Amnesia waku America

Ndi Thomas A. Bass, August 4, 2017, MekongReview.

EChinthu cholakwika ndi gawo la magawo khumi la zolemba za PBS pa Nkhondo ya Vietnam zikuwoneka maminiti asanu oyambirira. Liwu lochokera kuntchito iliyonse yokhudza nkhondo "inayamba mwachikhulupiliro" kuti mwanjira ina inathamanga njanji ndikupha mamilioni a anthu. Ife tikuwona moto wamoto ndi msilikali wakufa mu thumba la thumba akuponyedwa mu helikopita, monga rotor ikupita thump, thump, thump, ngati malo ochokera Apocalypse Tsopano. Kenaka tinadula kumaliro ku Main Street ndi bokosi loyang'aniridwa ndi Stars ndi Stripes, lomwe limachulukitsa, pamene kamera imatuluka, m'magulu ambiri ndi mazana a mbendera, akuwoneka ngati hex otsutsana ndi otentha omwe angaganize kuti filimuyi ndilosavomerezeka kukonda dziko.

Chilichonse chomwe chili ndi zolembazo chimaonekera maminiti pang'ono, pamene filimuyo imabwereranso (kumatanthawuza zochitika zambiri mmbuyomo) kumalo osungira malemba ndi nyimbo kuyambira nthawi ndikuyamba mawu - ambiri a Vietnamese - omwe adzakambirane izi mbiri. Firimuyi imadalira kwambiri olemba ndi olemba ndakatulo, kuphatikizapo Achimereka Tim O'Brien ndi Karl Marlantes ndi olemba Chivietinamu Le Minh Khue, ndi Bao Ninh, omwe Chisoni cha Nkhondo ndilo limodzi mwa mabuku akuluakulu okhudza Vietnam kapena nkhondo iliyonse.

Zomwe zakhala zikuperekedwa, mbiri yakale ya mbiri, mbiri yochititsa chidwi, kudzimangirira kwaufulu ndi chikhumbo cha "machiritso" osati choonadi ndi cinematic topoi yomwe takhala tikuyembekezera kuchokera kwa Ken Burns ndi Lynn Novick kudzera m'mafilimu awo onena za Civil War, Prohibition , baseball, jazz ndi mitu ina mu mbiriyakale ya United States. Burns wakhala akuyendetsa gawoli kwa zaka makumi anai, kuyambira pomwe adawonetsa filimu yake yoyamba pa Bridge Bridge ku 1981, ndipo Novick wakhala kumbali yake kuyambira 1990, pamene adamulemba kukhala mlembi kuti apeze mavoti a chithunzi Nkhondo Yachikhalidwe ndipo adatsimikizira kuti ndi wofunika kwambiri.

Mu zokambirana zawo, Burns amayankhula zambiri, pomwe a Yale-ophunzira, wofufuza kafukufuku wa Smithsonian amatsalira kumbuyo. Novick amalandira ngongole pamagulu awo, koma anthu ambiri amawatcha monga Ken Burns. (Pambuyo pake, iye ndi amene ali ndi "zotsatira" zotchulidwa pambuyo pake: njira yowonetsera kanema, yomwe tsopano ikuyimira ngati "Ken Burns" button, yomwe imathandiza munthu kuti afotokoze apobe zithunzi.) Mmodzi akudabwa kuti pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa Novick ndi Burns: wolemba mabuku wodwala komanso wojambula.

Kusiyanitsa pakati pa mbiri ndi sewero kumapanga gawo limodzi la magawo khumi a PBS, omwe amayamba ndi chiwonongeko cha dziko la Vietnam ku 1858 ndipo chimatha ndi kugwa kwa Saigon ku 1975. Pamene filimuyo ikudula kuchokera ku chithunzi cha Novickian kwa anthu a Burnsian pafupi, nthawi zina zimamveka ngati zasinthidwa ndi anthu awiri kupanga mafilimu awiri osiyana. Tikhoza kuyang'ana zojambulazo kuchokera ku 1940s ku Ho Chi Minh kulandira apolisi a US intelligence omwe adabwereranso kumapiri ake, pamene mwadzidzidzi filimuyo ikuchoka kuchokera ku mdima ndi wofiira kuti iwononge mtundu wake ndipo tikuyang'ana msilikali wakale wa ku America. Viet Cong-inachititsa mantha a mdima, zomwe zimamupangitsa iye kugona ndi kuwala kwa usiku, monga ana ake. Ngakhale tisanafike ku Ho Chi Minh komanso kugonjetsedwa kwa French ku Dien Bien Phu ku 1954, tikuyang'ana nyanja ya ku America ikufotokozera kuti akugawanika ku America ku 1972, komwe akumuuza kuti ndi kovuta kuposa kulimbana ndi Viet Cong.

