Kodi Asitikali Ndiwo Oyang'anira Mtendere Oyenerera?

Wolemba Ed Horgan, World BEYOND War, February 4, 2021

Tikaganiza zankhondo, timaganizira za nkhondo. Zowona kuti asitikali anonso amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati osunga mtendere ndichinthu chomwe tiyenera kutenga nthawi kukayikira.

Mawu oti kusunga mtendere mokwanira akuphatikizapo anthu onse omwe amayesetsa kulimbikitsa mtendere ndikutsutsa nkhondo ndi ziwawa. Izi zikuphatikiza omenyera nkhondo, komanso iwo omwe amatsata malingaliro achikhristu oyambilira ngakhale atsogoleri ambiri achikhristu komanso omutsatira pambuyo pake adalungamitsa ziwawa komanso nkhondo zopanda chifukwa chazomwe amati ndizopanga nkhondo. Momwemonso, atsogoleri amakono ndi mayiko, kuphatikiza atsogoleri a European Union, amagwiritsa ntchito njira zodzinamizira pothandizira nkhondo zawo zosavomerezeka.

Popeza ndakhala ndikugwira ntchito yankhondo kwazaka zopitilira 20 kenako womenyera nkhondo komanso wazaka zopitilira 20 ndimakonda kuwonedwa ngati wofatsa wosintha mtendere. Izi ndi zoona pokhapokha. Ntchito yanga yankhondo kuyambira mu 1963 mpaka 1986 inali m'gulu lankhondo loti sililowerera ndale (Ireland) ndipo idaphatikizapo ntchito yayikulu ngati msirikali wamtendere wa United Nations. Ndinalowa nawo gulu lankhondo laku Ireland panthawi yomwe asitikali amtendere aku Ireland 26 adaphedwa mzaka zingapo zapitazo pantchito yokhazikitsa bata ku ONUC ku Congo. Zifukwa zanga zolowa usirikali zidaphatikizapo chifukwa chodzipereka chothandizira kukhazikitsa bata padziko lonse lapansi, chomwe ndi cholinga chachikulu cha United Nations. Ndidawona izi ngati zofunika kwambiri kuti ndiike moyo wanga pachiswe kangapo, osati monga msirikali wamtendere wa UN, komanso pambuyo pake ngati wowunika wosankhidwa wamba m'maiko ambiri omwe adakumana ndi mikangano yayikulu.

M'zaka zoyambilira za bata lamtendere la UN UN, makamaka pansi pa m'modzi mwa alembi abwino ochepa, a Dag Hammarskjold, omwe adayesayesa kutenga nawo mbali pokomera anthu. Tsoka ilo kwa a Hammarskjold izi zidasemphana ndi zomwe zimatchedwa zokonda mayiko ambiri mwamphamvu kwambiri, kuphatikiza mamembala angapo okhazikika a UN Security Council, ndipo mwina zidamupha mu 1961 pomwe amayesera kukambirana zamtendere ku Congo. M'zaka zoyambirira zamtendere za UN, zinali zachilendo kuti asitikali achitetezo apatsidwe ndi mayiko osalowerera ndale kapena osagwirizana. Mamembala okhazikika a UN Security Council kapena mamembala a NATO kapena Warsaw Pact nthawi zambiri samasungidwa ngati asitikali ogwira ntchito koma amaloledwa kupereka zosungira. Pazifukwa izi Ireland yakhala ikufunsidwa pafupipafupi ndi UN kuti ipereke asitikali achitetezo ndipo achita izi mosalekeza kuyambira 1958. Ntchito yovutayi yawonjezeka kwambiri. Asitikali 88 aku Ireland amwalira pantchito yosungitsa bata, zomwe ndizowopsa kwambiri kwa gulu laling'ono kwambiri. Ndidawadziwa ambiri mwa asirikali XNUMX aku Ireland.

Funso lofunikira lomwe ndafunsidwa kuti ndiyankhe mu pepalali ndi ili: Kodi magulu ankhondo ndiomwe akuyang'anira Mtendere?

