Wolemba Vladimir Kozin - Membala, Russian Academy of Military Science, Moscow, Novembara 22, 2021
Pa Novembara 15, 2021, Unduna wa Zachitetezo ku Russia udawononga bwino chombo chotchedwa "Tselina-D" chomwe chidasiyidwa komanso chomwe chidachotsedwa, chomwe chidayambikanso mu 1982. Mtsogoleri wa Unduna wa Zachitetezo ku Russia, Sergei Shoigu, adatsimikizira kuti gulu lankhondo laku Russia lawononga satellite iyi molondola kwambiri.
Zidutswa zomwe zidapangidwa pambuyo pogwetsa chombochi sizikhala pachiwopsezo chilichonse ku masiteshoni ozungulira kapena ma satellite ena, kapena kumalankhula ndi zochitika zakuthambo za dziko lililonse. Izi ndi zodziwika bwino kwa maulamuliro onse am'mlengalenga omwe ali ndi njira zaukadaulo zadziko zotsimikizira ndikuwongolera mlengalenga, kuphatikiza USA.
Pambuyo pa chiwonongeko cha satellite yomwe idatchulidwa, zidutswa zake zidasuntha m'mphepete mwa njira za magalimoto ena ogwiritsira ntchito, zakhala zikuyang'aniridwa ndi kuyang'aniridwa nthawi zonse kuchokera kumbali ya Russia ndipo zikuphatikizidwa m'ndandanda waukulu wa zochitika zamlengalenga.
Kuneneratu za zoopsa zilizonse zomwe zingawerengedwe pambuyo pa kusuntha kulikonse padziko lapansi kwapangidwa molumikizana ndi zinyalala ndi zidutswa zomwe zapezeka kumene pambuyo pa kuwonongedwa kwa satellite ya "Tselina-D" yokhala ndi mlengalenga ndi International Space Station kapena ISS "Mir". ”. Unduna wa Zachitetezo ku Russia unanena kuti njira ya ISS ndi 40-60 km pansi pa zidutswa za satelayiti "Tselina-D" zomwe zidawonongeka ndipo palibe chowopsa ku siteshoni iyi. Malingana ndi zotsatira za kuwerengera kwa ziwopsezo zilizonse zomwe zingatheke, palibe njira zochitira izo posachedwa.
M'mbuyomo, Mlembi wa boma la United States, Anthony Blinken, adanena kuti kuyesa kwa Russia pa njira yotsutsana ndi satelayiti yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nkhaniyi ikusokoneza chitetezo cha kafukufuku wamlengalenga.
Moscow anakonza chiweruzo chake chosatheka. "Chochitikachi chidachitika motsatira malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza pangano la 1967 Outer Space Treaty, ndipo silinayang'anire aliyense," atero mneneri wa Unduna wa Zakunja ku Russia. Unduna wa Zachilendo waku Russia nawonso adabwerezanso kuti zidutswa zomwe zidapangidwa chifukwa cha mayesowo sizingawopsyeze komanso sizisokoneza magwiridwe antchito a malo ozungulira, ndege zamlengalenga, komanso ntchito zonse zamlengalenga.
Washington yayiwalatu kuti Russia si dziko loyamba kuchita zoterezi. Mayiko a United States, China, ndi India ali ndi mphamvu zowononga ndege za m’mlengalenga, atayesa bwinobwino zinthu zawo zolimbana ndi satelayiti poyerekezera ndi ma satellite awo.
Zitsanzo za chiwonongeko
Iwo adalengezedwa ndi mayiko otchulidwa pa nthawi yoyenera.
Mu Januwale 2007, PRC idayesa njira yolimbana ndi mizinga pansi, pomwe satellite yakale yaku China "Fengyun" idawonongedwa. Kuyesedwa kumeneku kunapangitsa kuti pakhale zinyalala zambiri zam'mlengalenga. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti pa Novembara 10 chaka chino, njira ya ISS idakonzedwa pofuna kupewa kuwonongeka kwa satellite ya China iyi.