Pakati pa Gawo Lachiwiri, "Kuthamanga Tiger" (1961-1963), tikulowera ku Burns gawo. Nkhondo yakhazikitsidwa ngati nkhondo yapachiweniweni, ndi United States kuteteza boma la demokarasi mosasankhidwa kumwera motsutsana ndi Achikomyunizimu akubwera kuchokera kumpoto. Anyamata a ku America akumenyana ndi mdani wopanda umulungu kuti Burns amasonyeza ngati mafunde ofiira akuyenda pamapu a Southeast Asia ndi dziko lonse lapansi.

Mndandanda wa mbiri yakale mu Gawo Woyamba, "Déjà Vu" (1858-1961), yomwe imatsutsa maganizo awa a nkhondo, imanyalanyazidwa kapena siyimvetsetsedwa. Vietnam ya kum'mwera sinali dziko lodziimira. Kuchokera ku 1862 kufika ku 1949, kunali chilumba cha ku France cha Cochinchina, chimodzi mwa magawo asanu omwe anagawidwa mu Indochina ya ku France (ena omwe anali Tonkin, Annam, Cambodia ndi Laos). Asilikali a ku French omwe anagonjetsedwa ku South America adayambanso ku South America pambuyo pa 1954, yomwe ndi pamene ndege ya US Air Force ndi CIA wothandizira Edward Lansdale anayamba kugwira ntchito kuti akweze dzikoli lakale kudziko. A US anaika Ngo Dinh Diem monga wolamulira wa dziko la Vietnam, akuthandizira kuthetsa adani ake ndi kupanga chisankho chomwe Diem adachiba, ndi 98.2 peresenti ya voti yotchuka.

TMphindi wofunika kwambiri mu kulengedwa kwa Lansdale inali nkhondo ya Mwezi, yomwe inayamba mu April 1955. (Nkhondoyo siinatchulidwe mu filimuyo. Lansdale sanazindikirenso pa chithunzi cha iye yemwe anakhala pafupi ndi Diem.) Chingwe chinalembedwa kuti chidziwitse ku ambassador wa US kuti achotse Diem. (A similar cable, anatumiza zaka khumi pambuyo pake, zikanakhala zovuta kuti Diem aphedwe.) Madzulo madzulo asanatulukidwe, Diem adayambitsa chigamulo choopsa cha Binh Xuyen, omwe amatsogoleredwa ndi mtsinje wa Pirate Bay Vien, omwe anali ndi asilikali a 2,500 . Nkhondoyo itatha, Saigon mtunda wa makilomita ambiri anali atasokonezeka ndipo anthu a 20,000 analibe pokhala.

A French anagulitsa ufumu wawo ku Asia chifukwa cha malonda a opiamu (china chomwe chinachokera mu filimuyo). Iwo adayesa phindu lawo kuchokera ku zigwa za Bay Vien, omwe adalandiridwanso kuthamangitsa apolisi a dziko lonse ndi makoti a Saigon ndi makola a njuga. Kugonjetsa kwa Diem kwa Binh Xuyen kunali kwenikweni kuukira French. Zinali chidziwitso cha CIA kuti a French adatsirizidwa ku Southeast Asia. A US anali atapereka ndalama zokhudzana ndi nkhondo yawo yowonongeka, atapereka ndalama zokwana 80 peresenti ya mtengo wake, koma atagonjetsedwa ndi a French ku Dien Bien Phu, inali nthawi yoti othawa achoke mumzinda.

Pambuyo pamene adaniwa adagonjetsedwa ndi magulu ena otsutsa monga Hoa Hao ndi Cao Dai ataponyedwa ndi ziphuphu za CIA, Diem ndi Lansdale anayamba kupanga Vietnam "yaulere". Pogwiritsa ntchito 23 October 1955, Diem anali kudandaula kuti apambana. Patatha masiku atatu adalengeza za kulengedwa kwa Republic of Vietnam, kudziwika kuti South Vietnam. Anaphwanya chisankho chofuna kuyanjanitsa kumpoto ndi kum'mwera kwa chisankho cha Vietnam chomwe Purezidenti Eisenhower ndi ena onse adziwa kuti chidzagonjetsedwa ndi Ho Chi Minh - ndipo adayamba kumanga dziko la apolisi lomwe linapulumuka zaka makumi awiri, lisanagwe pansi kufumbi helikopita kuchoka ku ambassy ya ku United States.