Palibe yankho lachindunji kapena ayi. Kusungadi mtendere weniweni ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri komanso chovuta kwambiri. Kupanga nkhondo zachiwawa ndizosavuta makamaka ngati muli ndi gulu lamphamvu kumbali yanu. Zimakhala zosavuta nthawi zonse kuswa zinthu m'malo mokonzekera zitatha. Mtendere uli ngati galasi losalala lagalasi, ukaliphwanya, ndizovuta kukonza, ndipo miyoyo yomwe wawononga siyingakonzeke kapena kubwezeretsedwanso. Mfundo yomalizirayi imasamaliridwa pang'ono. Olonda mwamtendere nthawi zambiri amaikidwa m'malo otetezera pakati pa ankhondo omenyera nkhondo ndipo samagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zowopsa ndikudalira zokambirana, kuleza mtima, kukambirana, kulimbikira komanso kulingalira bwino. Kungakhale kovuta kukhalabe pamalo anu osayankha mokakamiza bomba linaphulika ndipo zipolopolo zikuwulukira komwe mukuyang'ana, koma ndizo zomwe alonda amtendere amachita, ndipo izi zimafunikira kulimba mtima kwamaphunziro komanso maphunziro apadera. Asitikali ankhondo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomenya nkhondo samapanga asitikali abwino ndipo amatha kubwerera kunkhondo pomwe akuyenera kukhala mwamtendere, chifukwa ndi zomwe akukonzekera ndikuphunzitsidwa. Chiyambireni kutha kwa Cold War makamaka, US ndi NATO ndi mabungwe ena agwiritsa ntchito mabodza omwe amatchedwa othandizira kapena amtendere kukakamiza mishoni kuti amenye nkhondo zankhanza ndikulanda maboma a mamembala odziyimira a United Nations kuphwanya kwambiri UN Hayala. Zitsanzo za izi zikuphatikizapo nkhondo ya NATO yolimbana ndi Serbia mu 1999, kulanda ndi kugwetsa boma la Afghanistan ku 2001, kulanda ndi kugwetsa boma la Iraq ku 2003, kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa bungwe la UN kuvomereza malo osawuluka ku Libya ku 2001 kugwetsa boma la Libya, komanso zoyesayesa zolanda boma la Syria. Komabe pamene kukhazikika kwenikweni kwamtendere ndikukhazikitsa bata kunali kofunikira, mwachitsanzo kupewa ndi kuletsa kuphana ku Cambodia ndi Rwanda mayiko amphamvu omwewa adayimilira osakhalitsa ndipo mamembala angapo okhazikika a UN Security Council adathandiziranso iwo omwe anali kuchita kuphedwa kwa anthu.

Pali mwayi woti anthu wamba nawonso asunge bata ndikuthandizira kukhazikitsa bata mayiko atatuluka mu mikangano yachiwawa, koma ntchito iliyonse yosungitsa bata ndi ufulu wokomera demokalase iyenera kukhala yolinganizidwa bwino ndikuwongoleredwa, monga ndikofunikira kuti kusungitsa bata kwamisili kuyeneranso kulinganizidwa mosamala ndi malamulo. Pakhala pali nkhanza zoopsa zomwe zimachitika pakati pa anthu wamba komanso asitikali ankhondo momwe kuwongolera kotereku sikokwanira.

Ku Bosnia nkhondo itatha mu 1995, dzikolo linali pafupi kuthamangitsidwa ndi mabungwe omwe siaboma omwe anali kukonzekera mosakonzekera bwino ndipo nthawi zina anali kuvulaza koposa zabwino. Mikangano ndi zotsutsana pambuyo pake ndi malo owopsa, makamaka kwa anthu amderalo, komanso alendo omwe amabwera osakonzekera. Asitikali ankhondo okhala ndi zida zokwanira komanso ophunzitsidwa bwino nthawi zambiri amakhala ofunikira koyambirira koma atha kupindulanso ndikuwonjezera kwa anthu oyenerera atapatsidwa mwayi kuti nzikazo ziphatikizidwe ngati gawo limodzi la njira zochira. Mabungwe monga UNV (United Nations Volunteer Program), ndi OSCE (Organisation for Security and Cooperation ku Europe) ndi Carter Center yaku US amachita ntchito yabwino ngati imeneyi, ndipo ndakhala ndikugwira ntchito ngati aliyense wamba. European Union imaperekanso ntchito zowonetsetsa zamtendere ndikuwunika zisankho, koma kuchokera pazomwe ndakumana nazo ndikufufuza pakhala mavuto ena akulu mmautumiki ambiri aku European Union makamaka m'maiko aku Africa, komwe zofuna zachuma za European Union ndi mayiko ake amphamvu kwambiri, zimayambira kuthana ndi chidwi chenicheni cha anthu m'maiko awa omwe mikangano yawo ikuyenera kuthetsedwa. Kugwiritsa ntchito nkhanza kwa anthu aku Africa, zomwe zimabweretsa ukapolo wachikunja, ndizofunikira kwambiri pakukhazikitsa mtendere komanso kuteteza ufulu wa anthu. France ndiye wolakwira kwambiri, koma osati yekhayo.

