho yake. Magazini ya Time inalemba kuti: “Ngati munthu agwirapo ntchito, kumenya nkhondo ndikuvutika mwamtendere, ndi Mjeremani wodwalayo, Carl von Ossietzky. Pafupifupi chaka chimodzi Komiti Yamphatso Yamtendere ya Nobel idadzaza ndi zopempha zochokera kumitundu yonse ya Socialists, Liberals ndi anthu wamba olemba, osankha Carl von Ossietzky pa Mphoto Yamtendere ya 1935. Mawu awo akuti: 'Tumizani Mphotho Yamtendere Kumsasa Wozunzirako anthu.' ”Ossietzky adamwalira pa Meyi 4, 1936 mchipatala cha Westend ku Berlin-Charlottenburg.

November 24. Patsikuli mu 2016, pambuyo pa zaka 50 za nkhondo ndi zaka 4 zazokambirana, boma la Colombia linasaina pangano la mtendere ndi Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). Nkhondo idatenga miyoyo ya anthu a 200,000 Colombian ndipo inathawa anthu asanu ndi awiri kuchokera kudziko lawo. Pulezidenti wa Columbia adapatsidwa mphoto ya Nobel Peace Prize, komabe osamvetsetseka anzakewo mwamtendere sanali. Komabe, opandukawo adatenga njira zowonjezereka kuti athe kutsatila pa mgwirizano kusiyana ndi boma. Zinali zovuta kupanga, kupereka zida zowonongeka, kubwezeretsanso, kusinthanitsa akaidi, kukhululukidwa kwa amasiye, komiti za choonadi, kusintha kwa nthaka, komanso kulipira kwa alimi kuti azilima mbewu osati mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Boma limalephera kutsatira, ndipo linaphwanya panganolo pokana kumasula akaidi, ndi kutulutsa akaidi ku United States. FARC inasinthidwa, koma zotsatirazi zinadzaza ndi chiwawa chatsopano, malonda osokoneza bongo, ndi migodi ya golide yosaloledwa. Boma silinapite patsogolo kuti liteteze anthu, kubwezeretsanso anthu omwe kale anali omenyera nkhondo, kutsimikizira chitetezo cha omwe kale anali omenyera nkhondo, kapena kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha zachuma kumidzi. Boma linasunthiranso pa kukhazikitsa komiti ya choonadi ndi khoti lapadera kuyesa anthu pa milandu ya nkhondo. Kupanga mtendere sizongokhala kamphindi, ngakhale kamphindi kangakhale kofunikira. Dziko lopanda nkhondo ndilo gawo lalikulu, koma kuletsa kuthetsa nkhanza ndi kupanda chilungamo kumapangitsa kuti pakhale nkhondo. Colombia, monga mayiko onse, imafuna kudzipereka moona mtima potsata mtendere, osati malonda ndi mphoto zokhazokha.

November 25. Tsikuli ndilo Tsiku Ladziko lonse lothetsa chiwawa kwa akazi. Komanso pa tsikuli mu 1910, Andrew Carnegie adakhazikitsa Endowment for International Peace. Chilengezo Chothetsa Chiwawa cha Akazi chinaperekedwa ndi bungwe la UN General Assembly ku 1993. Limatanthauzira nkhanza kwa amayi ngati "chikhalidwe chilichonse cha nkhanza za amai zomwe zimabweretsa, kapena chikhoza kuvulaza, kuvulaza, kugonana kapena kukhumudwa kwa amayi, kuphatikizapo kuopseza akazi, kuphwanya kapena kunyalanyaza ufulu, kaya zikuchitika poyera kapena payekha. "Gawo limodzi mwa amayi ndi atsikana padziko lonse lapansi lakhala ndi nkhanza za thupi, zogonana, kapena zamaganizo m'miyoyo yawo. Chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimayambitsa chiwawa ndi nkhondo, yomwe nthawi zina kugwiririra ndi chida, ndipo ambiri mwa anthu omwe akugwiriridwa ndi abambo kuphatikizapo amayi ndi ana. Mphamvu ya Carnegie ya International Peace ndi gulu la malo ofufuza kafukufuku. Inakhazikitsidwa mu 1910 ndi cholinga chothetsa nkhondo, pambuyo pake ndikuzindikira chinthu chachiwiri choipitsitsa chimene anthu amachita ndikugwira ntchito kuthetsa izo. Kwa zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, dziko la Endowment linkafuna kupha nkhondo, kumanga ubale wapadziko lonse, ndi kupititsa patsogolo zida zankhondo. Icho chinagwira ntchito, monga momwe chofunikira ndi mlengi wake, kumayang'ana cholinga chachikulu cha kuthetsa kwathunthu. Koma monga chikhalidwe chakumadzulo chimakhala chizoloŵezi cholimbana ndi nkhondo, Mphamvuyo idayendetsa msanga kuchitapo kanthu pa zifukwa zabwino zamtundu uliwonse, kuwonongedwa kwabwino, osati kwa nkhondo, koma ndi ntchito yake yoyamba yotsutsana ndi nkhondo.