Mu february 2008, ndi chida chachitetezo cha zida zankhondo zaku United States "Standard-3", mbali yaku America idawononga satellite yake ya "USA-193" yomwe idalephera kuwongolera pamtunda wa 247 km. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mzinga wa interceptor kunachitika kudera la Zilumba za Hawaii kuchokera ku US Navy cruiser Lake Erie, yokhala ndi chidziwitso chankhondo cha Aegis ndi dongosolo lowongolera.
Mu Marichi 2019, India adayesanso zida zolimbana ndi satana. Kugonjetsedwa kwa satellite "Microsat" kunachitika ndi interceptor "Pdv" yowonjezera.
M'mbuyomu, USSR idayitana, ndipo tsopano Russia yakhala ikuyitanitsa mphamvu zamlengalenga kwazaka zambiri kuti ziphatikize mwalamulo pamlingo wapadziko lonse lapansi kuletsa kumenya nkhondo m'mlengalenga poletsa mpikisano wa zida momwemo ndikukana kuyika zida zilizonse zomenyeramo.
Mu 1977-1978, Soviet Union idachita zokambirana ndi United States pa machitidwe odana ndi satana. Koma nthumwi za ku America zitangomva za chikhumbo cha Moscow chofuna kuzindikira mitundu yomwe ingakhale yonyansa m'mlengalenga yomwe iyenera kuletsedwa, kuphatikizapo machitidwe ofanana ndi omwe akufunsidwa, adawasokoneza pambuyo pa zokambiranazo ndipo adaganiza kuti asatenge nawo mbali pazokambiranazi. ndondomeko panonso.
Kufotokozera kofunika kwambiri: kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, Washington sanachitepo ndipo sakufuna kuchita zokambirana zotere ndi dziko lililonse padziko lapansi.
Komanso, ndondomeko yosinthidwa ya mgwirizano wapadziko lonse woletsa kutumizidwa kwa zida zankhondo m'mlengalenga zomwe Moscow ndi Beijing amaziletsa nthawi zonse ndi Washington ku UN komanso ku Conference on Disarmament ku Geneva. Kubwerera ku 2004, Russia unilaterally idadzipereka kuti isakhale yoyamba kuponya zida mumlengalenga, ndipo mu 2005, kudzipereka kofananako kudapangidwa ndi mayiko omwe ali mamembala a Collective Security Treaty Organisation kuphatikiza mayiko angapo omwe kale anali USSR.
Ponseponse, kuyambira chiyambi cha zaka zakuthambo, zomwe zinayamba ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa satelayiti yoyamba yotchedwa "Sputnik" ndi Soviet Union mu October 1957, Moscow yakhala pamodzi kapena paokha kuika patsogolo njira zosiyanasiyana za 20 m'mayiko osiyanasiyana pofuna kupewa. mpikisano wa zida mumlengalenga.
Tsoka, onse adatsekedwa bwino ndi United States ndi anzawo a NATO. Anthony Blinken akuwoneka kuti wayiwala za izo.
Washington imanyalanyazanso kuzindikirika kwa American Center for Strategic and International Study, yomwe ili likulu la America, lomwe lipoti lake mu Epulo 2018 lidazindikira kuti "United States ikadali mtsogoleri pakugwiritsa ntchito malo pazankhondo."
Potengera izi, dziko la Russia likukhazikitsa ndondomeko yoyenera komanso yokwanira yolimbitsa chitetezo cha dziko, kuphatikizapo mlengalenga, poganizira, mwa zina, zina zambiri.
X-37B yokhala ndi ntchito zapadera
Ndiziyani? Russia ikuganiza kuti United States ikuchitapo kanthu kuti iwonjezere mphamvu zake zomenyera nkhondo.
Ntchito ikuchitika kuti pakhale njira yodzitetezera ku mizinga yochokera kumlengalenga, kupanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida zoponyera pansi, zoyambira panyanja komanso zotengera mpweya, nkhondo zamagetsi, zida zamphamvu zowongolera, kuphatikiza kuyesa chida cha X-37B chosagwiritsidwanso ntchito. , yomwe ili ndi chipinda chachikulu chonyamula katundu m'ngalawamo. Akuti nsanja yotere imatha kunyamula katundu wopitilira 900 kg.