Nkhani yokhudza kusasiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndiyofunika kwambiri M'mishoni zokhazikitsa bata m'malingaliro mwanga. Asitikali ambiri amakono amalipira milomo kuti athetse kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi koma chowonadi ndichakuti zikafika pamagulu ankhondo achikazi ndi azimayi ochepa kwambiri omwe amagwira nawo ntchito zankhondo, ndipo kuzunza akazi azimayi ndi vuto lalikulu. Monga momwe injini kapena makina osayenerera pamapeto pake adzawonongeka kwambiri, chimodzimodzi, mabungwe osakhazikika, monga omwe amakhala amuna ambiri, samangowonongeka komanso amawononga kwambiri magulu omwe amagwirako ntchito. Ife ku Ireland tikudziwa kulipira kwathu kuwonongeka komwe kwachitika chifukwa cha atsogoleri achipembedzo achikatolika osafunikira komanso amuna olamulira anthu aku Ireland kuyambira pomwe dziko lathu linayamba, ngakhale ufulu usanachitike. Gulu loyang'anira bata lamwamuna / wamkazi loyenera limakhazikitsa mtendere weniweni, ndipo limazunza kwambiri anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo chomwe akuyenera kuteteza. Vuto lina lomwe likupezeka pantchito zamasiku ano zoteteza bata ndikuti magulu ambiri ankhondo omwe akutenga nawo mbali pano tsopano akuchokera kumayiko osauka ndipo ali pafupifupi amuna okhaokha ndipo izi zadzetsa milandu yayikulu yokha ya omwe achitetezo amtendere. Komabe, pakhala pali milandu yayikulu yakuzunzidwa motere ndi asitikali aku France ndi ena akumadzulo, kuphatikiza asitikali aku US ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan, omwe timauzidwa kuti analipo kuti abweretse mtendere ndi demokalase komanso ufulu kwa anthu aku Afghanistan ndi aku Iraq. Kusunga mtendere sichimangofunika kukambirana zamtendere ndi magulu ankhondo otsutsana. Pankhondo zamakono magulu a anthu wamba nthawi zambiri amakhala akuwonongeka kwambiri ndi mikangano kuposa asitikali otsutsana nawo. Chisoni ndi chithandizo chenicheni kwa anthu wamba ndichinthu chofunikira pakusunga mtendere komwe nthawi zambiri kumanyalanyazidwa.

Mdziko lenileni gawo linalake la umunthu lotengeka ndi umbombo ndi zina zimakonda kugwiritsa ntchito nkhanza. Izi zafunika kufunika kwa malamulo kuti ateteze anthu ambiri ku nkhanza zochitidwa nkhanza ndipo apolisi amafunikira kuti agwiritse ntchito ndikukhazikitsa malamulo m'matauni ndi m'midzi mwathu. Ireland ili ndi apolisi okhala ndi zida zambiri osakhala ndi zida, koma ngakhale izi zimathandizidwa ku nthambi yapadera yokhala ndi zida zankhondo chifukwa zigawenga komanso magulu ankhondo osavomerezeka ali ndi zida zapamwamba. Kuphatikiza apo, apolisi (Gardai) ku Ireland alinso ndi thandizo la Asitikali aku Ireland kuti adzawayimbire ngati kuli kofunikira, koma kugwiritsa ntchito ankhondo ku Ireland nthawi zonse kumalamulidwa ndi apolisi komanso motsogozedwa ndi apolisi kupatula mlandu wadzidzidzi waukulu wadziko lonse. Nthawi zina, apolisi, ngakhale ku Ireland, amagwiritsa ntchito molakwa mphamvu zawo, kuphatikiza mphamvu zawo kupha.

