Kodi chidzachitike chiyani kutiletse bomba?

Ndi Frida Berrigan | May 30, 2017, Kuchita Zosagwirizana.

Pamene ndinali wachinyamatayo, ndinkangokwera m'chipinda chapansi pomwe bambo anga anali ndi desiki. Adzakhala akudula pakalata polemba, kapena kugwira ntchito pa nkhani kapena nkhani. Ndikudikirira mwakachetechete pambali pake kwa mphindi zingapo musanamudodometse kuti ndiwonongeko, ndikupita ku mafilimu kapena kukakumana ndi anzanga.

Iye angandiyang'ane ine ndi maso okongola a buluu ndikunena chinachake ku zotsatira za: "Iwe ukudziwa nthawi yanji, Zowonjezera?"

Ndikudandaula. Ndinadziwa kumene izi zikupita.

Iye amandiuza kuti, "Ndi maminiti atatu ku usiku pakati pa nyukiliya, ndipo mukupita ndi anzanu?" Ndimatha kukhumudwitsidwa chifukwa chowononga nthawi ndi ndalama, kukhumudwa kwake pamtima wanga wolimba kapena mutu wandiweyani.

Ndemanga yake inali yonena za Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 'Doomsday Clock, yomwe - pokhapokha posonyeza kuopsya kwa kuwonongeka kwa dziko lonse - inapanga mthunzi wautali pa moyo wanga wa chikhalidwe monga munthu wamng'ono. Komabe, patapita nthawi, pamene nthawi inayamba kugwedezeka, ine ndi abambo anga tinasemphana maganizo kwambiri pazinthu zomwe ndinagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yanga "yaulere". Pamene ndinali 14, mu 1988, koloko inali itatembenukira ku mphindi zisanu ndi imodzi mpaka pakati pa usiku pakati pa nyukiliya - zotsatira za United States ndi Soviet Union zosalemba pangano loletsa zida za nyukiliya yapakatikati.

Pogwiritsa ntchito 1990, Khoma la Berlin linagwa, mayiko a Soviet adayamba kuthawa ndi USSR ndipo koloko idabwerera ku 11: 50 pm Chaka chotsatira, chinabwereranso ku 11: 43, pamene Cold War inatha ndipo United States ndi Soviets anadula kwambiri makina awo a nyukiliya. Mphindi khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri kwa usiku pakati pa nyukiliya: Malo okwanira kuti apume ndikukonzekera ndikukonzekera kuthetsa kuthetsa nyukiliya. Wotsutsa nuclear nyukiliya ndi mtolankhani Jonathan Schell analemba momveka bwino za zomwe adatcha "Mphatso ya Nthawi"Dzikoli linali lidali ndi moyo ndipo linali lolimba, tinapulumuka kuwonetseratu mphamvu zopanda mphamvu padziko lonse, kuphwanya, kugwirizana pothandizira kusintha magetsi a nyukiliya. Kwa ine, mphatso iyi ya nthawi imatanthauza kuti sindiyenera kuteteza mawonekedwe anga a kanema pamaso pa Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ndi bambo anga.

Komabe, Clock Doomsday akadali nafe. Ndipotu, wakhala akufika pafupi pakati pausiku m'miyezi iwiri kapena itatu ya zaka 26 zapitazo. Ndi 2017, Filipo Berrigan ndi zaka 15 zakufa, ndipo ine ndine wamkulu ndi ana anga okonda mafilimu. Mu Januwale, pambuyo pa chisankho cha Donald Trump, Bulletin anasuntha ola limodzi ndi theka mphindi mpaka pakati pausiku pakati pa usiku - pafupi kwambiri kuposa kale lonse. Mmawu awo, iwo ankanena za njira zomwe Trump ikuyatsira moto wa nyukiliya kutanthauza kuti Japan ndi South Korea ziyenera kupeza zida za nyukiliya monga zotsutsana ndi North Korea, ndi kupanga mawu otsutsa zokhudza Iran. Iwo amatchulapo zizindikiro zambiri pakati pa United States ndi Russia - Syria, Ukraine, cyber-space - ndi kudandaula za nkhondo yatsopano yowonjezera nkhondo yomwe imatchula nthawi ya Cold War. Asayansi anaphatikizansopo zomwe zowopsya zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Anamaliza kunena kuti, "Akuluakulu a boma amayenera kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga, kutsogolera anthu kutali. Ngati iwo satero, nzika zanzeru ziyenera kutsogolo ndikutsogolera njira. "