Lansdale anali munthu wakale wamalonda. Iye anali atagwira ntchito pa nkhani ya Levi Strauss pamene anayamba kugulitsa blue jeans kudziko lonse. Anadziwa kugulitsa jeans ya buluu. Iye ankadziwa momwe angagulitsire nkhondo. Aliyense wodziwa zambiri zokhudza mbiri ya Vietnam ndi nkhondo yake yanthaŵi yaitali polimbana ndi chikomyunizimu cha France akhoza kuona zomwe zikuchitika. "Vuto linali kuyesera kubisa zinthu tsiku ndi tsiku ngati nkhani pamene kwenikweni chinali chifungulo chenicheni chinali chakuti zonse zinachokera ku nkhondo ya ku France Indo-China, yomwe ili mbiri," adatero kale New York Times mtolankhani David Halberstam. "Kotero iwe uyenera kukhala ndi ndime yachitatu m'nkhani iliyonse imene iyenera kuti inati, 'Zonsezi ndizabwino ndipo palibe chimodzi cha izi chikutanthawuza chirichonse chifukwa ndife ofanana mofanana ndi a French ndipo ndife akaidi pazochitikira zawo.'"

Ngakhalenso chinenero cha Second Indochina War anakongoletsedwa kuchokera ku French, amene analankhula za "kuwala kumapeto kwa msewu" ndi milandu (chikasu) cha asilikali awo, omwe US ​​adawatcha Vietnam. France inagwetsa mafuta a petroli, napalm, ku Vietnam kugulitsa nkhondo, "nkhondo yonyansa", imene US adaipanga ngakhale yodetsedwa ndi Agent Orange ndi zina zankhondo.

Ngati izi zidziwike kwa akuluakulu a boma ndi atolankhani, adziwika ndi aliyense pambuyo pa Daniel Ellsberg adamasula Pentagon Papers mu 1971. Mavoti makumi anai a malemba apamtima ovumbulutsidwa amavumbula mabodza a maiko onse a US kuchokera ku Truman ndi Eisenhower mpaka Kennedy ndi Johnson. The Pentagon Papers Fotokozerani momwe anthu a ku America adanyengedwera kuti athandizire ku France pofuna kubwezeretsa Vietnam. Amakamba za ntchito za Lansdale ndi US chifukwa chokankhira chisankho kuti agwirizanenso Vietnam. Amalongosola nkhondo ya ufulu wodzilamulira kuti US sanayambe apambana mwayi wopambana, ngakhale ndi asilikali theka la miliyoni pansi. Ntchitoyi idalangizidwa kuti ikhale ndi China ndi kusewera masewera a nkhuku ku Russia. "Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti South Vietnam (mosiyana ndi maiko ena onse akumwera chakum'maŵa kwa Asia) idalengedwa kwambiri ndi United States", analemba Leslie Gelb, yemwe analangiza polojekitiyo. Pentagon Papers chidule. "Vietnam inali chidutswa cha chess, osati dziko," Gelb akuuza Burns ndi Novick.

More oposa makumi asanu ndi atatu anafunsidwa ndi ojambula mafilimu pa zaka khumi zomwe anasonkhanitsa Nkhondo ya Vietnam, koma chimodzimodzi ndi Daniel Ellsberg. Ellsberg, yemwe anali mtsogoleri wa gulu la asilikali a Marine Corps, anali msilikali wa gung-ho pamene adagwira ntchito ku Lansdale ku Vietnam kuchokera ku 1965 mpaka ku 1967. Koma pamene nkhondo idakwera, ndipo Ellsberg adawopa kuti Nixon ayesa kuthetsa vutoli ndi zida za nyukiliya (A French adamufunsa kale Eisenhower kusiya bomba ku Vietnam), adapita kumbali inayo.