November 26. Patsikuli mu 1832, Dr. Mary Edwards Walker anabadwa in Oswego, NY. Zovala za amuna zinali zothandiza kwambiri pafamu yam'banja, ndipo chimodzi mwazabwino zake ndikuti azivala zovala za amuna nthawi zonse. Mu 1855 adaphunzira ku Syracuse Medical College, wophunzira wamkazi yekhayo mkalasi. Wokwatiwa ndi Albert Miller, dokotala, sanatenge dzina lake. Pambuyo pochita bwino limodzi zamankhwala (zovuta zinali jenda), adasudzulana. Munthawi ya Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ku US, mu 1861, Walker adaloledwa kukhala namwino wodzifunira ndi Union Army. Monga dokotalayo wosalipidwa, anali dokotala yekhayo wamkazi mu Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni. Adadzipereka ngati kazitape ku Dipatimenti Yankhondo koma adakanidwa. Nthawi zambiri kuwoloka mizere ya adani kukakumana ndi anthu ovulala, amamugwira ndipo amakhala miyezi inayi ngati mkaidi wankhondo. Kalekale azimayi asanapatsidwe voti mwalamulo, adavota, ngakhale adakana mayendedwe a suffragette mpaka atakula. Nkhondo itatha, Purezidenti Andrew Johnson adapatsa a Mary Edwards Walker Mendulo ya Ulemu. Kusintha kwa malamulo a mphothoyo mu 1917 kunatanthauza kuti iyenera kubwezedwa, koma iye anakana kuzipereka ndikuzivala mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake. Analandira ndalama zapenshoni zing'onozing'ono kuposa zomwe amapatsidwa akazi amasiye. Ankagwira ntchito kundende yachikazi ku Kentucky komanso kumalo osungira ana amasiye ku Tennessee. Walker adafalitsa mabuku awiri ndikudziwonetsera m'mbali. Dr. Walker adamwalira pa 21 February, 1919. Nthawi ina adati, "Ndizomvetsa chisoni kuti anthu omwe amatsogolera kusintha mdziko lino samayamikiridwa mpaka atamwalira."

November 27. Pa tsiku lino mu 1945 CARE anakhazikitsidwa kudyetsa opulumuka ku Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yadziko lonse ku Ulaya. CHIKHALIDWE chinkatanthauza “Cooperative for American Remittances to Europe.” Tsopano ndi "Mgwirizano Wothandizana ndi Kupereka Thandizo Kulikonse." Chithandizo cha chakudya cha CARE poyambilira chimakhala ngati phukusi lomwe linali chuma chambiri. Zakudya zomaliza zaku Europe zidatumizidwa mu 1967. M'ma 1980 CARE International idapangidwa. Inanena kuti ikugwira ntchito m'maiko 94, ikuthandizira ntchito 962 ndikufikira anthu opitilira 80 miliyoni. Likulu lake lili ku Atlanta, Georgia. Lalimbikitsa ntchito yake pazaka zapitazi, makamaka kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu "othetsera umphawi wokhazikika." Imalimbikitsa kusintha kwamalingaliro kuthana ndi umphawi komanso kuyankha pakagwa zadzidzidzi, monganso mabungwe a Red Cross ndi Red Crescent. CARE akuti "yadzipereka kuchita zochulukirapo kuposa kukwaniritsa zosowa zapompopompo" pothana ndi zopinga zachitukuko monga kusankhana ndi kusalidwa, mabungwe aboma achinyengo kapena osakwanira, mwayi wopeza ntchito zofunikira pagulu, mikangano ndi chisokonezo pakati pa anthu, komanso ziwopsezo zazikulu zaumoyo wa anthu. CARE sagwira ntchito ku United States. Inali NGO yopanga ndalama pakuyang'anira ndalama zing'onozing'ono kumabizinesi ang'onoang'ono omwe amasungidwa ndi magulu. CHISamaliro sichipereka ndalama, sichichirikiza, kapena kuchotsa mimba. M'malo mwake, imayesetsa kuchepetsa kufa kwa amayi ndi ana obadwa kumene mwa "kuwonjezera thanzi, kuyankha, komanso kuchititsa chithandizo chamankhwala mofanana." CARE imati mapulogalamu ake amayang'ana kwambiri amayi ndi atsikana chifukwa kulimbikitsa amayi ndikofunikira kwambiri pakukula. CARE imathandizidwa ndi zopereka kuchokera kwa anthu ndi mabungwe komanso mabungwe aboma, kuphatikiza European Union ndi United Nations.