Pakali pano ikuyendetsa ulendo wake wachisanu ndi chimodzi wa nthawi yayitali wa orbital. Mchimwene wake wamlengalenga, yemwe adawuluka kachisanu mumlengalenga mu 2017-2019, adawuluka mu spacet kwa masiku 780.
Mwalamulo, United States imanena kuti chombo chopanda munthu ichi chimagwira ntchito zogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje a mapulaneti ogwiritsidwanso ntchito. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, poyamba, pamene X-37B inayamba kukhazikitsidwa mu 2010, zinasonyezedwa kuti ntchito yake yaikulu idzakhala yopereka "katundu" wina mu orbit. Kungoti sizinafotokozedwe: katundu wamtundu wanji? Komabe, mauthenga onsewa ndi nthano chabe yobisa ntchito zankhondo zomwe chipangizochi chachitika mumlengalenga.
Pamaziko a ziphunzitso zomwe zilipo kale zankhondo, ntchito zapadera zimaperekedwa kwa gulu lazanzeru zaku US ndi Pentagon.
Zina mwa izo zimapangidwa ngati kuchita ntchito mumlengalenga, kuchokera mumlengalenga ndikudutsamo kuti mukhale ndi mikangano, komanso ngati kulephera kulepheretsa - kugonjetsa wotsutsa aliyense, komanso kuonetsetsa chitetezo ndi kusunga zofunikira za United States pamodzi ndi ogwirizana. ndi othandizana nawo. Ndizodziwikiratu kuti kuti achite izi, Pentagon idzafunikanso nsanja zapadera zomwe zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito mumlengalenga, zomwe zikuwonetsa njira yodalirika yopititsira patsogolo nkhondo ndi Pentagon popanda zoletsa.
Malinga ndi akatswiri ena ankhondo, cholinga chomveka cha chipangizochi ndikuyesa matekinoloje amtsogolo, omwe amalola kuyang'ana zinthu zachilendo zakuthambo ndipo, ngati kuli kotheka, kuzilepheretsa ndi machitidwe odana ndi satellite okhala ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza ndi 'hit-to. -kupha mawonekedwe a kinetic.
Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi mawu a Secretary of the US Air Force, Barbara Barrett, yemwe mu Meyi 2020 adauza atolankhani kuti paulendo wachisanu ndi chimodzi wa X-37B wamlengalenga, zoyeserera zingapo zidzachitidwa kuyesa kuthekera kotembenuza mphamvu ya dzuwa. mu ma radio frequency microwave radiation, yomwe pambuyo pake imatha kufalikira ku Dziko Lapansi ngati mphamvu yamagetsi. Ndi mafotokozedwe okayikitsa kwambiri.
Ndiye, kodi chipangizochi chakhala chikuchita chiyani ndipo chikupitirizabe kuchita mumlengalenga kwa zaka zambiri? Mwachiwonekere, popeza nsanja iyi idapangidwa ndi Boeing Corporation ndikuchita nawo mwachindunji pazachuma ndi chitukuko ndi American Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency kapena DARPA, ndipo imayendetsedwa ndi US Air Force, ntchito za X-37B ndi palibe njira yokhudzana ndi kufufuza kwamtendere kwa mlengalenga.
Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti zipangizo zoterezi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popereka chitetezo cha missile ndi anti-satellite systems. Inde, sizikuchotsedwa.
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti kugwira ntchito kwa ndege iyi yaku America kwa nthawi yayitali kwadzetsa nkhawa osati ku Russia ndi China kokha, komanso kwa ogwirizana ndi US ku NATO ponena za udindo wake ngati chida chamlengalenga ndi nsanja Kupereka zida zankhondo zakumlengalenga, kuphatikiza zida zanyukiliya zomwe zizisungidwa muchipinda chonyamula katundu cha X-37B.
Kuyesera kwapadera
X-37B imatha kugwira ntchito zachinsinsi mpaka khumi.
Mmodzi wa iwo anakwaniritsidwa posachedwapa ayenera kutchulidwa makamaka.