Ellsberg lero ndi kutsutsa koopsa kwa nyukiliya ya US ndi zida zankhondo kuchokera ku Vietnam kupita ku Iraq. Kusapezeka kwake kwa filimuyo, kupatulapo m'mabuku ojambula, kumatsimikiziranso zidziwitso zake. Pogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Bank of America, David Koch ndi othandizira ena ogwirizana, chikalatacho chimadalira kwambiri akuluakulu akale, akuluakulu a CIA ndi akuluakulu a boma, omwe sadziwika ndi udindo kapena udindo, koma ndi mayina awo komanso mayina awo monga "mlangizi" kapena "Apadera". Mndandandanda wa padera uli ndi:

• Lewis Sorley, wophunzira wam'badwo wachitatu wa West Point yemwe amakhulupirira kuti US adagonjetsa nkhondo ku 1971 ndipo adataya chigonjetso chake mwa "kupandukira" mabungwe ake akum'mwera (ngakhale anali atapatsidwa ndalama zokwana $ 6 biliyoni za US iwo adagwa mpaka ku North Vietnamese akupita ku 1975).

• Rufus Phillips, mmodzi mwa "ojambula wakuda" a Lansdale amene adagwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri m'maganizo ndi zovuta.

• Donald Gregg, wokonza bungwe la Iran-contra-host-scandal ndi CIA mlangizi wa pulogalamu ya Phoenix ndi magulu ena opha anthu.

• John Negroponte, yemwe kale anali mkulu wa nzeru za dziko ndi ambassador ku malo ozungulira dziko lonse omwe ankafuna kugwira ntchito.

• Sam Wilson, mkulu wa asilikali a ku US ndi Lansdale yemwe adagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "antinsurgency".

• Stuart Herrington, msilikali wa asilikali a US Army omwe amadziwika kuti "akumufunsa mafunso ambiri," kuyambira ku Vietnam kupita ku Abu Ghraib.

• Robert Rheault, yemwe anali chitsanzo cha Colonel Kurtz, msilikali wopanduka mu Apocalypse Now. Rheault anali msilikali wamkulu wa asilikali apadera ku Vietnam, asanamukakamize kuti asiye ntchitoyo pamene iye ndi anyamata ake asanu adaimbidwa mlandu wopha anthu ndi chiwembu. Berets Green anali atapha mmodzi wa antchito awo a ku Vietnam, akudandaula kuti anali wotupa, ndipo anataya thupi lake m'nyanja.

Tsiku limene Nixon anatenga asilikali kuti apewe mlandu wa Rheault ndi tsiku lomwe Daniel Ellsberg anatsimikiza kumasula Papagal Pentagon. "Ine ndinaganiza: Ine sindikhala gawo la makina onyenga awa, chophimba ichi, kupha uku," panonso analemba Ellsberg mu Zinsinsi: Chikumbutso cha Vietnam ndi Paper Pentagon. "Ndi dongosolo lomwe limangokhalapo, pamtunda uliwonse, kuyambira pansi mpaka pamwamba - kuchokera kwa serge kuti alamulire mtsogoleri - kubisala kupha." Nkhani yotchedwa Green Beret, inatero Ellsberg, inali "ndondomeko" ya zomwe zidachitika ku Vietnam , pamlingo waukulu kwambiri, kupitirira kwa zaka zitatu ".

Burns ndi Novick amadalira kwambiri munthu wina - inde, anawatsagana nawo paulendo wawo wachitukuko kwa filimuyo - yemwe amadziwika mu documentary monga "Duong Van Mai, Hanoi" ndipo kenako "Duong Van Mai, Saigon". Uyu ndi dzina la mtsikana wa Duong Van Mai Elliott, yemwe wakhala akukwatiwa zaka makumi asanu ndi zitatu kudza zitatu kwa David Elliott, yemwe kale anali wofufuza mafunso ku Vietnam ndi pulofesa wa sayansi ya ndale ku Pomona College ku California. Popeza kuti amapita ku sukulu ku yunivesite ya Georgetown kumayambiriro a 1960s, Mai Elliott akhala kutali kwambiri ku United States kuposa ku Vietnam.