Lachinayi Lachinayi mu November ndilo tchuthi loyamikira ku United States, likuphwanya kupatukana kwa tchalitchi ndi boma pofuna kubwezeretsa chiwawa monga chipulumutso.

November 28. Patsikuli mu 1950 Pulogalamu ya Colombo Yogwirizanitsa Zachuma ndi Zamakhalidwe Abwino ku South ndi South-East Asia inakhazikitsidwa. Ndondomekoyi inachokera ku msonkhano wa Commonwealth wokhudza zachuma ku Colombo, Ceylon (tsopano Sri Lanka) ndi gulu loyambirira linali Australia, Britain, Canada, Ceylon, India, New Zealand, ndi Pakistan. Mu 1977, dzina lake anasinthidwa kukhala "Colombo Plan for Cooperative Economic and Social Development ku Asia ndi Pacific." Tsopano ndi bungwe lapakati la boma la anthu a 27, kuphatikizapo India, Afghanistan, Iran, Japan, Korea, New Zealand , Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, ndi United States. Zogula ntchito za Secretariat zake zimalipidwa ndi mayiko omwe akukhala nawo pamsonkhano wapadera. Poyambirira, ndege, misewu, sitima, madamu, zipatala, zomera za simenti, mafakitale, masituniyuni, ndi miyala zogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zinamangidwa m'mayiko omwe ali ndi mayiko omwe ali ndi mayiko akuluakulu omwe akuthandizidwa ndi zipangizo zamakono kuchokera kumayiko otukuka omwe ali ndi luso lophunzitsira. Zolinga zake zikuphatikizapo kugwirizana kwa mgwirizano wa kumwera kwa South-South, kugwirizanitsa, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama zogwirira ntchito bwino, komanso mgwirizano ndi luso lothandizira pakugawana ndi kutumiza zipangizo zamakono. Pofika pamapeto pake, mapulogalamu atsopano akhala akukonzekera kuti apange luso lapamwamba ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana pazinthu zachuma ndi zachikhalidwe monga "njira zopangira ndondomeko zabwino ndi utsogoleri pakati pa ndondomeko za boma pa chikhalidwe cha mayiko ndi chuma cha msika." likufotokoza za chitukuko chachitukuko cha zachuma pa kukwera kwachuma komanso njira zothandizira kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo m'mayiko ena. Mapulogalamu ake osatha ndi Dokotala Advisory, Building Capacity, Gender Affairs, ndi Environment.

November 29. Awa ndi Tsiku Ladziko Lonse la Mgwirizano ndi Anthu a Palestina. Tsikuli lidakhazikitsidwa ndi UN General Assembly mu 1978, poyankha Nakba, kapena tsoka lakupha ndikuchotsa anthu aku Palestine mdziko lawo ndikuwonongedwa kwa matauni ndi midzi nthawi ya 1948 yopanga dziko la Israeli. UN Resolution 181 (II) pagawidwe la Palestine, idalandiridwa tsiku lomwelo mu 1947 kukhazikitsa mayiko achiarabu ndi achiyuda pamtunda wa Palestina. Palestine idalandidwa ndi Britain, ndipo anthu aku Palestina sanafunsidwe pakugawana malo awo. Izi zidatsutsana ndi UN Charter, motero alibe mphamvu zalamulo. Chisankho cha 1947 chidalimbikitsa kuti Palestine ikhala 42 peresenti ya madera ake, boma lachiyuda 55%, ndi Yerusalemu ndi Betelehemu 0.6%. Pofika 2015, Israeli adakakamiza kufikira 85% ya mbiri yakale ya Palestine. Pofika Januware 2015, othawa kwawo aku Palestina anali 5.6 miliyoni. Anthu aku Palestina akadali akukumana ndi nkhondo, kulamulidwa ndi gulu lankhondo, ziwawa komanso kuphulitsa bomba, kupitilizabe kumanga ndi kukulitsa Israeli, ndikuwonongeratu ntchito zachuma komanso zachuma. Anthu aku Palestina sanalandire ufulu wawo wosasunthika wodziyimira pawokha popanda kusokonezedwa ndi kunja, monga tafotokozera ndi UN Declaration of Human Rights - ulamuliro wa dziko, komanso ufulu wobwerera kumalo awo. Udindo wosakhala membala wa UN waku Palestine udaperekedwa mu 2012, ndipo mu 2015, mbendera ya Palestina idakwezedwa patsogolo pa likulu la UN. Koma Tsiku Ladziko Lonse limawonedwa ngati kuyesa kwa UN kuti achepetse zovuta zomwe zidapangitsa ndikulungamitsa lingaliro lomwe lakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa kwa anthu aku Palestina.