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti m'zaka za makumi awiri za Okutobala 2021, kulekanitsidwa kwa ndege yaying'ono pa liwiro lalikulu kuchokera ku fuselage ya "shuttle" iyi, yomwe ilibe luso loyang'anira radar, idalembedwa kuchokera ku X-37B yomwe ili pano. kusuntha mumlengalenga, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti Pentagon ikuyesa mtundu watsopano wa zida za mlengalenga. Ndizodziwikiratu kuti ntchito zamtundu uwu za United States sizigwirizana ndi zolinga zomwe zanenedwa za kugwiritsira ntchito mwamtendere mlengalenga.
Kulekanitsidwa kwa chinthu chotchedwa danga kunatsogozedwa ndi kuwongolera kwa X-37 dzulo lake.
Kuyambira October 21 mpaka 22, olekanitsidwa danga galimoto anali pa mtunda wa mamita zosakwana 200 kuchokera X-37B, amene pambuyo pake anayendetsa kusuntha kuchoka mu spacecraft latsopano.
Kutengera zotsatira zakukonza zidziwitso za cholinga, zidapezeka kuti chombocho chidakhazikika, ndipo palibe zinthu zomwe zidapezeka pathupi lake zomwe zikuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa tinyanga zomwe zingapereke mwayi wowunikira radar. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zowona za kuyandikira kwa chombo chatsopano cholekanitsa ndi zinthu zina zam'mlengalenga kapena machitidwe oyendetsa orbital sizinawululidwe.
Choncho, malinga ndi mbali ya Russia, United States inachita kuyesa kupatutsa ndege yaing'ono yokhala ndi liwiro lalikulu kuchokera ku X-37B, zomwe zimasonyeza kuyesa kwa mtundu watsopano wa zida zamlengalenga.
Zochita zotere za mbali yaku America zimayesedwa ku Moscow ngati zowopseza kukhazikika kwadongosolo ndipo sizigwirizana ndi zolinga zomwe zanenedwa zakugwiritsa ntchito mwamtendere mlengalenga. Komanso, Washington ikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito mlengalenga ngati malo ogwiritsira ntchito zida za mlengalenga ndi mlengalenga motsutsana ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zili mu orbit, komanso mawonekedwe a zida zapamlengalenga monga zida zomenyera mlengalenga. zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuukira kuchokera mlengalenga zosiyanasiyana zochokera pansi, mpweya ndi mpweya ndi nyanja zomwe zili padziko lapansi.
Ndondomeko zamakono zaku US zakuthambo
Kuyambira 1957, apurezidenti onse aku America, mosapatula, akhala akuchita nawo zankhondo ndi zida zakunja. M'zaka zaposachedwa, kupambana kodziwika bwino pankhaniyi kwapangidwa ndi Purezidenti wakale wa Republican Donald Trump.
Pa Marichi 23, 2018, adavomereza National Space Strategy yomwe yasinthidwa. Pa June 18 chaka chomwecho, adapereka malangizo apadera kwa Pentagon kuti apange Space Force ngati brunch yachisanu ndi chimodzi ya asilikali a dziko, ndikugogomezera kuti Russia ndi China ndi mayiko otsogolera mlengalenga. Pa Disembala 9, 2020, a White House adalengezanso za National Space Policy. Pa Disembala 20, 2019, kuyambika kwa kupangidwa kwa US Space Force kudalengezedwa.
M'ziphunzitso zankhondo zankhondo izi, malingaliro atatu ofunikira a utsogoleri wankhondo ndi ndale waku America pakugwiritsa ntchito mlengalenga pazolinga zankhondo adalengezedwa poyera.
Choyamba, kunalengezedwa kuti United States ikufuna kulamulira mlengalenga ndi dzanja limodzi.
Chachiwiri, kunanenedwa kuti ayenera kusunga “mtendere wochokera pamalo amphamvu” m’mlengalenga.
Chachitatu, zidanenedwa kuti malo mu malingaliro a Washington akukhala bwalo lothekera lankhondo.
Ziphunzitso zankhondo zankhondo izi, malinga ndi Washington, zili ngati momwe "chiwopsezo chikukulira" mumlengalenga chochokera ku Russia ndi China.