Elliott, yemwe kale anali wogwira ntchito ya RAND, ndi mwana wamkazi yemwe kale anali mkulu wa boma mu ulamuliro wa ku France. A French atagonjetsedwa nkhondo yoyamba ya Ind Indina, banja lake linasamuka ku Hanoi kupita ku Saigon, kupatulapo mlongo wa Elliott, yemwe adalowa ku Viet Minh kumpoto. Izi zimathandiza Elliott kuumirira - monga momwe amachitira mobwerezabwereza maonekedwe ake - kuti Vietnam ndi "nkhondo yapachiweniweni". Nkhondo inagawaniza mabanja ngati ake, koma otsutsa okhwima akoloni omwe amatsutsana ndi omvera achikoloni samakhala nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Palibe amene akunena nkhondo yoyamba ya Indochina monga nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Anali nkhondo yolimbana ndi chikatolika yomwe inagwirizanitsa ntchito, kupatulapo kuti Lansdale ndi Diem nthawiyi adalenga dziko la Nation. Anthu a ku America loath kuti athandize France kukhazikitsanso ufumu wake ku Asia akanakhala okonzeka kuteteza zipewa zoyera mu nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Elliott, yemwe amamenyana kwambiri ndi nkhondoyi, amamvetsa chisoni mtsikana wosautsika amene asilikali a US akuyesera kupulumutsa ku chiwawa cha Chikomyunizimu.

OPomwe Lansdale adachotsedwa ku mbiri ya nkhondo ya Vietnam, tidzakhalanso ndi maola khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu a kuphedwa, odzazidwa ndi maumboni oyankhulana, omwe amayamba kuwomba, poyambanso kumangomaliza kulimbikitsa. Izi zikuzunguliridwa ndi zochitika zakale zomwe zimachokera ku nkhondo yoyamba ya Ind Indina mpaka yachiwiri ndikukamba za nkhondo ku Ap Bac ndi Khe Sanh, Tet Offensive, kuphulika kwa mabomba kumpoto kwa Vietnam, kumasulidwa kwa US POWs ndi ndege yotsiriza denga la Embassy ya US (yomwe kwenikweni inali denga la nyumba yotetezera CIA ku Street 22 Ly Tu Trong). Pamapeto pa filimuyi - yomwe imakhudza komanso ikukangana, monga nkhondo yokha - yoposa asilikali a 58,000 a US, asilikali okwana 4,000,000 a ku Vietnam, milioni ya Viet Cong ndi North Vietnam ndi anthu a 2 miliyoni (makamaka kum'mwera ), osatchula zikwi makumi ambiri ku Laos ndi Cambodia, adzafa.

Mafilimu a Vietnam akufotokozedwa m'mabuku omwe adakalipo ku US mu maulamuliro asanu ndi limodzi omwe adasokoneza chisokonezo ichi (kuyambira Harry Truman kumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse). Kamera ikudutsanso kuphedwa kwa John Kennedy ndi Robert Kennedy ndi Martin Luther King, chipwirikiti cha apolisi ku msonkhano wa Chicago Democratic ku 1968 ndi zionetsero zosiyanasiyana zotsutsana ndi nkhondo, kuphatikizapo omwe anayi anawombera ku University of Kent State. Firimuyi ikuphatikizapo kukambirana kwa Nixon ndi Kissinger kuchotsa ziwembu zawo. ("Lembani motetezeka ndi kulitenga", Nixon akunena za kusokoneza umboni ku Brookings Institute). Zimasonyeza kuti Walter Cronkite akusowa chikhulupiriro mu Vietnam ndi Watergate kulemba ndi kudzipereka kwa Nixon komanso kulimbana pomanga Maya Lin a Vietnam Veterans Memorial ("gash of shame"). malo de kukumbukira).

Kwa ambiri, filimuyi ikutikumbutsa zomwe tikudziwa kale. Kwa ena, izi zidzakhala chiyambi cha zaka makumi awiri ndi ziwiri za kunyada kwa America. Anthu angadabwe kuphunzira za chiwonetsero cha Nixon poti azikambirana za mtendere ndi Lyndon Johnson ku 1968, kuti apititse patsogolo mwayi wake wosankhidwa. Iyi si nthawi yokhayo yomwe ili mu zolembedwa izi zomwe chinyengo chamakono chamakono chikugwirizana ndi zochitika zamakono. Owoneranso angadabwe kumva kuti nkhondo ya Ap Bac ku 1963, kugonjetsedwa kwakukulu kwa ankhondo a Republic of Vietnam ndi aphungu ake a ku United States, adalandiridwa kuti apambana, chifukwa mdaniyo, atapha asilikali makumi asanu ndi atatu a ARVs ndi alangizi atatu a ku United States , anasungunuka kumidzi. Malingaliro okhwima okha a asilikali a ku United States omwe akanatha kupeza mpunga wa mpunga amatchedwa chipambano, koma mobwerezabwereza, chaka ndi chaka, United States idzagonjetsa "nkhondo yonse yomwe idagonjetsedwa pamwamba pa mapiri ndi mpunga mapepala omwe adagwidwa pamene adani adanyamula akufa awo, anagwirizananso ndi kuukira kwinakwake.