November 30. Patsikuli mu 1999, bungwe lalikulu la ochita zionetsero mosalekeza linatseka msonkhano wa Utumiki wa World Trade Organization ku Seattle, Washington. Ndi owonetsa 40,000, mgwirizano wa Seattle udaphimba ziwonetsero zilizonse ku United States mpaka nthawi imeneyo motsutsana ndi mabungwe omwe ali ndi udindo wokhudzana ndi kudalirana kwachuma. WTO imagwira ntchito pamalonda apadziko lonse lapansi ndikukambirana mgwirizano pakati pa mamembala ake. Ili ndi mamembala 160 akuimira 98% yamalonda apadziko lonse lapansi. Kuti alowe nawo WTO, maboma amavomereza kutsatira ndondomeko zamalonda zopangidwa ndi WTO. Msonkhano Wautumiki, monga ku Seattle, umakumana zaka ziwiri zilizonse, ndikupanga zisankho zazikulu pamembala. Tsamba la WTO lati cholinga chake ndi "kutsegula malonda kuti athandize onse," ndipo akuti akuthandiza mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene. Zolemba zake pankhaniyi ndizolephera kwakukulu komanso mwadala. WTO yakulitsa kusiyana pakati pa olemera ndi osauka pomwe ikutsitsa ntchito ndi zachilengedwe. M'malamulo ake, WTO imakondera mayiko olemera ndi mabungwe amitundu yonse, kuvulaza mayiko ang'onoang'ono omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri zotumizira kunja. Chionetsero ku Seattle chinali chachikulu, chopanga, chopanda zachiwawa, komanso chachilendo pakuphatikizika kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuyambira mabungwe ogwira ntchito mpaka akatswiri azachilengedwe mpaka magulu olimbana ndi umphawi. Pomwe malipoti anyumba zamakampani adaneneratu za anthu ochepa omwe akuwononga katundu, kukula ndi kuwongolera ndi mphamvu za ziwonetserozi zidakwaniritsa zosankha za WTO komanso kumvetsetsa kwa anthu. Chofunika kwambiri, ziwonetsero za Seattle zidabweretsa zoyeserera zingapo ku WTO ndi misonkhano yofananira padziko lonse lapansi zaka zikubwerazi.

Mtenderewu Almanac umakudziwitsani mayendedwe ofunikira, kupita patsogolo, ndi zovuta zina panjira yolimbikitsa mtendere yomwe yachitika tsiku lililonse la chaka.

Gulani chosindikiza, Kapena PDF.

Pitani kumawu omvera.

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Mtenderewu Almanac uyenera kukhala wabwino chaka chilichonse mpaka nkhondo zonse zithe ndipo mtendere ukhazikika. Phindu kuchokera pakugulitsa zosindikiza ndi mitundu yamakono ya PDF zimathandizira pa World BEYOND War.

Zolemba zomwe zimapangidwa ndikusinthidwa ndi David Swanson.

Audio wojambulidwa ndi Tim Pluta.

Zinthu zolembedwa ndi Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, ndi Tom Schott.

Malingaliro amitu yoperekedwa ndi David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

Music Gwiritsani ntchito chilolezo kuchokera “Mapeto a Nkhondo,” lolemba Eric Colville.

Nyimbo zamagetsi ndikusakaniza lolemba Sergio Diaz.

Zojambula za Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ndi gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi losagwirizana pofuna kuthetsa nkhondo ndikukhazikitsa bata lamtendere. Tili ndi cholinga chodziwitsa anthu za chithandizo chotchuka chothetsa nkhondo ndikupititsa patsogolo chithandizochi. Timalimbikitsa kupititsa patsogolo lingaliro la kupewa kupewa nkhondo iliyonse koma kuthetsa bungwe lonse. Timayesetsa kusintha chikhalidwe chankhondo ndi imodzi yamtendere momwe njira zosagwirizana zazipembedzo zimathetsa magazi.