Kubwerera mu tsiku, nzika zanzeru zinali kunja kwa nkhani ya nyukiliya mwanjira yayikulu. Pa 1960s, '70s' ndi '80s, mamiliyoni a anthu ku United States anali akutsutsa zotsutsana ndi nyukiliya. Panali mabungwe ambiri a mayiko omwe anathandiza ndikugwirizanitsa ntchitozi. Nazi mfundo zochepa chabe: Mu 1961, akazi a 50,000 adayenda monga Akazi Amenyera Mtendere m'mizinda yosiyana ya 60 kutsutsa zida za nyukiliya komanso kuyeza kwapansi. M'kati mwa 1970s, owonetsa milandu amayang'ana pa Chomera cha Nyukiliya cha Seabrook ku New Hampshire. Mu May 1977, anthu oposa 1,400 anamangidwa kumeneko - 500 omwe anamangidwa kwa milungu iwiri. Chaka chotsatira, anthu a 12,000 adasonyezera kuti akutsutsa.

Chiwonetsero chazitsulo chotsutsana ndi nyukiliya chinali June 12, 1982, pamene anthu miliyoni imodzi anabwera ku Central Park ku New York City Pakati pa Msonkhano wapadera wa Mayiko a United Nations pa Zowonongeka kuti apemphere kutha kwa zida za nyukiliya. Patadutsa masiku awiri, ntchito zofanana panthawi imodzi zinagwiridwa pa bungwe la UN Missions la zida zonse za nyukiliya, zomwe zinabweretsa kumangidwa kwa anthu a 1,700. Pa 1980s ndi 1990s, a Anthu a ku South Shoshone analandira zambiri kuposa Zithunzi za 500 kuphatikizapo anthu pafupifupi 40,000 otsutsana ndi zida za nyukiliya ku mayiko awo ku Nevada Test Site. Mu 2000s, nkhani yowopsa kwambiri ya nyukiliya inali Transform Now Plowshares; Kuphwanyidwa kwa 2012 kwa Y-12 National Security Complex ku Tennessee (yotchedwanso Fort Knox ya Uranium) ndi anthu atatu omwe amatsutsa mtendere wa Katolika, kuphatikizapo nuntha wa zaka 82.

Uwu ndi mndandanda wochititsa chidwi komanso wofupikitsa. Zochitika padziko lonse zinali zowonjezereka, ndi mamiliyoni ambiri owonetsa milandu ku Ulaya ndi kupitilira kumenyera tsogolo la nyukiliya pa nthawi yomweyi. Wolemba mbiri, Lawrence Whittner, analemba zolemba zitatu zomwe zimatchedwa "Kulimbana ndi Bomba." Ntchito zake zinasindikizidwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zokha komanso masamba oposa 1,800, koma Kutsindika inasindikizidwa mu 2009.

Ndipo lero?

Anthu ambiri a msinkhu wanga ndi wamng'ono m'dziko lino saopa kwenikweni zida za nyukiliya. Iwo ndi phokoso lakumbuyo; nkhaŵa yapamwamba pambuyo pa zina kukakamiza nkhani tcherani chidwi chathu. Timawona zida za nyukiliya zotchulidwa makamaka pa kanema ndi mafilimu monga zida zamakonzedwe, zowopsya kapena mabomba omwe amatsutsana nawo pamapeto omaliza (omwe ali ndi mfundo zazikulu zochokera kwa anthu oipa pozunzidwa panthaŵi yake). Koma nkhani zomwe zanenedwa ndi zida za nyukiliya sizisinthe kwambiri. Pano pali kuponderezedwa kwa mphamvu yakupha dziko lapansi yomwe imangokhalapo manja ochepa - United States ndi Russia ali ndi zida zopitilira 90 peresenti ya zida zonse za nyukiliya - omwe pamodzi ndi mayiko ena atatu aku France, United Kingdom ndi China amapanga P5, kapena mamembala asanu okhazikika a UN Security Council. Russia ndi United States amasinthana mobwerezabwereza pakati pakupeza mwayi pang'ono, kutengera yemwe akuwerenga mtundu wankhondo wankhondo. Pulogalamu ya ena atatu akhala 200 ndi 300 nkhondo za nyukiliya.