Ndi atolankhani omwe akunena za kugonjetsedwa ndi kupambana kwa lipenga la Pentagon, "kusiyana kokayikira", komwe tsopano kunakula, kunayamba kuonekera, pamodzi ndi ziwonetsero zofalitsa nkhani zosakhulupirika komanso "kutaya" nkhondo. Zolingalira za "nkhani zabodza" ndi atolankhani monga "adani a anthu" ndizochitika zamtundu wina zomwe zimachokera ku nkhondo ya Vietnam. Pamene Morley Safer ankalemba nyumba zapamadzi m'mudzi wa Cam Ne mu 1965, Dzina la Safer linadetsedwa chifukwa chodandaula kuti adapatsa Marines ndi Zippo. Kusokoneza bongo, kusokonezeka maganizo, ntchito zowonongeka, kuphulika kwa uthenga, kuthamangitsidwa ndi mabodza amilandu ndi zowonjezereka zamoyo zaku Vietnam.

Nyuzipepalayi ndi yabwino kwambiri yonena za gambit ndikudalira olemba ndi olemba ndakatulo, anthu awiri omwe ali ofunika kwambiri ndi Bao Ninh (dzina lake lenileni ndi Hoang Au Phuong), yemwe kale anali mwana wamwamuna wobwerera kwawo atatha zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi akumenya nkhondo mpaka kumtsinje wa Ho Chi Minh. lemba Chisoni cha Nkhondo, ndi Tim O'Brien yemwe kale anali nyanjayi, yemwe anabwerera kuchokera ku nkhondo yake kukalemba Zinthu Zomwe Anasamalira ndi Kupita pambuyo pa Cacciato. Firimuyi imathera ndi O'Brien akuwerenga za asilikali omwe akunyalanyaza malingaliro kuchokera ku Vietnam, ndiyeno pangongoleyi, akutipatsa dzina labwino la Mai Elliott ndi zizindikiro za anthu ena.

Apa ndi pamene ndinayambanso kujambula masewerowa, ndikudutsa mu Gawo Woyamba, ndikudabwa ndi kuchuluka kwazinthu zomwe zidakumbukiridwa, koma ndi zomwe zinasiyidwa kapena zoiwalika. Zolemba zambiri zabwino zapangidwa pa nkhondo ya Vietnam, ndi anthu a ku Canada, French ndi ena a ku Ulaya. Alankhani a ku America, Stanley Karnow ndi Drew Pearson, akuvutika chifukwa chofotokoza nkhondo pa TV. Koma kupirira kumene US akuiwala maphunziro a Vietnam, kuwaika m'manda mwachizoloŵezi chokonda dziko lawo ndikunyalanyaza mbiri yakale, kuwukankhira kunja kwa mikangano kuti apange filimu yabwino yokhudza nkhondoyi.

Mwachitsanzo, n'chifukwa chiyani zokambirana za filimuyi zimawombera mwapadera ngati pafupi? Ngati kamerayo itabwerera, tikadawona kuti kale Senator Max Cleland alibe miyendo - adawataya kuti akhale "okoma moto" ku Khe Sanh. Nanga bwanji ngati Bao Ninh ndi Tim O'Brien adaloledwa kukumana? Kukumbukira kwawo kudzakhala kudzabweretsa nkhondo yopanda phindu pakalipano. Ndipo mmalo mwa kufufuza kwake "kutsekedwa" ndi kuchiritsa chiyanjanitso, bwanji ngati filimuyi itatikumbutsa kuti mphamvu zapadera za US tsopano zikugwira ntchito mu 137 m'mayiko a 194, kapena 70 peresenti ya dziko lapansi?