Pamlingo waukulu kapena wapadziko lonse lapansi, chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso machitidwe a anthu ndi mayiko amatsatira machitidwe ofanana kapena amachitidwe. Mphamvu zimawononga mphamvu mwamtheradi zimawononga mwamtheradi. Tsoka ilo, pakadali pano, palibe mulingo woyenera wapadziko lonse lapansi wolamulira kapena apolisi kupitirira machitidwe amitundu yapadziko lonse lapansi. UN imadziwika ndi ambiri kuti ndi oyang'anira padziko lonse lapansi ndipo monga Shakespeare anganene kuti "oh zikadakhala zosavuta". Omwe adalemba UN Charter makamaka anali atsogoleri a USA ndi Britain panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, ndipo pang'ono ndi pang'ono Soviet Union ngati France ndi China anali akugwirabe ntchito. Chidziwitso chotsimikizika cha UN chikupezeka mgulu loyamba la UN Charter. “Ife anthu a United Nations…” Mawu oti anthu ndi ochulukitsa (anthu ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndipo anthu ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu) kotero ife anthu sitikunena za inu kapena ine monga aliyense payekha, koma kwa iwo magulu a anthu omwe akupanga dzikolo akuti ndi mamembala a United Nations. Ife anthu, inu ndi ine monga aliyense payekhapayekha, sitikhala ndiudindo pakati pa UN. Maiko onse omwe ali membala amatengedwa ngati ofanana mu UN General Assembly, ndipo zisankho zaku Ireland kupita ku UN Security Council ngati boma laling'ono kwanthawi yachinayi kuyambira mzaka za 2 zikuwonetsa izi. Komabe, kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka bungwe la UN, makamaka ku Security Council, kakufanana kwambiri ndi Soviet Union m'malo modalira demokalase. UN Security Council, makamaka mamembala asanu okhazikika a UN Security Council, akupondereza UN. Zowonjezeretsa izi, olemba UN Charter adadzipangira okha njira ziwiri zotsekera kapena njira yokhotakhota potengera veto yawo pazosankha zonse zofunika za UN makamaka pokhudzana ndi cholinga chachikulu cha UN, chomwe chafotokozedwa mu Tchata cha UN, Article 1960: Zolinga za bungwe la United Nations ndi izi: 1. Kusunga bata ndi chitetezo padziko lonse lapansi, ndikuti zikwaniritse izi: ndi zina,… ”

Mphamvu ya veto ikupezeka mu Article 27.3. "Zisankho za Security Council pazinthu zina zonse ziyenera kupangidwa ndi kuvomereza kwa mamembala asanu ndi anayi kuphatikiza kuvota kovomerezeka kwa mamembala okhazikika;". Mawu osamveka bwinowa amapatsa aliyense mwa mamembala asanu okhazikika, China, USA, Russia, Britain ndi France mphamvu zopanda malire zoletsa chisankho chilichonse chofunikira cha UN chomwe akuwona kuti sichingakhudze dziko lawo, ngakhale atakhala ndi chidwi chotani ndi umunthu . Zimalepheretsanso bungwe la UN Security Council kuti lisakhazikitse mayiko aliwonse mwa mayiko asanuwa mosasamala kanthu za milandu yayikulu yolakwira anthu kapena milandu yankhondo yomwe iliyonse mwa mayiko asanuwa angachite. Mphamvu ya veto iyi imayika mayiko asanuwa mopitilira malamulo amitundu yonse. Nthumwi yaku Mexico pazokambirana zomwe zidakhazikitsa chikalata cha UN mu 1945 adalongosola izi ngati tanthauzo: "Mbewa zidzalangizidwa ndipo mikango idzamasuka". Ireland ndi imodzi mwa mbewa ku UN, komanso India yomwe ndi demokalase yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, pomwe Britain ndi France, iliyonse yomwe ili ndi ochepera 1% ya anthu padziko lapansi, ali ndi mphamvu zambiri ku UN kuti India ndi oposa 17% ya anthu padziko lapansi.

Kumeneko mphamvu zinathandiza Soviet Union, USA, Britain ndi France, kuti azizunza kwambiri Charter ya UN mu Cold War yonse pomenya nkhondo ku Africa ndi Latin America ndikuwongolera nkhondo zankhanza ku Indo China ndi Afghanistan. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti kupatula ntchito ya Tibet, China sinachitepo nkhondo zakunja ndi mayiko ena.