Pali mayiko ena anayi - India, Pakistan, Israel ndi North Korea - omwe ali ndi zida za nyukiliya, ochepa chabe pakati pawo. Izi zinayi zili kunja kwa Mgwirizanowu wa Nuclear Non-proliferation, womwe unagwirizanitsa mgwirizano pakati pa mphamvu za dziko ndi zida za nyukiliya ndi dziko lonse lapansi. Pampani ya NPT, P5 inapereka zida za nyukiliya ndipo inalonjeza kugawana mphamvu za nyukiliya padziko lonse lapansi, m'malo mwa ena olemba zida zopanda zida za nyukiliya. Ndiwo mtima wa masamba mazana a mgwirizano. Iran idakayikira kusiya pulogalamu yake ya zida za nyukiliya ndi ulamuliro wa Obama - mgwirizano wovuta womwe mabomba a Trump akusokoneza tsopano.

Pakati pawo, pafupifupi zaka 30 pambuyo pa kutha kwa Cold War, mayiko asanu ndi anayi a nyukiliya akhala pafupi Zida za nyukiliya za 15,000, nthawi zambiri zamphamvu kwambiri kuposa mabomba omwe anagwetsedwa ku Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki ku 1945, zomwe zinapha mazana ambiri pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo.

Mwezi wa March 2017, poyang'anizana ndi zida zowonongeka, bungwe lapadziko lonse likugwirizana kulengeza njira yatsopano yothetsera "bomba." UN General Assembly inalimbikitsa, ndondomeko ya chizindikiro kuyamba kukambirana pa mgwirizano woletsa zida za nyukiliya. Malingana ndi Sally Jones, wokonza bungwe la Peace Action Staten Island, zomwezo sizinachitikepo. "Panganoli likusintha mphamvu mkati mwa United Nations," adatero. "Maiko zana ndi makumi atatu adayimilira ku zida zankhondo za nyukiliya ndi mabungwe awo kuti apititse patsogolo mgwirizano. Izi sizinachitikepo kale. "

Nikki Haley, kazembe wa Pulezidenti Trump ku United Nations, anatuluka pamisonkhano mwamsanga, kunena, "Monga amayi ndi mwana palibe chomwe ndikufuna kwambiri kwa banja langa kusiyana ndi dziko losakhala ndi zida za nyukiliya ... Koma tiyenera kukhala owona. Kodi pali aliyense amene amakhulupirira kuti North Korea idzaloleza kuletsa zida za nyukiliya? "Mawuwa akutsindika vutoli, ndipo akatswiri ambiri akutsutsa kuti North Korea inatha kupeza zida za nyukiliya chifukwa mphamvu zazikulu 'zinapitirizabe kumamatira nukes zawo ngakhale pambuyo pake kulembera mgwirizano wotsutsa zolinga zawo kuti asasokoneze, chifukwa zida za nyukiliya zikupitirizabe kukhala ndi mphamvu pazigawo za mayiko onse.

"Siyani bomba" kungathetseretu ziwalozi. Ngakhale kuti mabungwe ambiri a nyukiliya anaphatikizana ndi Haley ndi United States mu kuyenda kwake, maboma ambiri padziko lonse adzakambirana zotsutsa zida za nyukiliya ku United Nations mu June.

Pothandizira ndondomeko ya "kuletsa bomba", mbiri ya Women's International League ya Mtendere ndi Ufulu, kapena WILPF - pamodzi ndi abwenzi ambiri - akuyitanitsa March wa Akazi ndi Rally kukana Bomb Loweruka, June 17. Okonzekera akuyembekeza kuti "adzabweretsa anthu amtundu wonse, zachiwerewere, zaka, mafuko, luso ndi mbiri" ku New York City ndi kuzungulira dziko lapansi.