Monga zambiri za Burns ndi zopanga za Novick, izi zimabwera ndi mnzanu, Nkhondo ya Vietnam: Mbiri Yachibwenzi, yomwe ikumasulidwa panthawi imodzimodzi ndi PBS. Yolembedwa ndi Burns ndi aamanuensis ake omwe akhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali, Geoffrey C Ward, bukuli - liwu loposa makilogalamu awiri - livala zofanana ndi filimuyo. Zimasintha kuchokera ku mbiri yakale kupita ku zojambulajambula, ndipo zimapanga zithunzi zambiri zomwe zinapangitsa Vietnam kukhala yeniyeni ya kujambula nkhondo. Kuwombera kwakukulu kumaphatikizapo monki woyaka moto wa Malcolm Brown; Chithunzi cha Larry Burrows cha mvula yovulazidwa yomwe ikufikira kwa mkulu wake wakufa; Chithunzi cha Nick Ut cha Kim Phuc akuyenda mumaliseche mumsewu ndi napalm kuyaka thupi lake; Chithunzi cha Eddie Adams cha Nguyen Ngoc Wowononga ndalama za VC sapper mutu; ndi chithunzi cha Hugh Van Es chithunzi chokwera makwerero akukwera kumalo okwera ndege ya CIA akuuluka kuchokera ku Saigon.

Masomphenya a Burns a binocular mwa njira zina amagwira ntchito bwino m'bukuli kuposa kanema. Bukhuli liri ndi malo oti apite mwatsatanetsatane. Zimapereka mbiri yakale pomwe panthawi imodzimodziyo akuonetsa zovuta za Bao Ninh, mlembi wazimayi wachikazi Jurate Kazickas, ndi ena. Edward Lansdale ndi Battle of the Sects amawoneka m'buku, koma osati filimuyo, komanso mauthenga a za Dipatimenti ya Dipatimenti ya Zina za 1955 yomwe inauza kuti Ngo Dinh Diem iwonongeke - asanayambe njira yatsopano ya US kugulira Dem's South Vietnam . Pano pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zikukambirana ndi Nixon ndi Kissinger za kupititsa patsogolo nkhondo kuti apambane chisankho ndi kusunga nkhope.

Bukhuli liri ndi phindu linalake lophatikizapo zolemba zisanu zoperekedwa ndi akatswiri otsogolera ndi olemba. Zina mwazi ndi chidutswa cha Fredrik Logevall akuganizira zomwe zikanachitika ngati Kennedy sanaphedwe; chidutswa cha Todd Gitlin pa kayendetsedwe kotsutsa nkhondo; komanso kugonana ndi Viet Thanh Nguyen pa moyo wake monga mphako, yemwe, mwa iye, adayamba kugwira ntchito mu sitolo ya makolo ake ku San Jose kuti alandire mphoto ya 2016 Pulitzer.

Mu 1967, zaka zisanu ndi zitatu nkhondo isanayambe, Lyndon Johnson akulengeza "kupita patsogolo kwakukulu", ndi "kugwidwa kwa VC pa anthu akusweka". Timawona mounds a akufa Viet Cong akulowa m'manda ambiri. General Westmoreland akutsimikizira purezidenti kuti nkhondo ikufika "pa mtanda", pamene asilikali ambiri a adani akuphedwa kuposa momwe amachitira. Jimi Hendrix akuimba "Kodi Mukudziwa?" Ndipo vet ikufotokoza m'mene "tsankho linapambana" mu "nkhondo yapamtima" yomwe idamuthandiza kuti "asokoneze" komanso "kupha".

Pogwiritsa ntchito 1969, Operation Speedy Express ku Mekong Delta ndipoti kupha anthu a 45: 1, ndi asilikali a 10,889 Viet Cong anapha koma zida za 748 zowonongeka. Kevin Buckley ndi Alexander Shimkin wa Newsweek awonetse kuti theka la anthu omwe anaphedwa ndi anthu wamba. Panthawi yomwe kupha mgwirizano wapita ku 134: 1, asilikali a US akupha anthu ku My Lai ndi kwina kulikonse. Edward Lansdale, yemwe anali mkulu wa asilikali, adanena za gawo lomaliza la nkhondo yomwe adayambitsa (akugwira mawu a Robert Taber's Nkhondo ya Flea): "Pali njira imodzi yokha yogonjetsera anthu opanduka amene sangapereke, ndipo izi ndizo kuthetsa. Pali njira imodzi yokha yolamulira gawo lomwe limapitiriza kukana, ndipo ndiko kulipangitsa kukhala chipululu. Pamene izi sizikutanthauza, pa chifukwa chirichonse, zigwiritsidwe ntchito, nkhondo imatayika. "

Nkhondo ya Vietnam
Firimu ya Ken Burns ndi Lynn Novick
PBS: 2017 

Nkhondo ya Vietnam: Mbiri Yachibwenzi
Geoffrey C Ward ndi Ken Burns
Chidziwitso: 2017