Pangano la United Nations loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya lomwe lavomerezedwa ndikuyamba kugwira ntchito pa 22 Januware 2021 lalandiridwa padziko lonse lapansi.[1]  Chowonadi ndichakuti mgwirizanowu sungakhudze aliyense mwa mamembala asanu okhazikika a UN Security Council chifukwa aliyense wa iwo adzatsutsa zoyesayesa zilizonse zogwiritsa ntchito zida zawo za nyukiliya kapena kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya ngati zingatheke mwina atha kusankha kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya. Zowonadi zake, zida za nyukiliya zikugwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku lililonse mosaloledwa ndi mayiko asanu ndi anayi omwe tikudziwa kuti ali ndi zida za nyukiliya, kuwopseza ndi kuwopseza dziko lonse lapansi. Mphamvu za nyukiliya izi zikuti njira iyi ya MAD Mutual Assured Destruction ikusunga mtendere wapadziko lonse!

Ndi kugwa kwa Soviet Union komanso kutha kwa zomwe zimadziwika kuti Cold War mayiko amtendere ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa ndipo NATO idasokonekera pambuyo poti Warsaw Pact idasokonekera. Zosiyana zachitika. NATO yapitilizabe kugwira ntchito ndikufalikira mpaka kuphatikiza kum'mawa konse kwa Europe mpaka kumalire a Russia, ndikumenya nkhondo zankhanza kuphatikiza kulanda maboma oyimilira amitundu ingapo ya UN, kuphwanya kwakukulu UN Charter ndi a NATO hayala yake.

Kodi zonsezi zikukhudza bwanji kusunga mtendere ndipo ndani ayenera kuchita?

NATO, motsogozedwa ndikuyendetsedwa ndi USA, yalanda kapena kuyika mbali yayikulu mbali ya UN pakupanga bata padziko lonse lapansi. Izi sizingakhale zoyipa ngati NATO ndi USA zithandizadi ndikukhazikitsa udindo weniweni wa UN pakusungitsa mtendere wapadziko lonse lapansi.

Iwo achita zosiyana kwambiri, podzinenera kuti njira zothandizira anthu, ndipo pambuyo pake atawonjezera mfundo yatsopano ya UN yotchedwa R2P Udindo Woteteza.[2] Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 US adalowererapo mosavomerezeka ku Somalia kenako adasiya ntchitoyi, kusiya Somalia ngati dziko lolephera kuyambira pamenepo, ndipo adalephera kuchitapo kanthu kuti aletse kapena kuletsa kuphana kwa anthu aku Rwanda. US ndi NATO adalowererapo mochedwa ku Bosnia, ndipo adalephera kuthandizira mokwanira ntchito ya UN UNPROFOR kumeneko, kuwonetsa kuti kutha kwa dziko lomwe kale linali Yugoslavia mwina ndiye kuti chinali cholinga chawo. Kuchokera mu 1999 mtsogolo zolinga ndi zochita za US ndi NATO zimawoneka ngati zikuchulukirachulukira ndikuphwanya pangano la UN Charter.

Awa ndi mavuto akulu omwe sangathetseke mosavuta. Omwe amathandizira dongosolo lomwe likupezeka padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo izi mwina zikuphatikiza ambiri mwa akatswiri andale, amatiuza kuti izi ndizowona, ndipo kuti ife omwe timatsutsa machitidwe apadziko lonse lapansi ndi akatswiri chabe. Zokambirana zoterezi mwina zidakhalapo zisanachitike nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, zida zanyukiliya zisanachitike. Tsopano umunthu ndi chilengedwe chonse padziko lapansi chikukumana ndi chiwonongeko chotheka chifukwa cha nkhondoyi, yolamulidwa makamaka ndi USA. Komabe, tisaiwale kuti maulamuliro ena atatu a nyukiliya, China, India ndi Pakistan akhala ndi mikangano yachiwawa pazokhudza malire ngakhale m'zaka zaposachedwa, zomwe zitha kuyambitsa nkhondo zanyukiliya mchigawochi.

Kusunga mtendere ndikusungitsa mtendere wapadziko lonse sizinali zofunikira kwambiri kuposa momwe zilili pakadali pano. Ndikofunikira kuti anthu agwiritse ntchito zonse zomwe zilipo kuti akhazikitse mtendere wosatha, ndipo anthu wamba azitenga gawo lalikulu pamtenderewu, apo ayi nzika zapadziko lino lapansi zidzalipira.