Malinga ndi Ray Acheson, Mtsogoleri wa WILPF pulogalamu yowononga zida, Oimira bungwe la UN akulimbikitsidwa ndi kulimbikitsidwa ndi zionetsero zomwe zachitika padziko lonse m'miyezi ingapo yapitayo. "Monga momwe anthu m'misewu akuyimira Trump pa nkhani zosalungama za chilengedwe, zachikhalidwe ndi zachikhalidwe, maboma ambiri a dziko lapansi akuyimira zida za nyukiliya kuti azikana zida za nyukiliya," Acheson adatero. "Pali zofanana zofunika pakati pa makonzedwe a anti-nyukiliya masiku ano m'misewu ndi zomwe takhala tikukwaniritsa mkati mwa United Nations. Pali kupanduka ndi kukana m'madera onsewa nthawi yoyamba. Tikukhulupirira kuti izi zidzetsa malamulo atsopano komanso ziyembekezo zatsopano zomwe zingathandize kulimbikitsa zida za nyukiliya. 'Kuletsa bomba' sizongolankhula chabe, ndiko kupandukira mphamvu zomwe ziri, ndipo zikuchitika pakalipano. "

Ndipo pamene United States si mbali ya zokambirana pa gawoli, ena a Congress akugwira ntchito kuthetsa kufotokoza zawo za Thupi pachitsime cha nyukiliya.  Ntchito HR 669 ndi SR 200 kufuna "kuletsa khalidwe la nkhondo yoyamba ya nyukiliya popanda chidziwitso cha nkhondo ndi Congress." Zosankha zonsezi zinayambitsidwa ndi Rep. Ted Lieu, D-CA, ndi Sen. Ed Markey, D-MA, ndi kupereka njira ina kwa maphunziro ndi kusonkhezera.

Izi zinayambitsanso mphamvu ya nyukiliya kukana nthawi yabwino. Purezidenti akuwonetsa kusadziŵa kosautsa pazomwe tikuyenda panopa, kunena kuti United States ikufunika kumanga zida zathu za nyukiliya ndikukhala "pamwamba pa paketi." Ife tiri pa pamwamba pa paketi, ndipo zimatipweteka kwambiri.

United States ili pakati pa $ 1 triliyoni yamakono amadzimadzi ake, mabomba, mabomba ndi mabomba okhala pamtunda pa zaka zotsatira za 30, zomwe zinali adayikidwa pansi pa ulamuliro wa Obama. Magulu atsopano a nyukiliya a ku United States omwe ali ndi masitima am'madzi omwe amatha kupanga mizati yowonongeka, magulu ophatikizika a pansi pamtunda, mabomba okwera nthawi yaitali, ndege zowonongeka, komanso zida za nyukiliya zomwe zimatengedwa. Malingana ndi Congressional Budget Office, ndondomeko zamakono zothandizira ndi kukonzanso zida za nyukiliya za US zidzatengera $ 400 biliyoni pa zaka zotsatira za 10. Nkhondo yathu ya nyukiliya sikumapweteka ndalama, ndipo sizingathetsedwe. Zowonjezera, izi zonse zikuchitika panthawi imodzimodzi pomwe purezidenti akupereka chisankho chopanda malire chomwe chingawononge kuchepa kwakukulu kwa pafupifupi chikhalidwe chilichonse.

Ngati zonsezi zikuwoneka ngati chinthu chimodzi pamndandanda womwe ukukulirakulira, Sally Jones womenyera nkhondo yakanthawi yayitali akumva. "Zachidziwikire, anthu amafalikira," adandiuza. "Ndipo nthawi zina zimangokhala ngati tikukumana ndi ziwopsezo zomwe zikubwera kuchokera pagulu la 360. Mwanjira ina, ikupanga mgwirizano pakati pa okonza, omenyera ufulu ndi mabungwe. ” Kuphatikiza apo, malinga ndi a Jones, "Palibe amene angakhale panja mumsewu 24/7, koma titha kuthandizana, ndikupezekapo kuyimilira wina ndi mnzake komanso dziko lapansi."

Ine ndikuganiza abambo anga akanati "ameni" kwa izo. Iye amapemphera kuti makumi - ngati si mazana-zikwi akugwirizana nawo ku "kuletsa bomba." Koma iye amadziwanso chinthu china chatsopano kugwira ntchito apa: akazi akudumpha mu utsogoleri, akulimbikitsana ndi chimwemwe, mwayi ndi masomphenya - osati kuchokera ku mantha omwe alipo. Monga munthu woukitsidwa mumthunzi wa zoopsa zoopsa za Doomsday Clock, ndikuyamikira chikumbutso cha zonse zomwe tikugwira m'malo mwa zomwe timatsutsa. Filipo Berrigan sangatsutsane ndi izo, ngakhale iye angakhozebe kundifunsa ine kuti ndiganizire nthawi yanji.