Pentagon idzakhazikitsa madera anayi ofunika kwambiri a ntchito za mlengalenga kuti akwaniritse zolinga zomwe zanenedwa pamene akulimbana ndi ziwopsezo zomwe zadziwika, zomwe zingatheke ndi zovuta: (1) kuonetsetsa kuti magulu ankhondo akuphatikizidwa mumlengalenga; (2) kuphatikizika kwa mphamvu zamlengalenga zankhondo muzochitika zapadziko lonse, zophatikizana komanso zophatikizana zomenyera nkhondo; (3) kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo abwino a United States, komanso (4) chitukuko cha mgwirizano mu mlengalenga ndi ogwirizana, abwenzi, gulu lankhondo-mafakitale ndi mautumiki ena ndi madipatimenti a United States.
Njira zamamlengalenga ndi mfundo za kayendetsedwe kaku America kotsogozedwa ndi Purezidenti Joseph Biden sizosiyana kwambiri ndi mzere wotsatiridwa ndi Purezidenti Donald Trump.
Joseph Biden atatenga udindo wa Purezidenti mu Januware chaka chino, United States idapitiliza kupanga mitundu ingapo ya zida zomenyera mumlengalenga, kuphatikiza malinga ndi mapulogalamu khumi ndi awiri ogwiritsira ntchito mlengalenga pazifukwa zankhondo, pomwe zisanu ndi chimodzi mwazo zidapanga zida zankhondo. mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya machitidwe oterowo, ndi pamaziko a ena asanu ndi limodzi omwe adzalamulira gulu la orbital danga pansi.
Nzeru za Pentagon ndi zidziwitso zomwe zili mumlengalenga zikupitilizabe kusinthidwa kwathunthu, komanso kupereka ndalama zamadongosolo ankhondo. M'chaka chandalama cha 2021, zomwe zaperekedwa pazolinga izi zakhazikitsidwa pa $ 15.5 biliyoni.
Akatswiri ena ochirikiza a Western Russia akukomera kuti akhazikitse malingaliro osagwirizana ndi mbali yaku US pankhani zamalo ankhondo chifukwa United States sinakonzekere kukambirana pankhani zankhondo. Malingaliro oterowo amawopseza chitetezo cha dziko la Russian Federation, ngati avomerezedwa.
Ndipo chifukwa chake.
Zochita zosiyanasiyana zomwe Washington idachita mpaka pano pazankhondo ndi zida zakunja zikuwonetsa kuti utsogoleri wankhondo waku America ndi ndale wapano sakuwona kuti malo ndi cholowa chapadziko lonse lapansi cha anthu, pakuwongolera ntchito zomwe, mwachiwonekere, zidagwirizana ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. Miyambo ndi malamulo a khalidwe labwino akuyenera kutsatiridwa.
Dziko la United States lakhala likuwona mosiyana kwambiri - kusinthika kwa mlengalenga kukhala gawo lankhondo.
M'malo mwake, United States idapanga kale gulu lokulitsa la Space Force lomwe lili ndi ntchito zokhumudwitsa.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mphamvu yotereyi imadalira chiphunzitso chotsutsa choletsa adani aliwonse omwe angakhalepo mumlengalenga, obwerekedwa ku ndondomeko ya ku America yoletsa zida za nyukiliya, yomwe imapereka njira yoyamba yopewera komanso yokonzekera nyukiliya.
Ngati mu 2012 Washington idalengeza za kukhazikitsidwa kwa "Chicago triad" - njira yophatikizira yolimbana ndi zida zanyukiliya, zida zolimbana ndi zida zankhondo ndi zida wamba, ndiye kuti zikuwonekeratu kuti United States ikupanga mwadala Zida zambiri za "quattro", pomwe chida china chofunikira chankhondo chikuwonjezedwa ku "Chicago triad" - ndizo zida zomenyera mumlengalenga.
N'zoonekeratu kuti panthawi yokambirana ndi United States pa nkhani zolimbikitsa kukhazikika kwadongosolo, n'zosatheka kunyalanyaza zinthu zonse ndikufotokozera zochitika zomwe zikugwirizana ndi mlengalenga. Ndikofunikira kupewa kusankha, ndiko kuti, njira yosiyana yothanirana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana owongolera zida - ndikuchepetsa zida zamtundu umodzi, koma kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha zida zamitundu ina, kuti, pakuyambitsa zida zankhondo. Mbali yaku America, idakali pachiwopsezo.