Ponena za njira zina m'malo mwa asirikali akuyenera kukhala oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikiratu pazankhondo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza mtendere, komanso malamulo okhwima kwambiri oyang'anira ntchito zamtendere komanso za omwe achitetezo. Izi zikuyenera kuphatikizidwa ndikuwonjezera anthu wamba pakusunga mtendere m'malo mochotsa asitikali ankhondo ndi asitikali achitetezo.

Funso lofunikira lofunikira lomwe tikufunika kufunsa ndikuyankha, lomwe ndimachita mu PhD Thesis yanga yomwe idamalizidwa mu 2008, ndikuti kusunga mtendere kwachita bwino. Malingaliro anga osakayikira anali, ndipo akadali, kuti kupatula ochepa, bungwe lamtendere la United Nations, ndikuchita kwa UN pakukwaniritsa gawo lake lalikulu lokhalitsa bata padziko lonse lapansi kwakhala kulephera kwakukulu, chifukwa UN sinaloledwe kuchita bwino. Kope la chiphunzitso changa chitha kupezeka patsamba lino pansipa. [3]

Mabungwe ambiri achitetezo agwira kale ntchito yopanga ndi kukhazikitsa bata.

Njirazi ndi izi:

1. Odzipereka a United Nations unv.org. Ili ndi bungwe lothandizira mu UN lomwe limapereka anthu odzipereka pantchito zosiyanasiyana zamtendere ndi chitukuko m'maiko ambiri.
2. Osachita Chiwawa Mtendere - https://www.nonviolentpeaceforce.org/ - Our Mission - Nonviolent Peaceforce (NP) ndi bungwe loteteza anthu wamba padziko lonse lapansi (NGO) lozikidwa palamulo lothandiza anthu komanso mayiko ena. Cholinga chathu ndikuteteza nzika m'mikangano yachiwawa kudzera munjira zopanda zida, kukhazikitsa mtendere limodzi ndi anthu amderalo, ndikulimbikitsa kuti njira izi zithandizire kuteteza miyoyo ya anthu ndi ulemu wawo. NP ikuwona chikhalidwe chamtendere padziko lonse lapansi pomwe mikangano mkati ndi pakati pa madera ndi mayiko imayendetsedwa kudzera munjira zopanda chiwawa. Tikuwongoleredwa ndi mfundo zosachita zachiwawa, kusachita nawo zandale, kutsogola kwa ochita zisudzo, komanso kuchitapo kanthu mosagwirizana ndi anthu wamba.
3. Oteteza Kumbuyo: https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/ - Front Line Defenders idakhazikitsidwa ku Dublin mu 2001 ndi cholinga choteteza omenyera ufulu wa anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo (HRDs), anthu omwe amagwira ntchito, osachita zachiwawa, ufulu uliwonse kapena ufulu wonse womwe umapezeka mu Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR ). Oteteza Kumbuyo Amayang'anira zosowa zachitetezo zomwe HRD imawadziwitsa. - Ntchito ya Front Line Defenders ndikuteteza ndikuthandizira omenyera ufulu wa anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo chifukwa chantchito yawo yokhudza ufulu wa anthu.
4. CEDAW Msonkhano wa Kuthetsa Mitundu Yonse Yotsutsana ndi Akazi ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse womwe udakhazikitsidwa mu 1979 ndi United Nations General Assembly. Pofotokozedwa ngati chikalata cha ufulu wapadziko lonse lapansi cha amayi, idakhazikitsidwa pa 3 Seputembara 1981 ndipo yavomerezedwa ndi mayiko 189. Misonkhano yamayiko yotereyi ndiyofunikira kutetezera anthu wamba makamaka amayi ndi ana.
5. VSI Volunteer Service International https://www.vsi.ie/experience/volunteerstories/meast/longterm-volunteering-in-palestine/
6. VSO Mayiko bmosanapoli.it - Cholinga chathu ndikupanga kusintha kosatha mwa kudzipereka. Timabweretsa zosintha osati potumiza thandizo, koma pogwira ntchito kudzera mwa odzipereka ndi othandizana nawo kupatsa mphamvu anthu okhala kumadera ena osauka kwambiri padziko lapansi.
7. Odzipereka achikondi https://www.lovevolunteers.org/destinations/volunteer-palestine
8. Mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi omwe akutenga nawo mbali poyang'anira zisankho pakagwa mavuto:

• Bungwe la Chitetezo ndi Mgwirizano ku Europe (OSCE) osce.org idapereka ntchito zowunikira zisankho makamaka kumayiko akum'mawa kwa Europe ndi mayiko omwe kale anali ogwirizana ndi Soviet Union. OSCE imaperekanso ogwira ntchito yosunga mtendere m'maiko ena monga Ukraine ndi Armenia / Azerbaijan
• European Union: EU ikupereka ntchito zowunikira zisankho kumadera ena padziko lapansi zomwe sizikukhudzidwa ndi OSCE, kuphatikiza Asia, Africa ndi Latin America.
• Malo a Carter cartercenter.org

Zomwe zili pamwambazi ndi ena mwa mabungwe ambiri omwe nzika zitha kuchita mbali zofunika pakukhazikitsa mtendere.

Zotsatira:

Udindo wamagulu amtendere m'maiko ndikofunikira koma izi zikuyenera kukulitsidwa kuti pakhale gulu lamtendere padziko lonse lapansi, polumikizana ndi mgwirizano pakati pa mabungwe ambiri amtendere omwe alipo kale. Mabungwe ngati World Beyond War Itha kutenga mbali zofunika kwambiri popewa zachiwawa komanso kupewa nkhondo zomwe zimachitika koyambirira. Monga momwe zilili ndi ntchito zathu zazaumoyo komwe kupewa matenda ndi miliri kumakhala kothandiza kwambiri kuposa kuyesa kuchiritsa matendawa atagwiranso, momwemonso, kupewa nkhondo kumakhala kothandiza kwambiri kuposa kuyesa kuyimitsa nkhondo zikachitika. Kusunga mtendere ndikofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito chithandizo choyamba, njira yotsekera mabala a nkhondo. Kukhazikitsa mtendere ndikofanana ndikugwiritsa ntchito triage ku miliri yankhondo zachiwawa zomwe zikadayenera kupewedwa poyamba.

Chofunikira ndikugawana zinthu zomwe zimapezeka kwa anthu makamaka popewa nkhondo, kupanga mtendere, kuteteza ndikubwezeretsa malo okhala, m'malo momenya nkhondo ndikupanga nkhondo.

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinsinsi zofunika kukhazikitsa bata padziko lonse lapansi kapena padziko lonse lapansi.

Chiyerekezo cha ndalama zankhondo zapadziko lonse lapansi za 2019 zowerengedwa ndi SIPRI, STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE ndi madola 1,914 biliyoni. Komabe, pali madera ambiri ogwiritsira ntchito asirikali osaphatikizidwa ndi ziwerengero za SIPRI kotero kuti chiwonkhetso chenicheni chimakhala chopitilira $ 3,000 biliyoni.

Poyerekeza ndalama zonse za UN za chaka cha 2017 zinali madola US biliyoni 53.2 okha ndipo mwina zatsikiratu kwenikweni pakadali pano.

Izi zikuwonetsa kuti anthu amawononga ndalama zowirikiza kuposa 50 pazowonongera usirikali kuposa zomwe amathera pantchito zonse za United Nations. Zowonongera kunkhondo siziphatikizira mtengo wankhondo monga, ndalama, kuwonongeka kwa zomangamanga, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, ndi kuwonongeka kwa miyoyo ya anthu. [4]

Vuto lakukwaniritsa kupulumuka kwaumunthu ndi la umunthu, ndipo izi zikuphatikizapo inu ndi ine, kuti tisinthe kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito ndikugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zochepa pomenya nkhondo ndi nkhondo, komanso zochulukirapo pakupanga ndikusungitsa mtendere, kuteteza ndi kubwezeretsa chilengedwe, komanso pankhani zaumoyo wa anthu, maphunziro komanso makamaka chilungamo chenicheni.

Chilungamo chapadziko lonse lapansi chiyenera kukhala ndi machitidwe azamalamulo apadziko lonse lapansi, kuyankha mlandu ndi kubwezera ndalama kuchokera kumayiko omwe achita nkhondo zankhanza. Sipadzakhala chitetezo chazoyankha komanso chilungamo komanso osalangidwa pamilandu yankhondo, ndipo izi zimafunikira kuchotsedwa mwachangu mphamvu ya veto ku UN Security Council.

[1] https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/tpnw/

[2] https://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/assets/pdf/Backgrounder%20R2P%202014.pdf

[3] https://www.pana.ie/download/Thesis-Edward_Horgan%20-United_Nations_Reform.pdf

[4] https://transnational.live/2021/01/16/tff-statement-convert-military-expenditures-to-global-problem-solving/